Project Ppt 1 (1).pptx

K.SWARNA LATHA. M.DILEEP. G.S.N.D.SURESH.

(Y15CH819) (L16CH868) (L16CH871)

Under guidance of Mrs. J. L. JAYANTHI (M.Tech)

ABSTRACT:Production of Ethanol fermented from renewable sources for fuel or fuel additives are known as bio-ethanol. Large quantities of fruit waste are generated from agricultural processes worldwide. This waste is often simply dumped into landfills or the ocean. Fruit waste has high levels of sugars, including sucrose, glucose, and fructose, that can be fermented for bioethanol production. the need of bio-ethanol has been increasing, the production of bio-ethanol must be increased using cheaper and eco friendly raw materials. On the basis of these characteristics fruit wastes can be considered as cheaper and eco friendly.  In this study different fruit wastes were used as a raw material for the production of bio-ethanol by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

INTRODUCTION:The largest single use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive.

Alcohol is an organic compound that has one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to a carbon atom. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. The first generation of ethanol production used corn as a substrate, later corn was

considered as a feedstock lead to the second generation of production of ethanol which used microorganisms and different wastes as substrates. The cheapest and easily available source for the production of bio-ethanol is fruit wastes. It is a potential energy source, from which ethanol can be obtained. Fruit waste.

OBJECTIVES: Preparation of bio-ethanol by different fruit wastes.

Compare alcohol percentage obtained from different fruit wastes. Calculating the calorific value and concentration of bio-ethanol. Compare the ethanol properties with different journal results.

APPLICATIONS:As a transport fuel to replace gasoline. Pharmaceutical industries. In chemical industries. To prepare solvent based paint and thinners. In beauty care industry (perfumes ,hair gel etc)

ADVANTAGES: It reduces greenhouse gases through the use of bio-ethanol blended fuel. The fuel spills are more biodegradable or diluted to non toxic concentrations.

The exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner. It undergoes complete combustion. Bio-ethanol is also biodegradable and less toxic then fossil fuels. Process cost is very less Raw materials are easily available and production process is simple.

DISADVANTAGES:It is quite expensive to set-up a bio-fuel laboratory. Bio-ethanol production demands strong technical knowledge for effective production and also t avoid excess emissions.

Low production rate.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:KMnO4

Distilled water Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) Sucrose

Urea

RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED:Fruit waste

PROCEDURE:YEAST ACTIVATION FERMENTATION PROCESS DISTILLATION TESTING THE PROPERTIES OF BIO-ETHANOL

YEAST ACTIVATION:Take 200 ml of water in a beaker and heat the water around 35-40℃ Weigh 1gm of Urea ,40 gm of sucrose and 10 gm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) simultaneously. Add the above 3 components in the heated water and wait till 10-15 minutes then the yeast will activates. This mixture was taken as an inoculum for fermentation process.

FERMENTATION PROCESS:About 200g of Fruit wastes or rotten fruits such as apple, banana, papaya and grapes were weighed separately and were taken in different beakers. which was washed with 5% potassium permanganate solution and then rinsed with distilled water. pomegranate , sapota and papaya wastes were crushed separately in a mixer and

collected in beakers. Take 1 liter conical flasks and the each fruit wastes are transfer to the flasks separately Add the inoculum is also transferred to the conical flasks and the mixture is makeup to 1000 ml

Set the incubator temperature to 30°C. Wait till the set temperature is reached.

Keep the inoculum containing beaker inside, at the center of the incubator. close the incubator door. Allow the temperature to equilibrate for 4-5 days . During fermentation process, zymase an enzyme from yeast changes the simple sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁+ H₂O ---invertase---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ C₆H₁₂O₆ ---zymase---> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ ↑ Take out the beaker from incubator after 72 Hrs. and continue for further processes.

DISTILLATION:Differential distillation is a procedure by which two liquids with different boiling

points can be separated. After fermentation process is completed the sample was filtered with a thin cloth. Fill the distillation flask with the filtered sample. The flask should be no more than two thirds full because there needs to be sufficient clearance above the surface of the liquid.

Heat the distillation flask slowly until the liquid begins to boil. Vapors will begin to rise through the neck of the distillation flask. As the vapors pass through the condenser, they will condense and collected in the receiving flask.

Cool water in Condenser

Distilling flask

Cool water out Heater

Receiving flask

Distillate

TESTING:Dichromate test for ethanol Determination of Calorific value by Calorimeter Determination of Concentration by UV-Spectrophotometer Determination of Density by Hydrometer

DICHROMATE TEST:After distillation the product is placed in an air tighten flask, because the alcohol may evaporate in the atmosphere. For the test take a test tube then add potassium dichromate solution and acidified with dilute sulphuric acid. A few drops of the alcohol is added to this solution. The tube would be warmed in a hot water bath. In the case of a primary or secondary alcohol. First the solution is in orange color. When the solution is warmed the orange solution turns green when the solution containes primary or secondary alcohol.

CALORIFIC VALUE TEST:

The crucible of the calorimeter is filled with the known mass of fuel, and then it is ignited.



This heats the surrounding water, and the initial and final temperatures are recorded using a thermometer.

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The calorific value can be determined using the heat balance. Heat given by the fuel is

equal to the heat gained by the water.  LHS: Mass of fuel × calorific value. RHS: mass if water × specific heat ×change in temperature.

Equate LHS and RHS to get the calorific value.

CONCENTRATION TEST: procedure for measuring ethanol concentration from yeast culture using K2Cr2O7

reagent (3.4g K2Cr2O7 +32.7ml H2SO4 ) in spectrophotometric method.  The reaction mixture contains 0.1ml of culture supernatant and 2.5 ml of K2Cr2O7 reagent and heated for 10min at 60°C.  Then, the solution is diluted with distilled water to make the volume 25ml and measure the absorbance at 600nm to calculate the ethanol percentage from a standard curve which was made by using 5%,10%,15%,20%,25% ethanol.

DENSITY TEST: The hydrometer measures the weight of the liquid displaced by the volume of the hydrometer.  Specific Gravity is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the material to the density of water.  If the density of the substance of interest and the reference substance are known in the same units.  Fill your hydrometer jar about ¾ with the liquid you wish to test. Insert the hydrometer slowly.  Now give it a spin with your thumb and index finger, this will dislodge any bubbles that may have formed. Once the hydrometer comes to a rest, observe the plane of the liquid surface.  The point at which this line cuts the hydrometer scale is your reading.  From the obtained density value calculate the sp.gravity.From the standard graph between sp.gravity and concentration we can calculate the concentration. ex:- 100% ethanol has a specific gravity of .785 which is lighter than water with a specific gravity of 1.0.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:1)PERCENTAGE OF ALCOHOL:The flask contain 1000 ml of content and after distillation the various fruit wastes are containing the following percentages of alcohol.

S.N O

FRUIT WASTE

ETHANOL BY VOLUME(ml)

% OF ETHANOL

1

POMEGRANATE

120

12

2

SAPOTA

150

15

3

PAPAYA

100

10

4

WATERMELON

80

8

% OF ALCOHOL 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

% OF ALCOHOL

2)Dichromate test:In this test is conducted to confirm whether the obtained product is ethanol or not. When the test is conducted we got the following results.

From the obtained results we confirmed that the obtained product is primary alcohol nothing but ethanol.