Proposal For Schools In Fata
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Proposal 1
The Home Extension Montessori School (HEMS) Expansion Plan
Proposal 2 Executive Summary We strive to educate students as well as teachers through our knowledge and experience. We have also trained Montessori directresses and helpers. We want to expand our educational network and we look forward to spreading our network in the northern areas of Pakistan, especially FATA. We have conducted market research about how to start new schools in an economic way. This business plan provides very detailed discussion of all major and minor aspects of running Montessori schools and teachers’ training centers. Since Pakistan is a developing country, delivery of international level services demands that the service providers also taken control of certain tools which would otherwise be outsourced in the developed countries. Therefore, we are also including details about the books we have written, and publishing, as well as the Montessori equipment we have either developed or sourced through special relationships with certain manufacturers. In this respect, we are looking forward of your help through which we would be successful in achieving our goals. We have the required skills and experience, the only area we lack is finances. With your help we can put together our knowledge, skills and experience and help a poor and illiterate populace to grow as responsible and productive citizens by educating its youth .
Proposal 3
Montessori Schools We have been in the primary education delivery business since 1998. We utilize the Montessori Method which exposes children to amazing amounts of knowledge. Montessori educated children often learn to read, write and calculate beyond what is usually thought interesting to children of their age group (1). HEMS’ co-founder is educated at, and HEMS is affiliated with, Montessori Institute of America (2).
Teachers Training Centers Throughout the 9 years or our existence, we have maintained a very high profile regarding the experience and the qualification of our teachers at our school. Few of them have been with us since the founding of or organization, and have helped us in our teacher’s training department as well. We have trained new teachers which we hired, with the help of these existing ‘teachers + trainers’. Along with that, we have trained teachers of other schools and have organized training courses for teachers from all over Karachi and Rawalpindi. We intend to run formal training centers in the two cities. The are many reasons to select these cities, and can be elaborated in a different document.
Proposal 4 Montessori Books We have written nine books for the children. They are of three different subjects, i.e., English, Urdu, and Mathematics. All three subjects have three different levels. The basic level is for the beginners, the intermediate level is for the children who have been promoted to Kindergarten (KG-1). The expert level is for the children of (KG-2). These books have been successfully used not only in our school but in many other schools in Karachi and Rawalpindi.
Montessori Tools and Equipments There is lack of knowledge in Pakistan regarding the Montessori Method. Due to lack of finances, many schools demand aggressive pricing from the manufacturers of Montessori material which causes them to produce material which does not meet international Montessori standards. Therefore, we have been manufacturing Montessori material for the past 5 years. We have manufactured materials which reflect Pakistani culture, religion and language. Pakistan’s national language is Urdu, but most locally manufactured as well as imported Montessori material is geared towards the English language.
Proposal 5
Proposal 6 Table of Contents
Proposal 7 Aims 1) To establish Montessori schools in Karachi, Rawalpindi and FATA 2) To establish teacher’s training centers in Karachi and Rawalpindi 3) To publish books for students and teachers. 4) To manufacture Montessori tools and equipment to cater to Pakistani cultural needs
Goals 1) To provide quality education to large number of Pakistanis, especially in FATA 2) To train teachers according to the International Montessori Standards 3) To make latest Montessori teaching techniques and tools available to students
Proposal 8 Objectives Our mission is to setup schools which would educate poor children of uneducated parents. As we have mentioned that we have been running our own school, therefore, we have the required experience and skills to establish and operate such schools.
Site Selection
Rental Space We are currently operating our school in an 8,000 sq.ft. facility. The property is up for sale by the owner so we have been notified to move out. If we rented a similar place, it will cost us around Rs. 70,000 - Rs. 80,000/month ($1,167-$1,333).
Classrooms We prefer to have classrooms which are big and airy. An ideal Montessori classroom is sunny and spacious but draft-free, with low windows, and a tile or wood floor. Ideally, washrooms are located just off the classroom with child-sized toilets and low sinks. Classrooms are often finished with acoustical ceiling tile and curtains in cool pastels. Child-height water sources and drinking fountains are nice features. Our experience with adopting Montessori tools and techniques will help us design Montessori
Proposal 9 environments in FATA where living conditions are much different from Karachi and Rawalpindi.
Furniture Furniture styles would vary according to the classes and rooms. Furniture would consist of chairs, benches, table shelves, desks and cupboards. Shelves would be light in color, child-sized, and not in excess of eight inches wide for easy access. The tables and the desks would be of different shapes and sizes. The furniture would cost us around Rs.250,000300,000 ($4,167-$5,000).
Montessori Apparatus and Material We are planning to setup a professional Montessori environment, just like the desired International Montessori Standards. A Montessori school is equipped with more than 100 different types of Montessori Apparatus, classified into Sensorial Material, Language Material, Arithmetic Material and so on. Practical Life Exercises, through the use of Sensorial Material, instill care for themselves, for others and the environment. The activities include many of the tasks children see as part of daily life. They learn to work at a task from beginning to end, build cognitive efficacy and learn to order and classify impressions. They do this by touching, seeing, smelling, tasting, listening and exploring the physical properties of their environment through
Proposal 10 the mediation of these specially designed materials. For that purpose we would need Montessori Apparatus. The estimated cost of Montessori materials would be somewhere around Rs.1,800,000-2,000,000 ($30,000$33,333).
Art Material Focus on arts is a new concept in Pakistan. Schools generally don’t focus much on the art/drawing classes. However, we have planned that we will concentrate on the art/drawing classes as well. For the art/drawing classes we would need special materials. Rs.20,000-30,000 ($333$500)/month.
Other Materials Others materials which would be required are the basic equipments used in the schools such as black/white board, stationeries, tape recorder, speakers (installed in all the classes), microphone, projector, computers, swings, etc. Rs.500,000-600,000 ($8,333-$10,000).
Local Facilities The facility will be fully equipped with panic bars, exit lights, fire alarm pull stations, fire exits, and safety plugs. Rs.60,000-80,000 ($1,000-$1,333)
Proposal 11 New School Capital Budget The following are capital budget items—those expenses which deal with furniture, fixtures, and non-consumable Montessori hardware. Montessori Apparatus Preschool or Elementary $30,000-$33,333 (for one classroom) in Karachi or Rawalpindi. The cost will be considerably lower in FATA because it is highly likely that we will have to curtail scope in FATA.
