Project On Human Population Explosion In India.docx

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Getting a project ready requires work and effort of many people. I would like to pay my sincere gratitude and thanks to The Head of Department– T.H.K. Jain college- for giving me opportunity for leading this project. The present report is based on “Human population explosion in India.” I am very thankful to other departmental teachers, who directed me at every step in this project. I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to “Ananya Kundu Dey”, internal faculty, for her help and valuable support throughout the term of the project. It was a learning experience to work under her guidance.

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CONTENTS

Sr. No.

Topic

Page No.

1.

Abstract

3

2.

Introduction

4

3.

Study area with location

9

4.

Methodology

10

5.

Result and Discussion

12

6.

Conclusion

13

7.

Measures for population control

14

8.

Biblography

15

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ABSTRACT

The impact of population growth on environment and its implication for survival is an important issue. Although considerable attention has been paid to this problem but systematic studies have been inadequate. Rapid population growth and economic development and daily demand for natural resources for domestic and industrial use are growing at an increasing rate, especially in an urban centre. This has led to the disruption of natural cycles of land resources which is undermining the sustainability of the ecosystems. Thus, sustainable development can only be pursued if population size and growth are in harmony with the changing productive potentials of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to discuss the implication of Indian population growth on environmental sustainability and its impact over the upcoming years.

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INTRODUCTION

POPULATION Population is defined as the total number of individuals of a species present in a particular area at a given time. A species has many populations living in different regions. It is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship- except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. POPULATION EXPLOSION The rapid increase in numbers of a particular species, especially in the world's human population since the end of World War II, attributed to an accelerating birth-rate, a decrease in infant mortality, and an increase in life expectancy is termed as population explosion. The population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the population. A population consist of all the individuals of the same species occupying a Particular geographical area at a given time. It ranks subordinate to species. A species may have a single population or many populations confined to distinct area. The present population of our country is 102.7 billions. In the present, the population of our country is increasing. It is very dangerous and when our natural resources are going on decreasing.

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CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION There are many factors, which put the effects on the population due to which our population increases. These factors are birth rate, death rate, immigration, literacy, age structure, sex ratio, environmental factor, low age at marriage, religious attitude towards family planning and other causes. 1. BIRTH RATE: It can be expressed as the number of birth per thousand human in the population per year. In the starting of 20th century the birth rate was 49.2 (per 1000) and it become 26.1 (per 1000) in the end of century. 2. DEATH RATE: It can be expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 human in the population per year. Birth and death rate both are reduced but birth rate reduced very fast. It is 42.6 (per 1000) in the starting of 20th century and after decreasing it become 8.7(per 1000) at the end of century. It is due to the protection from natural risk, better transport, storage facility and control of communicable disease etc. 3. LITERACY: Literacy is the most important factor due to which our population increases because educated people can understand the importance of small family. In India, literacy rate increase from 5%(1901) to 65.35%(2001) in Kerala, the percentage of literacy is maximum from all states. It is 90%. There is a relation between illustration and growth of population where are literacy rate is minimum there population. 4. IMMIGRATION: Immigration is the entry of additional peoples into a population from outside. 5. AGE STRUCTURE: Age structure of population can divided into three parts: below 15 years old child, 15-59 years old people and above 59 years old people. The group of 15-59 years old people is known as productive population and below 15 years old child and above 59 years old people are called dependent population. In 2001, the percentage of working population was 58.7% and dependent population was 41.3%. But still the percentage of dependent population was quite large and this large percentage of dependent population, especially children would naturally have deep repercussions on us. 5|Page

6. SEX RATIO: The number of females per thousand males in the population is called sex ratio. According to the census of 2001, the sex ratio was 933 females to 1000 males. In our country, the sex ratio remained favourable to males except in Kerala where in 2001 this ratio was 1058 females to 1000 males and in Pondicherry where the sex ratio was 1001 females to 1000 males. 7. ENVIRONENTAL FACTORS: Food and shelter (space) are the most important environmental factors that affect the size and density of population. Population tends to increase so long as food and shelter are available. If shelter is scare, fewer individuals can be accommodated and the rest are exposed to enemies and weather. Natural calamities such as drought, cloud bursts flood, fire, earthquake, volcanic eruption, and storms etc. may cause sudden change in the environment by destroying food and shelter. A drastic change in the environment can destabilize or even exterminate a population. 8. Low Age at Marriage: Child marriages have been very common in our country. According to the 1931 census, 72 per cent marriages in India were performed before 15 years of age and 34 per cent before ten years of age. Since then, there has been a continuous increase in the mean age of marriage among both males and females. Though the mean age of marriage is estimated to be continuously increasing, yet a large number of girls even today marry at an age at which they are not ready for marriage either socially and emotionally, or psychologically and chronologically. 9. Religious Attitude towards Family Planning: The religiously orthodox and conservative people are against the use of family planning measures. There are women who disfavour family planning on the plea that they cannot go against the wishes of God. There are some women who argue that the purpose of a woman’s life is to bear children. Other women adopt a passive attitude: “If I am destined to have many children, I will have them. If not, I will not have them. Why should I bother about it.” 10. Other Causes: Some of the other causes responsible for the increase in population are: joint family system and lack of responsibility of young couples in these families to bring up their children, lack of 6|Page

