Psychology Ch 1

Ashley Rocha Period 2 Psychology AP 9/7/09 Pages 7-13 Key Terms •

Unconscious: Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.

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Psychoanalytic theory: Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.

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Humanism: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

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Applied psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.

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Clinical psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

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Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.

Key Individuals Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): An Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Sigmund Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the resistance mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): An American psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for social reform, and poet. He invented the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism, and founded his own school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. In late years he went on to become one of the most influential of all American psychologists. Carl Rogers (1902-1987): An influential American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Rogers is widely measured to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his revolutionary research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association in 1956.

Abraham Harold Maslow(1908 1970): An American psychologist. Renowned for his conceptualization of a "hierarchy of human needs", and is considered the founder of humanistic psychology.

Major Concepts: • Freud Bring the Unconscious into the Picture Sigmund Freud’s approach to psychology grew out of efforts to treat mental disorders. Freud treated people who were troubled by psychological problems such as irrational fears, obsessions, and anxieties when an innovative procedure called psychoanalysis. Freud also spent years examining his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires. His work with patients and his own self-exploration persuaded Freud of the existence of what he called the unconscious. • Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism Flourishes He emphasized animal research, a strict focus on observable behavior, and the importance of environment. • The Humanists Revolt Perspective Principal Subject Matter Basic Premise and Its Contributors Influential period Behavioral John B. Effects of Only observable events Watson environment (Stimulus(1913-present) Ivan Pavlov on the overt Response relations) can be behavior B. F. Skinner Studied scientifically. of humans and animals Psychoanalytic Sigmund Unconscious Unconscious motives and Freud (1900-present) determinants of experiences in early Carl Jung childhood behavior Alfred Adler govern personality and mental Humanistic

Carl Rogers

Unique aspects of

(1950spresent)

Abraham Maslow

human experience

Disorders. Humans are free, rational begins with the personal

potential

for

growth, and they are fundamentally

different

from Cognitive

Jean Piaget

Thoughts; mental

(1950spresent)

Noam Chomsky

processes

understood examining

Herbert Simon

Biological

James Olds

(1950spresent)

Roger Sperry

animals. Human behavior cannot be fully without

how people acquire, store, and process information. An organism’s functioning can be

Physiological bases of

David Hubel

behavior humans

Torsten Wiesel

and animals

structures and biochemical

Evolutionary bases of

processes that underlie behavior. Behavior patterns have evolved

Evolutionary

David Buss

(1980spresent)

Martin Daly Margo Wilson

behavior humans

Leda Cosmides

and animals

in explained in terms of the bodily

in to solve problems;

John Tooby

adaptive

natural selection favors behaviors that enhance Reproductive success.

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Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession

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Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest on Cognition and Physiology

1950 1992

1956

1962

1968

1974

1980

1986

1996 •

Psychology Broadens Its Horizons: Increased Interest in Cultural Diversity