Practical Life Preschool $550-$880—equipment for washing, pouring, polishing, food preparation, eating, etc. (per classroom).
Furniture Preschool or Elementary $3,000-$4,000—includes chairs, tables, and bricks and boards to build shelving (per classroom).
Office Furniture and Equipment Budget $700-$3,500. Much equipment is available used, but options such as a computer or laminator are very expensive.
Books
Proposal 12 Budget $500-$1,000 per class. There is nothing like beautiful books, although used books are sometimes better than new. We would be setting up a library as well for the young ones.
License and Occupancy Fees Budget $500-$1,000 per class.
Building Repair Refurbishing a classroom depends strictly on the condition of the site and the standards of the school. Though the locality is adequately maintained but still there are few things which are to be modified to give it a better look.
New School Operations Budget The following are the projected revenues.
Program Revenues: Montessori fees: Rs.700 ($12)/student Primary fees: Rs.800 ($14)/student
Operational Income •
Tuition and Fees
Proposal 13 •
Application Fees
Program Related Expenses
•
Salaries: it would vary according to the number of teachers hired. An estimated salary of a highly trained teacher is Rs.15,000-20,000 ($250-334)/teacher. For the helpers it is around Rs.5,000-8,000 ($84134)/helper.
•
Payroll Taxes: there are numerous kinds of taxes which are to be paid if we are running a school. These include Teacher security tax, Teachers old age benefit tax, Commercial use of locality tax, etc. the taxes are all in all around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667).
•
Fringe Benefits: small perks and bonuses are often given to the employees. Especially near any event which is highly celebrated in Pakistan. Rs.40,000-50,000 ($667-843)/year.
•
Professional Development: trainings, increments and promotions are also an area which is extremely supported at our place. The cost can vary.
•
Books: other than the course books, the library books are also a big charm for the student. Rs.50,000-80,000 ($843-1,334)/year.
Proposal 14 •
Supplies: office supplies and stationary, for the management and for the students, are mainly the major expenses. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
•
Services: extra helpers, who indirectly support the school, such as the gatekeeper and the drivers are also given good salaries. Rs.25,00030,000 ($417-500)/month.
Administrative •
Insurance: insurance of the whole vicinity plus the furniture would cost around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667)/month.
•
Equipment Maintenance and Repair: equipments such as the swings, slides and see-saw needs regular inspection and maintenance. Aquarium, computers, printers and other devices also need regular inspection. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
•
Miscellaneous: daily expenses which can occur due to any kind of shortage or mishaps. An example would be of the generator which would be used to provide electricity if incase the electricity shortage.
Institutional (Space-Related) •
Mortgage (or rent): rent would be of Rs.45,000-50,000 ($750834)/month.
Proposal 15 •
Utilities: electricity bill, telephone bill, gas bill, water bill etc. Rs.25,000-40,000 ($417-667)/month. Due to unpredictability of electricity, we will have to plan for generators and UPS systems.
•
Maintenance and Supplies: the facility doesn’t undergo major construction or adjustments process that often, but we do consider it twice a year. Rs.50,000 ($834)/year
Marketing
Meetings We have been using different methods to promote our Montessori school. We have publicized public meetings and open houses, which allows the public to meet new teachers and see the prepared environment. We have also organized public meetings, which included a video presentation and a speaker: a Montessori guest professional, a parent from a more established school and a newly selected teacher for your school. We are planning to do the same at high scale for this project (HEMS).
Publicity We have done publicity through newspapers, local radio, community newsletters, community television, banners and pamphlets. According to our local survey which we did, distributing pamphlets and placing banners
Proposal 16 were the most profitable for us, so we are looking forward of doing the same successful advertisement campaign.
Telephone Listing A telephone listing in both the white and the yellow pages is a must. We have planned to list our school phone numbers listed in the white and the yellow pages. Letterhead We would prepare a school letterhead with logo, address, and telephone number written on it.
Brochure The brochure which we used, for advertising and as for a catalog, had the following things in it: •
Identification of the school
•
Address and phone number
•
Statement of philosophy
•
Brief description of program characteristics
•
Program description for each age level
•
Admissions procedure
•
Tuition
•
Faculty and administrative staff list
Proposal 17 •
Biographical sketch of Maria Montessori
•
Recommended Montessori books
•
Question and answer series explaining Montessori education
•
Map showing location
•
Good, clear photos
•
Non-discrimination clause
Starting Montessori Classes
A New Primary (Preschool) Class The new primary (3-6) class accepts two-and-one-half- to three-andone-half-year-olds, with a suggested starting peer group of about 8 to 15 children, reaching 25 to 35 children per classroom in the third year.
Four-Year-Olds Admission of four-year-olds is discretionary and may be necessary, but should be carefully considered as the older children constitute the leaders of the class.
Orientation Shorter periods of orientation (less than three hours) should be established for the first two weeks for groups of four or five children each.
Proposal 18 The full operating class comes into formation with full morning sessions once the children feel safe and confident enough to function independently. A parent orientation provides the essential communication for this period.
Dividing the Day A school day is usually three hours per morning five days a week, with an additional one and a half to two and a half hours in the afternoon for third-year children who are five and over (the "extended day"). Limiting classroom use to one group of children allows for more creative use of the environment, more personal bonding with the class, and better-quality Montessori.
A New Elementary Class Generally it takes three preschool classes to feed one starting elementary class, assuming a retention rate of about one-third of those graduating from the preschool. After some years, the retention rate may increase to as high as eighty percent, and this growth will need to be accommodated. Children without Montessori background can be admitted but should have good skills and good behavior. It can also be effective, if necessary, to bring back older graduates who have been out of Montessori for a year and want to return. Minimum skills to look for are phonetic reading, numeral recognition to 1,000, and letter formation in process. Good
Proposal 19 independent choice-making and work habits are some desirable nonacademic qualities. Although somewhat subjective, a minimum group of children the same age should be about six with optimal results occurring with eight or more. Teachers Training Center Throughout these 9 years we have maintained a very high profile regarding the experience and the qualification of our teachers at our school. Few of them have been with us for the start and they have helped us in our teacher’s training department as well. Throughout these 8 years, we have trained new teachers which we hired, with the help of these existing ‘teachers + trainers’. Along with that, we have trained teachers of different school and have set training courses for teachers from all over Karachi. Our experienced team also visited Rawalpindi (a city in Punjab) and delivered a 2 months training course. This year as well they are conducting a training course in Rawalpindi.
