Porcine

Journal of Comparative Pathology 2008 Porcine Multifocal Granulomatous Hepatitis Caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 2 in Slaughter Pigs: APP occurs in all pigs of all ages characterized by necrotizing, hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia and serofibrinous pleuritis. Other rare manifestations of APP are meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, endocarditis, otits media and granulomatous hepatitis. The granulomas have asteroid bodies formation (Bodies with splendore hoeppli material)

Detection by In-situ Hybridization of Pasteurella multocida Toxin (toxA) Gene in the Lungs of Naturally Infected Pigs – PMT (ToxA gene product) produced by P multocida Types A and D are associated with pulmonary abscessation. PMT causes increased vascular permeability and is toxic to neutrophils. Histopathological Distinction and Evaluation of Biliary and Peribiliary Cysts in Pig Liver. J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 202e207. Most intrahepatic cysts are derived from bile ducts (biliary cysts), but are usually not clinically significant. Peribiliary cysts are derived from the peribiliary glands located in fibrous tissue of large portal areas and can cause local compression and circulatory disturbance Capillary Haemangiomas of the Scrotum and Testicle in Boars. J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 177e186. Scrotal hemangiomas occur frequently, but testicular hemangiomas are rare, and they rarely occur together. The authors suggest an inherited basis since all pigs in the study group were related and of a large white breed. The authors suggest a UV component to the development of scrotal tumors.

Left-scrotal/ right testicular Vascular-associated Lymphoid Tissue in Swine (Sus scrofa). Vol 58, No 2 April 2008. mononuclear cells were noted in the intima and occasionally the inner portion of the tunica media and adventitia at branching sites. The infiltrating cells were primarily CD3+CD4+ T cells, with some macrophages. Focal accumulations of mononuclear cells in the arterial wall of healthy humans at predilection sites for atherosclerotic lesions. A prospective, case control study evaluating the association between Clostridium difficile toxins in the colon of neonatal swine and gross and microscopic lesions. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:52–59 2007). Clostridium difficile --suckling pigs with mesocolonic edema and typhlocolitis. Brain lesions in pigs affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:109–112 (2007). Cerebellar lymphohistiocytic vasculitis and

fibrinoid degeneration combined with hemorrhages or with lymphohistiocytic meningitis in pigs with PMWS. Association of myocarditis with high viral load of porcine circovirus type 2 in several tissues in cases of fetal death and high mortality in piglets. A case study. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:368–375 (2007). High number of mummifications and stillbirths, a high neonatal mortality rate, and many piglets with congenital tremors or hind leg ataxia. A high load of PCV2 DNA was observed in myocardium, liver, and spleen from mummified or stillborn piglets, lower in piglets with myocarditis, and even further lower in pigs without myocarditis. Neither porcine parvovirus nor encepaholomyocarditis virus was detected. Paramyxovirus infection in pigs with interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 13:428–433 (2001). In the last few years, newly recognized paramyxoviruses have been associated with severe disease in several animal species, including swine, as well as in human beings. Recently, a paramyxovirus was isolated from a swine herd in the northcentral United States that experienced an epizootic of respiratory and central nervous system disease. Affected pigs had interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis and encephalitis characterized by lymphocytic perivasculitis and diffuse gliosis. Other pig respiratory viruses are PRRS, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2, antigenically variant H1N1 strains of swine influenza virus (SIV), as well as H1N2 SIV in England and H3N2 SIV in the United States have been identified. Historically, only a few viruses had been associated with respiratory disease in swine, and, in field situations, only swine influenza virus (SIV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) were detected with any frequency. Cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and enterovirus also have been reported to cause pneumonia in swine but are rarely encountered. Fibroepithelial Hamartoma in a Domestic Pig. Vet Pathol 44:411–413 (2007). Histologic examination revealed a moderate orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with variable degrees of epithelial proliferation. The main body of the dysplasia consisted of collagenous fibers. In addition, some proliferating small blood vessels as well as focally gathered dilated apocrine glands were evident. Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Associated Cerebellar Vasculitis in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)-Affected Pigs. Vet Pathol 44:621–634 (2007). Acute hemorrhages and edema of cerebellar meninges and parenchyma due to a necrotizing vasculitis resulted in degeneration and necrosis of the gray and white matter. Few to numerous PCV2 DNA and antigenbearing endothelial cells were detected. Detection of caspase 3 activity and DNA strand breaks showed numerous apoptotic endothelial cells in the vascular lesions observed. Lesions in PDNS are characterized primarily by a cutaneous and subcutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and glomerulonephritis and are likely mediated by immune complex deposition.