recreational facilities, and lack of information or wrong information about the adverse effects of vasectomy, tubectomy and the loop. EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION Even after 67 years of independence, the scenario of our country is not good, due to over population. Some major impacts of high population are as follows: 1. Unemployment: Generating employment for a huge population in a country like India is very difficult. The number of illiterate persons increases every year. Unemployment rate is thus showing an increasing trend. If the population continues to increase at this rate, in a few years from now, we will have an army of unemployed, hungry and desperate people who will threaten the very foundations of the social, economic and political systems and institutions of the country. 2. Pressure on infrastructure: Development of infrastructural facilities is unfortunately not keeping pace with the growth of population. The result is lack of transportation, communication, housing, education, healthcare etc. There has been an increase in the number of slums, overcrowded houses, traffic congestion etc 3. Manpower utilisation: The number of jobless people is on the rise in India due to economic depression and slow business development and expansion activities. 4. Environmental Threats: Rapid population growth will emerge the expansion of human activity. The expansion of human activity will cause the destruction of forest and the loss of biological diversity which may lead to instability of ecological systems and reducing ability of the ecosystem to combat global warming. As reality, the population growth is following by increasing of water pollution, erosion of hillsides and silting of rivers, increasing of greenhouse gases, rising sea levels, growing weather severity, disruption of agriculture, and increase the energy and resources consumption. 5. Decreased production and increased costs: Food production and distribution have not been able to catch up with the increasing population and hence the costs of production have increased. Inflation is the major consequence of over population.

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6. Inequitable income distribution: In the face of an increasing population, there is an unequal distribution of income and inequalities within the country widen. Rapid population growth aggravates poverty in developing countries by producing a high ratio of dependent children for each working adult. This leads to a relatively high percentage of income being spent on immediate survival needs of food, housing, and clothing, leaving little money for purchase of elective goods or for investment in the economy, education, government services, or infrastructure. AIMS OF POPULATION STUDY The main objective of population study is to make people understand that a small family is an ideal one. The standard of living can be made good in a small and ideal family. Population education thus , aims at maintaining the health and welfare of the members of the family. The following are the objectives of population education: 1. To provide knowledge and understanding of the prevailing situation. 2. Create awareness among the students about population matters, environment, and supply and demand of essential commodities. 3. Provide necessary skill to evaluate the impact and consequence of population growth on society. 4. To give the knowledge of population policy and population measures. 5. To provide the knowledge of causes of population growth and government's efforts to check it. 6. To develop awareness on the population dynamics. 7. To provide the knowledge of manpower management and resource development. 8. To enable students to know the merit of small family. 9. To known the causes of urbanization and its related problems. 10. To know about the causes of deforestation and ecological imbalance.

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STUDY AREA WITH LOCATION India is positioned on the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia, and is located in both the eastern and northern hemispheres. The Republic of India is located on the geographic coordinates of 21.0000° N latitude and 78.0000° E longitude in Asia. For the country of India the latitude of 22° 00' N and longitude of 77° 00' E denote its geographical alignment. The specific latitude of India suggests its position in Northern Hemisphere. The terra firma of India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China.

Population in different states in India

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METHODOLOGY Count of people of a country is called census. Census is an official numeration of population after every ten years in India, along with certain social and economic statistics. This not only helps us in knowing the total number of population but also the latest distribution of population, sex ratio, age composition, occupational structure and literacy of a particular country.

Source: Census 2011: Provisional Population Total - INDIA

Notes: 1. In working out “Decadal Growth” and ‘Percentage Decadal Growth’ for India 1941-51 and 1951-61 the population of Tuensang district for 1951 (7,025) and the population of Tuensang (83,501) and Mon (5,774) districts for 1961 Census of Nagaland state have not been taken into account as the areas were censused for the first time in 1951 and the same are not comparable. 2. The 1981 Census could not be held owing to disturbed conditions prevailing in Assam. Hence the population figures for 1981 Census of Assam have been worked out by ‘interpolation’.