Objectives Our main aim is to teach those teachers who end up teaching our youth in various cities in Pakistan. This training is not only for those who want to avail these courses but for those as well who have the interest but they can’t afford it. We have planned that we will privately contact teachers as well who teach in different low profile schools, to join us and get trained
Proposal 20 free of charge. This will help them in this way that when they go back and teach the poor children, they themselves would be more knowledgeable than before and could educate better. This can bring a revolutionary change, at low level, in an uneducated country such as Pakistan.
Training Team One of our key trainers has a one year certificate in Montessori learning from ‘Montessori teacher’s preparation’, Washington, USA. She also has a one year diploma in the same field from ‘London school of Montessori teacher’s training’, Pakistan. She has a teaching and training experience of 9 years. She is currently conducting a course in Rawalpindi regarding the Montessori Learning. Another key trainer is a highly experienced teacher from a very recognized school of Pakistan. She has been teaching in the ‘Falcon House Grammar School’, Karachi, for the past 35 years, before she joined us. She has a vast experience and she is now helping other new teaches to gain from her knowledge and experience, by training them at our school.
Our Mission With the help of our experienced team, we are planning to educate teachers not only in Karachi but also in the northern areas. We have planned that we would go to different places and will organize the training session,
Proposal 21 similar to what we have been doing from the past 8 years. The biggest unfortunate incident which we have here in Pakistan is that although we are ready to provide education but people themselves are not highly trained. We plan to educate teachers and polish their skills so that they can further transfer their experience, knowledge and skills to the young ones. We want to educate the Montessori directresses and the helpers about the International Montessori Standards which are unfortunately not followed correctly in Pakistan due to lack of knowledge. But our trainer has earned a diploma in Montessori learning from the ‘Montessori teacher’s preparation’, Washington, USA, thus she knows the International Montessori Standards. We want to spread her knowledge and educate other Montessori directresses so that we Pakistanis should also start following the ever successful method of Maria Montessori in the correct manner.
Facility We have decided that we will start the teacher’s training at the same facility, in the evening, where we would be running the Montessori school, in the morning. Though this would be a cost effective option but the disadvantage is that here most of the women are not encouraged to go out of their houses once it starts getting dark. Therefore, we assume that we will have less strength if we give the training in the evening.
Proposal 22 On the other hand, we can choose a different place nearby and can equip it with all the required materials. We can take it on rent. If we start the training in the morning, there is a bigger chance of a higher strength coming in. This way it would be easy for us to obtain our goal, which is to educate teachers and to make them aware of the International Montessori Standards.
Renting a Facility The room specifications and the requirements would remain the same. Therefore, taking a facility like this on rent would cost around Rs.45,00050,000 ($750-834)/month.
Furniture Unlike in a school, we would need an altogether different type of furniture setup in the training center. The tables and chairs would be different as we would be accommodating adult females. Furniture would consist of chairs, benches, tables shelves, desk and cupboards. The tables and the desks would be of different shapes and sizes. The furniture would cost us around Rs.200,000-250,000 ($3,334-4,167).
Proposal 23 Office Furniture and Equipment Budget $700-$3,500. Much equipment is available used, but options such as a computer or laminator are very expensive.
Montessori Materials For the teachers to see and use the Montessori materials they are learning, we have to keep the training center fully equipped with all the Montessori materials required. The estimated cost of Montessori materials would be somewhere around Rs.300,000-350,000 ($5,000-5,834).
Art Material Schools generally don’t focus much on the art/drawing classes but we have decided that we will train our teachers in this regard as well, as we believe that art and craft is a big part of our culture and we should respect it. For the art/drawing classes we would need special art related materials. Rs.5,000 ($84)/month.
Other Materials Others materials which would be required are the basic equipments used in the raining centers such as black/white board, stationeries, tape recorder, speakers(installed in all the classes), microphone, projector,
Proposal 24 computers, photo copier, printers, scanners etc. Rs.300,000-350,000 ($5,000-5,834).
Program Revenues: The programs will vary. They could either be an over view of a subject/course or could be on a detailed topic of a specific subject. Thus the prices will also vary accordingly. Estimated price would be Rs.1,000-1,200 ($17-20)/Student.
Operational Income •
Tuition and Fees
•
Application Fees
Program Related
•
Salaries: it would vary according to the number of teachers hired. An estimated salary of a highly trained teacher is Rs.15,000-20,000 ($250-334)/teacher.
•
Payroll Taxes: there are numerous kinds of taxes which are to be paid if we are running a school. These include Teacher security tax, Teachers old age benefit tax, Commercial use of locality tax, etc. the taxes are all in all around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667).
Proposal 25 •
Fringe Benefits: small perks and bonuses are often given to the employees. Especially near any event which is highly celebrated in Pakistan. Rs.40,000-50,000 ($667-843)/year.
•
Professional Development: trainings, increments and promotions are also an area which is extremely supported at our place. The cost can vary.
•
Books: other than the course books, the library books are also a big charm for the student. Rs.50,000-80,000 ($843-1,334)/year.
•
Supplies: office supplies and stationary, for the management and for the students, are mainly the major expenses. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
•
Services: extra helpers, who indirectly support the school, such as the gatekeeper and the drivers are also given good salaries. Rs.25,00030,000 ($417-500)/month.
Administrative •
Insurance: insurance of the whole vicinity plus the furniture would cost around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667)/month.
•
Equipment Maintenance and Repair: equipments such as the computers, printers and other devices need regular inspection and maintenance. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
Proposal 26 •
Miscellaneous: daily expenses which can occur due to any kind of shortage or mishaps. An example would be of the generator which would be used to provide electricity if incase the electricity shortage.
Institutional (Space-Related) •
Mortgage (or rent): rent would be of Rs.45,000-50,000 ($750834)/month.
