Psychology 2

In the name of Allah The most Merciful and Beneficial

Name: Muhammad Abdullah Submitted date: 12-2-2008 Program: BBA (Hons) Subject: psychology Umt id: 073605-066 Semester # 2 Batch: 36

Submitted to: Ms. Sadia Adan Submitted by: Muhammad Abdullah

School of business and economic University of management and technology

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC Approaches in psychology:  Development psychology  Organization psychology  Child psychology  Education psychology  Cognitive psychology  Social psychology  Abnormal psychology  Psychology of individual different

PSYCHOLOGY Definition: According to Wilhelm Wundt: Psychology is a knowledge which study feelings, impression willpower and functions is called conscious.

According to Robert .S. Feldman: Psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental process. It attempts to explain, predict modify and ultimately improve the life of people and the world in which they live.

According to David Hume: Psychology is nothing but the study of combining and recombining experiences through the natural forces of association

APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY: Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology, also known as human development Developmental psychology is the study of changes in behavior during a lifetime. Many developmental psychologists study only a part of the lifespan. Most are chiefly interested in childhood and youth. OR The branch of psychology that studies how people grow and change throughout the course of their lives. Developmental psychologists are concerned primarily with how the human mind changes over the course of a lifetime, from its conception and intrauterine development through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.

The field envelops nearly all aspects of life and seeks to understand the factors that influence personality, intelligence, and behavior. Initially, developmental psychologists focused primarily on childhood development, believing that with adulthood came a kind of personality stasis.

Example: The development differences is repeated all over the world .the child of one years unable to walk while the four year old child can work easily

Organization Psychology Organizational psychology is the study of the behavior of people in the workplace. Industrial and organizational psychology applies psychological knowledge and methods to aid workers and organizations. OR The branch of psychology that studies the psychology of the workplace, considering productivity, job satisfaction and decision marking

Example: Let us take my example that I applied in umt for BBA program because .I was interested in a business administration and I want to become a successful business man .I know that umt will fulfilled my needs it will help me for achieve my goal. In contrary of umt I join any engineering college for BBA then I could not get training in business

Educational Psychology: The branch of psychology that considers how the educational process affects students Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities.

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Example:

In any class questioning is very important if a teacher asked a question from any one student her answers may bring the other attention to other students or gave them information and also raised the confidence among students?

Child psychology: Child psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children. It is also the study of the psychological processes of children. The field is sometimes subsumed under developmental psychology. Data are gathered through observation, interviews, tests, and experimental methods. It is also called child development the study of the psychological processes of children and, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the next.

Examples The observations relating to a 5 to 8 year old girl the writer was studying child psychology and took notes on the child's naturalistic socialization, ability to interact & more. An interview with the girl mother is included and the paper concludes with assessments based upon common knowledge and 5 supplemental articles cited in bibliography. It is concluded that the child has adjusted quite well from a psycho-social perspective.

Cognitive psychology: The branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking about the world. The intention of this essay is to explore the area surrounding how cognitive psychology has affected or disaffected policing practices and the positive or negative outcomes of it. To do this, a deeper understanding of the terms cognitive and psychology, along with their interactive relationship had to be expounded. The scope of cognitive psychology is vast in relation to the public and police, particularly due to the fact that it is an individual process with many external mitigating factors. Therefore I have attempted to narrow the field and concentrate on a couple of specific examples of the use of cognitive psychology, while attempting to explain the theories behind the processes.

Example:

It is base on the mind work each person has a different way of under starting about any issue and every person has different level of understanding .similarly people have different ways to responded to words the problems Person who understand the issue inmeti4tely made different image rather then a person who Understand later

Abnormal psychology: Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Abnormal psychology in clinical psychology studies the nature of psychopathology, its causes, and its treatments. Of course, the definition of what constitutes 'abnormal' has varied across time and across cultures. Individuals also vary in what they regard as normal or abnormal behavior. In general, abnormal psychology can be described as an area of psychology that studies people who are consistently unable to adapt and function effectively in a variety of conditions. The four main contributing factors to how well an individual is able to adapt include their genetic makeup, physical condition, learning and reasoning, and socialization.

EXAMPLE Playing the client (15 points). Everyone must turn in a "client proposal." This paper will be an extensive description of the client i wish to portray. Playing the diagnostician (65 points). During class, i will be presented a model of how to write up a formal psychological report. After interviewing your "client," you will use that model to write up a report on your findings (including diagnosis) using DSMIV diagnostic categories.

Feedback to classmate (20 points). In class, students will anonymously exchange tapes with one another. Each student will provide feedback on the tape she or he receives.

Individual differences: Individual differences psychology studies the ways in which individual people differ in their behavior. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists invariably study groups. For example, in evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the therapy in one group might be compared to the mean effectiveness of a placebo (or a well-known therapy) in a second, control group. In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study.

Example Every one understanding capacity is different .In specific age group the mentality of every individual is same to some extent the of student can be measured but the weakness of single student made them different from other student.

Social psychology:

The branch of psychology that studies how peoples thoughts, feelings and action are effective by others. Social psychology is the study of how social conditions affect human beings. Scholars in this field are generally either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis. Despite their similarity, the disciplines also tnd to differ in their respective goals, approaches, methods, and terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and societies. Social psychology is an interdisciplinary area. The greatest period of collaboration between sociologists and psychologists was during the years immediately following World War II although there has been increasing isolation and specialization in recent years, some degree of overlap and influence remains between the two disciplines.

Example: To illustrate how easily and quickly we form in-groups and out groups, I divide my class into those wearing colour cloth that day and those not wearing uniform Then I have each group sit in a circle with its members. The colour cloth " group is assigned to list as many reasons as it can think of as to why the members of the other group did not wear colour cloth that day. The uniform group is assigned to list as many reasons as it can as to why the other group members are wearing tennis shoes. The listing starts out fairly neutral, but it is not long before each group's list becomes more and more derogatory, particularly when it overhears the list the other group is generating.

References: •

Vikipidia = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology

• Yahoo answer • http://www.google.com.pk/search?hl=en&q=PSHCOL OGY&meta=

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