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3. The 1991 Census could not be held owing to disturbed conditions prevailing in Jammu and Kashmir. Hence the population figures for 1991 Census of Jammu and Kashmir have been worked out by ‘interpolation’. 4. Includes estimated population of Paomata, Mao Maram and Pural sub-divisions of Senapati District of Manipur for 2001. 5. Includes estimated population of Paomata, Mao Maram and Pural sub-divisions of Senapati District of Manipur for 2011. 6. The percentage decadal growth shown in column 4 of Statement 2 indicates a decline from 24.80 percent during the decade 1961-71 to 24.66 percent during this decade 1971-81, while the average annual exponential growth rate presented in column 7 of this statement shows an increase from 2.20 to 2.22. This is because the percent decadal variation has not been adjusted for the shift in reference date in 1971. The decadal variation for 1961-71 relates to 121 months while that 1971-81 relates to 119 months . If we adjust for this difference, the percentage decadal growth works out of 24.59 percent for 1961-71 and 24.87 percent for the decade 1971-81.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION India was the first country to evolve a government-backed family planning programme in the 1950s when the rest of the world was not aware of the problem. Today, after 47 years, India is trailing behind in population control. During the notorious Emergency regime between 1975 and 1977, the political leaders and many of their cronies, government officials and policemen shouted themselves hoarse advocating sterilization.

S. No.

Census Year

Population

% Change

1

1951

361,088,000

-----

2

1961

439,235,000

21.6

3

1971

548,160,000

24.8

4

1981

683,329,000

24.7

5

1991

846,387,888

23.9

6

2001

1,028,737,436

21.5

7

2011

1,210,726,932

17.7

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CONCLUSION Considering the above factors, it is obvious that in India, the success of family planning programs depends on too many factors, making it a more complex operation than usual. However, this does not change the fact that birth control is extremely important in order to improve the life of the future generations in India in terms of better availability of resources and a better and clean world. Unless, we want our future generations to live the life of barbarians, it is imperative that we control the population explosion and thus control the usage of the available resources. We can start by educating the women of India in the basics of family planning. This can simply be done if just one educated person takes it into her/his stride to teach one other person. Each one, teach one. If population increase leads us back in time to the Stone Age, then what is the advantage of years of technological advancements and our hard work? Can we really enjoy a newborn in our lives when we know that we would not be able to give our child the basic necessities of life? Being a parent, is that not our responsibility to wish for the best for our future generations? Then is population explosion a boon or a curse for India? I would have to agree with the latter answer, because I wish for all the possible facilities to be readily available for my children. I want my future generations to live in India and cherish the beauty of the land, its monuments and rich culture that we Indians are so proud of, while living a happy sustainable life with all the basic amenities readily available without fighting for it or bargaining for it. I want my future generations to have a happy successful career and life, and at the same time, enjoy the beauty of nature in its fullest. I want my future generations to see and have the world as it was meant to be, and not what we have made it into.

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MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION  The government of India has been organizing several programs for limiting the population increase and has been spending millions of dollars on controlling the birth rate. Some of the programs have been successful, and the rate of increase has also reduced, but has still to reach the sustainable rate.  The major factors affecting the population increase of India are the rapidly increasing birth rate and decreasing death rates. We can follow strict birth control measures like China to decrease the birth rate, but we cannot go and decrease our technological advancements to decrease the death rate. Thus, our main emphasis falls on decreasing the birth rate.  Several government-funded agencies like the Family Planning Association of India spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on promoting family planning.  There are organizations aim to promote family planning as a basic human right and the norm of a two-child family on a voluntary basis, to achieve a balance between the population size and resources, to prepare young people for responsible attitudes in human sexuality, and to provide education and services to all.  The family planning methods provided by the family planning program are vasectomy, tubectomy, IUD, conventional contraceptives(that is condoms, diaphragms, jelly/cream tubes, foam tables) and oral pills.  Induced abortion is available, free of charge, in institutions recognized by the government for purpose of population control. However, the success of the family planning program in India depends on several factors like literacy, religion and the region where the couple live.

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BIBLOGRAPHY

1. Census Retrievedwww.indiaonlinepages.com 2. overpopulation in Indiawww.mapssofindia.com 3. Journal on population growth: Implication for environmental sustainability 4. Journal on population explosion 5. Population Explosion by Paul R. Ehrlich 6. Population Genetic Study 7. Articles in The Economic Times 8. Articles in The Business Standard 9. Encyclopedia of population 10. Demography: The study of human population

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