•
Utilities: electricity bill, telephone bill, gas bill, water bill etc. Rs.25,000-40,000 ($417-667)/month
•
Maintenance and Supplies: the facility doesn’t undergo major construction or adjustments process that often, but we do consider it twice a year. Rs.50,000 ($834)/year
Promotion We have been providing teachers training for such a long time that now we don’t need major steps regarding advertising. But it’s always advised to advertise before running an endeavor. With the past experiences, we have learned that the best outcome we got was by advertising through brochures and running an advertisement on the local TV channels. Especially in major seasons like June and July, we can do heavy advertising to attract more teachers. The advertising would vary according to the season but an overall estimate would be of Rs.200,000-250,000 ($3,334-4,167)
Proposal 27
Proposal 28 Montessori Books We have written nine books for the children. They are of three different subjects i.e. English, Mathematics and Urdu. All three subjects have three different levels. The basic level is for the beginners, the intermediate level is for the children who have been promoted to Kindergarten (KG-1). The expert level is for the children of (KG-2). These books have been successfully running not only in our school but in many other schools in Karachi and Rawalpindi. Our books are critically acclaimed by the ‘Villa Children academy’ which is affiliated with the American Montessori International (AMI), USA.
Publishing The new batch of our books will be printed and published in Philippines under the supervision of Normi (a Montessori Directress, a school owner, and a student of ‘Montessori teacher’s preparation’, Washington, USA). She herself has written many books and after looking at our books, she has decided to publish them in Philippines. We are looking forward to eventually making our books available all over Pakistan.
Price The price per book varies according to the number of outputs. It is of simple mathematics that the more number of copies we print, the less would
Proposal 29 be the total cost. After printing the last batch we estimated that the cost of 1 book was around Rs.60 ($1.00) and it was sold in the market for Rs.100 ($1.60)/book.
Patent Our books are copyrighted, which we filed in Pakistan therefore nobody else has the right to publish or copy our books. We have been selling our books for the past 3 years.
Promotion and marketing Due to the different nature of product, we can’t do mass marketing for selling our books. Instead, we have hired two people who go to different schools and promote our books by presenting them to the principal or the person in-charge. The other approach, we are planning to take, is to sell the books through the Internet.
Future Plans We and our Pilipino source have decided that we will introduce those books which are currently running in the recognized school of Philippines. Soon we will be marketing those books as well.
Expenses
Proposal 30
Space As the nature of business only demands a warehouse, we don’t need a big and furnished place for keeping our books. We can keep the stock in the store room or in the garage of one of our existing facility.
Transportation We would need a pick-up truck for the transportation of our books. We can use this truck for all the purposes i.e. for the transportation of books, school materials, furniture, Montessori materials etc. Rs.600,000-950,000 ($10,000-15,000)
Marketing We would be hiring few men who would go out and promote our books at different Montessori and schools. Rs.10,000 ($167)/employee.
Delivering We have been selling our books in Rawalpindi and Islamabad as well. For to send the books, we have to send them through train delivery. This costs around Rs.10,000-15,000 ($167-250)/10kg
Extra expenses
Proposal 31 These include all the small payments which are involved in the publishing and transportation of books. The labor which is involved in handling the books and the gas required to deliver the books with in the city. Rs.1,000 ($17)/day.
Future Plans Once our books are in demand in Pakistan, Philippines and elsewhere, we can move part of our printing operation to FATA to kick-start the book publishing business in FATA.
Proposal 32 Montessori Tools and Equipments As mentioned above, there is a lack of knowledge, in Pakistan, regarding the Montessori Method. We still do not use the professional equipment which are required in a Montessori school. Due to lack of finances as well, we find many “Montessori” schools which are not equipped with all the required apparatus and material. We have been manufacturing Montessori tools for the past 5 years. We have manufactured different materials which reflect our culture, religion and language. Pakistan’s national language is Urdu, but most locally manufactured as well as imported Montessori material is geared towards the English language.
Our Goal Looking at this, we decided to manufacture materials which would make it easy for the students to learn Urdu. Along with that, we have manufactured few other Montessori materials which are solely our own idea. Those materials will assist the teachers in gaining attention and interest of a child. We have sold few of our manufactured materials and now we are looking forward to sell our material throughout Pakistan.
Objectives We encourage our teachers and trainees to sit and brainstorm together and come up with different tools and methods through which we can make
Proposal 33 the life of a student as well as the teacher easy. There are different ways of performing the standard methods or exercises given by Maria Montessori. We work over new techniques which could enhance our abilities to do the same as what she has suggested and along with that, we seek of additional learning which we can learn while doing it. Simultaneous efforts and multiple results are what we are looking for. We want the child to gain as much as he can while he is using any kind of material.
Facility For the manufacturing of Montessori material we wood need a relatively small place. A 400 yards facility would be more than enough to start off. If we take a place on rent, it would cost us around Rs.35,00050,000 ($584-834)/month.
Other Expenses Although we have been manufacturing Montessori materials for the past 5 years, we have not done that on a big scale. There are major concepts waiting in the pipeline which are yet to be manufactured because of the shortage of funds. We plan to execute those plans in the favor of the students. The classification of expenses is listed below: 1. Wood Rs.200,000-250,000 ($3,334-4,167) 2. Cutters (big and small) Rs.8,000-10,000 ($134-167)
Proposal 34 3. Big Tables Rs.30,000 ($500) 4. Different Mechanical tools Rs.50,000-80,000 ($834-1,334) 5. Other materials (glue, lights etc) Rs.10,000 ($167) 6. Art material Rs.5,000 ($84)/month
Transportation We would need a pick-up truck for the transportation of our Montessori Materials. We can use this truck for all the purposes i.e. getting the raw material to selling the finished goods. Rs.300,000-350,000 ($5,000-5,834)
Extra expenses These include all the small payments which are involved in the manufacturing and transportation of Montessori materials. The labor which is involved in handling the material and the gas required to deliver the books with in the city. Rs.2,000 ($34)/day
Sales We would hire few men who would go out and promote our Montessori materials at different Montessoris and schools. Rs.10,000 ($167)/employee.
Promotion and marketing
Proposal 35 We can do mass marketing for to promote our materials. We can place our ads in the newspapers, we can use flyers, brochures, pamphlets and can give an advertisement in the local TV channel. Along with that we will have to hire two people who will go to different schools and promote our materials by presenting them to the principal or the person in-charge. The other way which we have been planning is to advertise our materials on the internet.
Future Plans We and our Pilipino source have decided that we will trade Montessori materials from her. She also has an interest in manufacturing Montessori materials. We will import latest Montessori materials from her and will export the materials which we will manufacture here. Once we have our create demand for our material, we can start producing them not only in Karachi, but also in FATA to boost the morale of FATA residents that they are involved in helping educate the world.
Proposal 36
Bibliography (1)
http://www.montessori.edu/info.html#teachdetails
(2)
http://miaworld.org/sub/sub06-01.htm
(3)
The Home Extension Montessori School (HEMS) Expansion Plan
Proposal 2 Executive Summary We strive to educate students as well as teachers through our knowledge and experience. We have also trained Montessori directresses and helpers. We want to expand our educational network and we look forward to spreading our network in the northern areas of Pakistan, especially FATA. We have conducted market research about how to start new schools in an economic way. This business plan provides very detailed discussion of all major and minor aspects of running Montessori schools and teachers’ training centers. Since Pakistan is a developing country, delivery of international level services demands that the service providers also taken control of certain tools which would otherwise be outsourced in the developed countries. Therefore, we are also including details about the books we have written, and publishing, as well as the Montessori equipment we have either developed or sourced through special relationships with certain manufacturers. In this respect, we are looking forward of your help through which we would be successful in achieving our goals. We have the required skills and experience, the only area we lack is finances. With your help we can put together our knowledge, skills and experience and help a poor and illiterate populace to grow as responsible and productive citizens by educating its youth .
Proposal 3
Montessori Schools We have been in the primary education delivery business since 1998. We utilize the Montessori Method which exposes children to amazing amounts of knowledge. Montessori educated children often learn to read, write and calculate beyond what is usually thought interesting to children of their age group (1). HEMS’ co-founder is educated at, and HEMS is affiliated with, Montessori Institute of America (2).
Teachers Training Centers Throughout the 9 years or our existence, we have maintained a very high profile regarding the experience and the qualification of our teachers at our school. Few of them have been with us since the founding of or organization, and have helped us in our teacher’s training department as well. We have trained new teachers which we hired, with the help of these existing ‘teachers + trainers’. Along with that, we have trained teachers of other schools and have organized training courses for teachers from all over Karachi and Rawalpindi. We intend to run formal training centers in the two cities. The are many reasons to select these cities, and can be elaborated in a different document.
Proposal 4 Montessori Books We have written nine books for the children. They are of three different subjects, i.e., English, Urdu, and Mathematics. All three subjects have three different levels. The basic level is for the beginners, the intermediate level is for the children who have been promoted to Kindergarten (KG-1). The expert level is for the children of (KG-2). These books have been successfully used not only in our school but in many other schools in Karachi and Rawalpindi.
Montessori Tools and Equipments There is lack of knowledge in Pakistan regarding the Montessori Method. Due to lack of finances, many schools demand aggressive pricing from the manufacturers of Montessori material which causes them to produce material which does not meet international Montessori standards. Therefore, we have been manufacturing Montessori material for the past 5 years. We have manufactured materials which reflect Pakistani culture, religion and language. Pakistan’s national language is Urdu, but most locally manufactured as well as imported Montessori material is geared towards the English language.
Proposal 5
Proposal 6 Table of Contents
Proposal 7 Aims 1) To establish Montessori schools in Karachi, Rawalpindi and FATA 2) To establish teacher’s training centers in Karachi and Rawalpindi 3) To publish books for students and teachers. 4) To manufacture Montessori tools and equipment to cater to Pakistani cultural needs
Goals 1) To provide quality education to large number of Pakistanis, especially in FATA 2) To train teachers according to the International Montessori Standards 3) To make latest Montessori teaching techniques and tools available to students
Proposal 8 Objectives Our mission is to setup schools which would educate poor children of uneducated parents. As we have mentioned that we have been running our own school, therefore, we have the required experience and skills to establish and operate such schools.
Site Selection
Rental Space We are currently operating our school in an 8,000 sq.ft. facility. The property is up for sale by the owner so we have been notified to move out. If we rented a similar place, it will cost us around Rs. 70,000 - Rs. 80,000/month ($1,167-$1,333).
Classrooms We prefer to have classrooms which are big and airy. An ideal Montessori classroom is sunny and spacious but draft-free, with low windows, and a tile or wood floor. Ideally, washrooms are located just off the classroom with child-sized toilets and low sinks. Classrooms are often finished with acoustical ceiling tile and curtains in cool pastels. Child-height water sources and drinking fountains are nice features. Our experience with adopting Montessori tools and techniques will help us design Montessori
Proposal 9 environments in FATA where living conditions are much different from Karachi and Rawalpindi.
Furniture Furniture styles would vary according to the classes and rooms. Furniture would consist of chairs, benches, table shelves, desks and cupboards. Shelves would be light in color, child-sized, and not in excess of eight inches wide for easy access. The tables and the desks would be of different shapes and sizes. The furniture would cost us around Rs.250,000300,000 ($4,167-$5,000).
Montessori Apparatus and Material We are planning to setup a professional Montessori environment, just like the desired International Montessori Standards. A Montessori school is equipped with more than 100 different types of Montessori Apparatus, classified into Sensorial Material, Language Material, Arithmetic Material and so on. Practical Life Exercises, through the use of Sensorial Material, instill care for themselves, for others and the environment. The activities include many of the tasks children see as part of daily life. They learn to work at a task from beginning to end, build cognitive efficacy and learn to order and classify impressions. They do this by touching, seeing, smelling, tasting, listening and exploring the physical properties of their environment through
Proposal 10 the mediation of these specially designed materials. For that purpose we would need Montessori Apparatus. The estimated cost of Montessori materials would be somewhere around Rs.1,800,000-2,000,000 ($30,000$33,333).
Art Material Focus on arts is a new concept in Pakistan. Schools generally don’t focus much on the art/drawing classes. However, we have planned that we will concentrate on the art/drawing classes as well. For the art/drawing classes we would need special materials. Rs.20,000-30,000 ($333$500)/month.
Other Materials Others materials which would be required are the basic equipments used in the schools such as black/white board, stationeries, tape recorder, speakers (installed in all the classes), microphone, projector, computers, swings, etc. Rs.500,000-600,000 ($8,333-$10,000).
Local Facilities The facility will be fully equipped with panic bars, exit lights, fire alarm pull stations, fire exits, and safety plugs. Rs.60,000-80,000 ($1,000-$1,333)
Proposal 11 New School Capital Budget The following are capital budget items—those expenses which deal with furniture, fixtures, and non-consumable Montessori hardware. Montessori Apparatus Preschool or Elementary $30,000-$33,333 (for one classroom) in Karachi or Rawalpindi. The cost will be considerably lower in FATA because it is highly likely that we will have to curtail scope in FATA.
Practical Life Preschool $550-$880—equipment for washing, pouring, polishing, food preparation, eating, etc. (per classroom).
Furniture Preschool or Elementary $3,000-$4,000—includes chairs, tables, and bricks and boards to build shelving (per classroom).
Office Furniture and Equipment Budget $700-$3,500. Much equipment is available used, but options such as a computer or laminator are very expensive.
Books
Proposal 12 Budget $500-$1,000 per class. There is nothing like beautiful books, although used books are sometimes better than new. We would be setting up a library as well for the young ones.
License and Occupancy Fees Budget $500-$1,000 per class.
Building Repair Refurbishing a classroom depends strictly on the condition of the site and the standards of the school. Though the locality is adequately maintained but still there are few things which are to be modified to give it a better look.
New School Operations Budget The following are the projected revenues.
Program Revenues: Montessori fees: Rs.700 ($12)/student Primary fees: Rs.800 ($14)/student
Operational Income •
Tuition and Fees
Proposal 13 •
Application Fees
Program Related Expenses
•
Salaries: it would vary according to the number of teachers hired. An estimated salary of a highly trained teacher is Rs.15,000-20,000 ($250-334)/teacher. For the helpers it is around Rs.5,000-8,000 ($84134)/helper.
•
Payroll Taxes: there are numerous kinds of taxes which are to be paid if we are running a school. These include Teacher security tax, Teachers old age benefit tax, Commercial use of locality tax, etc. the taxes are all in all around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667).
•
Fringe Benefits: small perks and bonuses are often given to the employees. Especially near any event which is highly celebrated in Pakistan. Rs.40,000-50,000 ($667-843)/year.
•
Professional Development: trainings, increments and promotions are also an area which is extremely supported at our place. The cost can vary.
•
Books: other than the course books, the library books are also a big charm for the student. Rs.50,000-80,000 ($843-1,334)/year.
Proposal 14 •
Supplies: office supplies and stationary, for the management and for the students, are mainly the major expenses. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
•
Services: extra helpers, who indirectly support the school, such as the gatekeeper and the drivers are also given good salaries. Rs.25,00030,000 ($417-500)/month.
Administrative •
Insurance: insurance of the whole vicinity plus the furniture would cost around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667)/month.
•
Equipment Maintenance and Repair: equipments such as the swings, slides and see-saw needs regular inspection and maintenance. Aquarium, computers, printers and other devices also need regular inspection. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
•
Miscellaneous: daily expenses which can occur due to any kind of shortage or mishaps. An example would be of the generator which would be used to provide electricity if incase the electricity shortage.
Institutional (Space-Related) •
Mortgage (or rent): rent would be of Rs.45,000-50,000 ($750834)/month.
Proposal 15 •
Utilities: electricity bill, telephone bill, gas bill, water bill etc. Rs.25,000-40,000 ($417-667)/month. Due to unpredictability of electricity, we will have to plan for generators and UPS systems.
•
Maintenance and Supplies: the facility doesn’t undergo major construction or adjustments process that often, but we do consider it twice a year. Rs.50,000 ($834)/year
Marketing
Meetings We have been using different methods to promote our Montessori school. We have publicized public meetings and open houses, which allows the public to meet new teachers and see the prepared environment. We have also organized public meetings, which included a video presentation and a speaker: a Montessori guest professional, a parent from a more established school and a newly selected teacher for your school. We are planning to do the same at high scale for this project (HEMS).
Publicity We have done publicity through newspapers, local radio, community newsletters, community television, banners and pamphlets. According to our local survey which we did, distributing pamphlets and placing banners
Proposal 16 were the most profitable for us, so we are looking forward of doing the same successful advertisement campaign.
Telephone Listing A telephone listing in both the white and the yellow pages is a must. We have planned to list our school phone numbers listed in the white and the yellow pages. Letterhead We would prepare a school letterhead with logo, address, and telephone number written on it.
Brochure The brochure which we used, for advertising and as for a catalog, had the following things in it: •
Identification of the school
•
Address and phone number
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Statement of philosophy
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Brief description of program characteristics
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Program description for each age level
•
Admissions procedure
•
Tuition
•
Faculty and administrative staff list
Proposal 17 •
Biographical sketch of Maria Montessori
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Recommended Montessori books
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Question and answer series explaining Montessori education
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Map showing location
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Good, clear photos
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Non-discrimination clause
Starting Montessori Classes
A New Primary (Preschool) Class The new primary (3-6) class accepts two-and-one-half- to three-andone-half-year-olds, with a suggested starting peer group of about 8 to 15 children, reaching 25 to 35 children per classroom in the third year.
Four-Year-Olds Admission of four-year-olds is discretionary and may be necessary, but should be carefully considered as the older children constitute the leaders of the class.
Orientation Shorter periods of orientation (less than three hours) should be established for the first two weeks for groups of four or five children each.
Proposal 18 The full operating class comes into formation with full morning sessions once the children feel safe and confident enough to function independently. A parent orientation provides the essential communication for this period.
Dividing the Day A school day is usually three hours per morning five days a week, with an additional one and a half to two and a half hours in the afternoon for third-year children who are five and over (the "extended day"). Limiting classroom use to one group of children allows for more creative use of the environment, more personal bonding with the class, and better-quality Montessori.
A New Elementary Class Generally it takes three preschool classes to feed one starting elementary class, assuming a retention rate of about one-third of those graduating from the preschool. After some years, the retention rate may increase to as high as eighty percent, and this growth will need to be accommodated. Children without Montessori background can be admitted but should have good skills and good behavior. It can also be effective, if necessary, to bring back older graduates who have been out of Montessori for a year and want to return. Minimum skills to look for are phonetic reading, numeral recognition to 1,000, and letter formation in process. Good
Proposal 19 independent choice-making and work habits are some desirable nonacademic qualities. Although somewhat subjective, a minimum group of children the same age should be about six with optimal results occurring with eight or more. Teachers Training Center Throughout these 9 years we have maintained a very high profile regarding the experience and the qualification of our teachers at our school. Few of them have been with us for the start and they have helped us in our teacher’s training department as well. Throughout these 8 years, we have trained new teachers which we hired, with the help of these existing ‘teachers + trainers’. Along with that, we have trained teachers of different school and have set training courses for teachers from all over Karachi. Our experienced team also visited Rawalpindi (a city in Punjab) and delivered a 2 months training course. This year as well they are conducting a training course in Rawalpindi.
Objectives Our main aim is to teach those teachers who end up teaching our youth in various cities in Pakistan. This training is not only for those who want to avail these courses but for those as well who have the interest but they can’t afford it. We have planned that we will privately contact teachers as well who teach in different low profile schools, to join us and get trained
Proposal 20 free of charge. This will help them in this way that when they go back and teach the poor children, they themselves would be more knowledgeable than before and could educate better. This can bring a revolutionary change, at low level, in an uneducated country such as Pakistan.
Training Team One of our key trainers has a one year certificate in Montessori learning from ‘Montessori teacher’s preparation’, Washington, USA. She also has a one year diploma in the same field from ‘London school of Montessori teacher’s training’, Pakistan. She has a teaching and training experience of 9 years. She is currently conducting a course in Rawalpindi regarding the Montessori Learning. Another key trainer is a highly experienced teacher from a very recognized school of Pakistan. She has been teaching in the ‘Falcon House Grammar School’, Karachi, for the past 35 years, before she joined us. She has a vast experience and she is now helping other new teaches to gain from her knowledge and experience, by training them at our school.
Our Mission With the help of our experienced team, we are planning to educate teachers not only in Karachi but also in the northern areas. We have planned that we would go to different places and will organize the training session,
Proposal 21 similar to what we have been doing from the past 8 years. The biggest unfortunate incident which we have here in Pakistan is that although we are ready to provide education but people themselves are not highly trained. We plan to educate teachers and polish their skills so that they can further transfer their experience, knowledge and skills to the young ones. We want to educate the Montessori directresses and the helpers about the International Montessori Standards which are unfortunately not followed correctly in Pakistan due to lack of knowledge. But our trainer has earned a diploma in Montessori learning from the ‘Montessori teacher’s preparation’, Washington, USA, thus she knows the International Montessori Standards. We want to spread her knowledge and educate other Montessori directresses so that we Pakistanis should also start following the ever successful method of Maria Montessori in the correct manner.
Facility We have decided that we will start the teacher’s training at the same facility, in the evening, where we would be running the Montessori school, in the morning. Though this would be a cost effective option but the disadvantage is that here most of the women are not encouraged to go out of their houses once it starts getting dark. Therefore, we assume that we will have less strength if we give the training in the evening.
Proposal 22 On the other hand, we can choose a different place nearby and can equip it with all the required materials. We can take it on rent. If we start the training in the morning, there is a bigger chance of a higher strength coming in. This way it would be easy for us to obtain our goal, which is to educate teachers and to make them aware of the International Montessori Standards.
Renting a Facility The room specifications and the requirements would remain the same. Therefore, taking a facility like this on rent would cost around Rs.45,00050,000 ($750-834)/month.
Furniture Unlike in a school, we would need an altogether different type of furniture setup in the training center. The tables and chairs would be different as we would be accommodating adult females. Furniture would consist of chairs, benches, tables shelves, desk and cupboards. The tables and the desks would be of different shapes and sizes. The furniture would cost us around Rs.200,000-250,000 ($3,334-4,167).
Proposal 23 Office Furniture and Equipment Budget $700-$3,500. Much equipment is available used, but options such as a computer or laminator are very expensive.
Montessori Materials For the teachers to see and use the Montessori materials they are learning, we have to keep the training center fully equipped with all the Montessori materials required. The estimated cost of Montessori materials would be somewhere around Rs.300,000-350,000 ($5,000-5,834).
Art Material Schools generally don’t focus much on the art/drawing classes but we have decided that we will train our teachers in this regard as well, as we believe that art and craft is a big part of our culture and we should respect it. For the art/drawing classes we would need special art related materials. Rs.5,000 ($84)/month.
Other Materials Others materials which would be required are the basic equipments used in the raining centers such as black/white board, stationeries, tape recorder, speakers(installed in all the classes), microphone, projector,
Proposal 24 computers, photo copier, printers, scanners etc. Rs.300,000-350,000 ($5,000-5,834).
Program Revenues: The programs will vary. They could either be an over view of a subject/course or could be on a detailed topic of a specific subject. Thus the prices will also vary accordingly. Estimated price would be Rs.1,000-1,200 ($17-20)/Student.
Operational Income •
Tuition and Fees
•
Application Fees
Program Related
•
Salaries: it would vary according to the number of teachers hired. An estimated salary of a highly trained teacher is Rs.15,000-20,000 ($250-334)/teacher.
•
Payroll Taxes: there are numerous kinds of taxes which are to be paid if we are running a school. These include Teacher security tax, Teachers old age benefit tax, Commercial use of locality tax, etc. the taxes are all in all around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667).
Proposal 25 •
Fringe Benefits: small perks and bonuses are often given to the employees. Especially near any event which is highly celebrated in Pakistan. Rs.40,000-50,000 ($667-843)/year.
•
Professional Development: trainings, increments and promotions are also an area which is extremely supported at our place. The cost can vary.
•
Books: other than the course books, the library books are also a big charm for the student. Rs.50,000-80,000 ($843-1,334)/year.
•
Supplies: office supplies and stationary, for the management and for the students, are mainly the major expenses. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
•
Services: extra helpers, who indirectly support the school, such as the gatekeeper and the drivers are also given good salaries. Rs.25,00030,000 ($417-500)/month.
Administrative •
Insurance: insurance of the whole vicinity plus the furniture would cost around Rs.30,000-40,000 ($500-667)/month.
•
Equipment Maintenance and Repair: equipments such as the computers, printers and other devices need regular inspection and maintenance. Rs.15,000 ($250)/month.
Proposal 26 •
Miscellaneous: daily expenses which can occur due to any kind of shortage or mishaps. An example would be of the generator which would be used to provide electricity if incase the electricity shortage.
Institutional (Space-Related) •
Mortgage (or rent): rent would be of Rs.45,000-50,000 ($750834)/month.
•
Utilities: electricity bill, telephone bill, gas bill, water bill etc. Rs.25,000-40,000 ($417-667)/month
•
Maintenance and Supplies: the facility doesn’t undergo major construction or adjustments process that often, but we do consider it twice a year. Rs.50,000 ($834)/year
Promotion We have been providing teachers training for such a long time that now we don’t need major steps regarding advertising. But it’s always advised to advertise before running an endeavor. With the past experiences, we have learned that the best outcome we got was by advertising through brochures and running an advertisement on the local TV channels. Especially in major seasons like June and July, we can do heavy advertising to attract more teachers. The advertising would vary according to the season but an overall estimate would be of Rs.200,000-250,000 ($3,334-4,167)
Proposal 27
Proposal 28 Montessori Books We have written nine books for the children. They are of three different subjects i.e. English, Mathematics and Urdu. All three subjects have three different levels. The basic level is for the beginners, the intermediate level is for the children who have been promoted to Kindergarten (KG-1). The expert level is for the children of (KG-2). These books have been successfully running not only in our school but in many other schools in Karachi and Rawalpindi. Our books are critically acclaimed by the ‘Villa Children academy’ which is affiliated with the American Montessori International (AMI), USA.
Publishing The new batch of our books will be printed and published in Philippines under the supervision of Normi (a Montessori Directress, a school owner, and a student of ‘Montessori teacher’s preparation’, Washington, USA). She herself has written many books and after looking at our books, she has decided to publish them in Philippines. We are looking forward to eventually making our books available all over Pakistan.
Price The price per book varies according to the number of outputs. It is of simple mathematics that the more number of copies we print, the less would
Proposal 29 be the total cost. After printing the last batch we estimated that the cost of 1 book was around Rs.60 ($1.00) and it was sold in the market for Rs.100 ($1.60)/book.
Patent Our books are copyrighted, which we filed in Pakistan therefore nobody else has the right to publish or copy our books. We have been selling our books for the past 3 years.
Promotion and marketing Due to the different nature of product, we can’t do mass marketing for selling our books. Instead, we have hired two people who go to different schools and promote our books by presenting them to the principal or the person in-charge. The other approach, we are planning to take, is to sell the books through the Internet.
Future Plans We and our Pilipino source have decided that we will introduce those books which are currently running in the recognized school of Philippines. Soon we will be marketing those books as well.
Expenses
Proposal 30
Space As the nature of business only demands a warehouse, we don’t need a big and furnished place for keeping our books. We can keep the stock in the store room or in the garage of one of our existing facility.
Transportation We would need a pick-up truck for the transportation of our books. We can use this truck for all the purposes i.e. for the transportation of books, school materials, furniture, Montessori materials etc. Rs.600,000-950,000 ($10,000-15,000)
Marketing We would be hiring few men who would go out and promote our books at different Montessori and schools. Rs.10,000 ($167)/employee.
Delivering We have been selling our books in Rawalpindi and Islamabad as well. For to send the books, we have to send them through train delivery. This costs around Rs.10,000-15,000 ($167-250)/10kg
Extra expenses
Proposal 31 These include all the small payments which are involved in the publishing and transportation of books. The labor which is involved in handling the books and the gas required to deliver the books with in the city. Rs.1,000 ($17)/day.
Future Plans Once our books are in demand in Pakistan, Philippines and elsewhere, we can move part of our printing operation to FATA to kick-start the book publishing business in FATA.
Proposal 32 Montessori Tools and Equipments As mentioned above, there is a lack of knowledge, in Pakistan, regarding the Montessori Method. We still do not use the professional equipment which are required in a Montessori school. Due to lack of finances as well, we find many “Montessori” schools which are not equipped with all the required apparatus and material. We have been manufacturing Montessori tools for the past 5 years. We have manufactured different materials which reflect our culture, religion and language. Pakistan’s national language is Urdu, but most locally manufactured as well as imported Montessori material is geared towards the English language.
Our Goal Looking at this, we decided to manufacture materials which would make it easy for the students to learn Urdu. Along with that, we have manufactured few other Montessori materials which are solely our own idea. Those materials will assist the teachers in gaining attention and interest of a child. We have sold few of our manufactured materials and now we are looking forward to sell our material throughout Pakistan.
Objectives We encourage our teachers and trainees to sit and brainstorm together and come up with different tools and methods through which we can make
Proposal 33 the life of a student as well as the teacher easy. There are different ways of performing the standard methods or exercises given by Maria Montessori. We work over new techniques which could enhance our abilities to do the same as what she has suggested and along with that, we seek of additional learning which we can learn while doing it. Simultaneous efforts and multiple results are what we are looking for. We want the child to gain as much as he can while he is using any kind of material.
Facility For the manufacturing of Montessori material we wood need a relatively small place. A 400 yards facility would be more than enough to start off. If we take a place on rent, it would cost us around Rs.35,00050,000 ($584-834)/month.
Other Expenses Although we have been manufacturing Montessori materials for the past 5 years, we have not done that on a big scale. There are major concepts waiting in the pipeline which are yet to be manufactured because of the shortage of funds. We plan to execute those plans in the favor of the students. The classification of expenses is listed below: 1. Wood Rs.200,000-250,000 ($3,334-4,167) 2. Cutters (big and small) Rs.8,000-10,000 ($134-167)
Proposal 34 3. Big Tables Rs.30,000 ($500) 4. Different Mechanical tools Rs.50,000-80,000 ($834-1,334) 5. Other materials (glue, lights etc) Rs.10,000 ($167) 6. Art material Rs.5,000 ($84)/month
Transportation We would need a pick-up truck for the transportation of our Montessori Materials. We can use this truck for all the purposes i.e. getting the raw material to selling the finished goods. Rs.300,000-350,000 ($5,000-5,834)
Extra expenses These include all the small payments which are involved in the manufacturing and transportation of Montessori materials. The labor which is involved in handling the material and the gas required to deliver the books with in the city. Rs.2,000 ($34)/day
Sales We would hire few men who would go out and promote our Montessori materials at different Montessoris and schools. Rs.10,000 ($167)/employee.
Promotion and marketing
Proposal 35 We can do mass marketing for to promote our materials. We can place our ads in the newspapers, we can use flyers, brochures, pamphlets and can give an advertisement in the local TV channel. Along with that we will have to hire two people who will go to different schools and promote our materials by presenting them to the principal or the person in-charge. The other way which we have been planning is to advertise our materials on the internet.
Future Plans We and our Pilipino source have decided that we will trade Montessori materials from her. She also has an interest in manufacturing Montessori materials. We will import latest Montessori materials from her and will export the materials which we will manufacture here. Once we have our create demand for our material, we can start producing them not only in Karachi, but also in FATA to boost the morale of FATA residents that they are involved in helping educate the world.
Proposal 36
Bibliography (1)
http://www.montessori.edu/info.html#teachdetails
(2)
http://miaworld.org/sub/sub06-01.htm
(3)
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