Multiple Hepatic Peribiliary Cysts in a Young Pig. Vet Pathol 44:707–709 (2007). All lobes of the liver contained numerous cysts of varying size containing serous fluid in all lobes. Histopathologically, the cysts were located mainly around the large bile duct and in the connective tissue of the portal tracts. The cysts were lined by a single layer of columnar, cuboidal, and flattened epithelial cells. Occasionally, goblet cells were observed. The epithelial cells were stained with periodic acid–Schiff/alcian blue and high-iron diamine/alcian blue, indicating the presence of neutral mucin, sialomucin, and sulfomucin. The Distribution and Density of Clostridium difficile Toxin Receptors on the Intestinal Mucosa of Neonatal Pigs. Vet Pathol 44:814–822 (2007). The most important virulence factors of C. difficile are 2 large exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). TcdA is a potent enterotoxin with effects on host tissues that are dependent upon receptor-mediated endocytosis of the intact toxin. TcdB is an effective cytotoxin, but it apparently does not bind receptors on intact mucosal epithelium. TcdB is much less toxic in vivo unless there is underlying damage to the mucosa, and it is not essential for the virulence of C. difficile. The receptors for TcdA in the pig remain to be identified, but a-galactosyl does not seem to be significant to its binding. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings in the Lungs of Pigs Infected Experimentally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Histopathological changes consisted of exudates in airways and alveolar lumina, peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia, and enlargement of alveolar septa. These changes coincided with significant increases in the expression of cytokines (IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-8, TNF-a and INF-g) and lymphoid markers (CD4+, CD8+, muramidase, IgG+, IgA+).

Characterization of Interstitial Nephritis in Pigs with Naturally Occurring Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome Vet Path 2008 Jan: types of tubulointerstitial inflammation seen were: lymphoplasmacytic, granulomatous and mixed. The epithelium of renal tubules was the consistently positive with in situ hybridization. Unlike in lymphoid tissue, the amount of PCV-2 was not associated with severity of granulomatous inflammation, but did for lymphoplasmacytic inflam. Metritis, Valvular Endocarditis, and Septicemia by Actinobacillus equuli in a Gilt in the United States. Vet Pathol 45:495–499 (2008). Gross findings included metritis, splenomegaly, and valvular endocarditis. Bacterial endocarditis (in the mitral and tricuspid valves) and metritis with dissemination to multiple organs was diagnosed by using histologic examination. Gram-negative coccobacillary organisms present in the valvular lesions were characterized as Actinobacillus equuli. Porcine Circovirus 2 Inclusion Bodies in Pulmonary and Renal Epithelial Cells. Vet Pathol 45:640– 644 (2008). The most common lesions of PMWS are lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous lymphadenitis, interstitial pneumonia and interstitial nephritis, with intracytoplasmic amphophilic botryoid inclusion bodies in macrophages. Intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies were observed in bronchial, bronchial glandular, and renal tubular epithelium of several pigs from 4 different farms in Western and Eastern Canada Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Prenatal Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection and Postnatal Porcine Parvovirus Infection or Immunostimulation. Vet Pathol 45:842–848 (2008). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was reproduced in prenatally porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-infected pigs by either postnatal infection with porcine parvovirus

(PPV) or by immunostimulation. Prenatal infection Plus Postnatal PArvo or immunostimulation or any Post natal PCV-2 infection. But not PCV-2 in utero with no subsequent infection or immunostimulation.

Naturally occurring sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in North American pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 21:250–253 (2009). typical lymphoproliferative vasculitis in multiple tissues of the affected pigs. Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the tissues of affected pigs in both cases. The amplified sequences were identical between the clinically affected pigs and the OvHV-2–infected sheep. Additional virological and bacteriological examination showed that the affected pigs were negative for agents that cause Aujeszky’s disease, classical swine fever, porcine enterovirus, and rabies. Acquired Melanosis Caused by Acorn Ingestion in the Nero Siciliano Pig: Diffuse black discoloration of lymph node cortex and medulla and melanosis of fat. Acorns have high total phenolic compounds. Hypothesized that swine tyrosinase could act on phenolic substances found in acorns and increase the biosynthesis and the anomalous storage of melanin.

Multifocal Granulomatous Hepatitis Caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 2 in Slaughter Pigs APP occurs in all pigs of all ages characterized by necrotizing, hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia and serofibrinous pleuritis. Other rare manifestations of APP are meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, endocarditis, otits media and granulomatous hepatitis. The granulomas have asteroid bodies formation (Bodies with splendore hoeppli material) Reproductive Failure Experimentally Induced in Sows via Artificial Insemination with Semen Spiked with Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Vet Pathol 46:707–716 (2009). All live-born piglets -PCV2 viremic at birth. Stillborn fetuses-congestive heart failure. Mummified fetuses - crown-rump length from 7 to 27 cm, indicating fetal death between 42 and 105 days of gestation. PCV2 antigen was detected in the myocardium by immunohistochemistry of 7/8 (88%) live-born piglets, 2/2 (100%) of the stillborn fetuses, and 25/25 (100%) of the mummified fetuses. In addition, 4/25 mummified fetuses had PCV2 antigen associated with smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The results of this study indicate that intrauterine administration of PCV2 causes reproductive failure in naıve sows Swine Expression of Mx protein & interferon-α (IFN-α) in pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus. pp161-67. March 2006 NW - Mx protein and IFN-α antigen were expressed in the lung from pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus Simultaneous detection of viral RNA, Mx protein, and IFN-α in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells and macrophages in lung Probably, the cells infected virus produce Mx protein and IFN-α - Mx proteins mediate antiviral activity of IFN-α

-

Antiviral activity of IFN-α in swine influenza is mediated by all of the following: - 2’5’oligoadenylate synthetase, Protein kinase R, Mx1 protein Mx proteins inhibit synthesis of viral protein Evidence of breed-dependent differences in susceptibility to porcine circovirus type2(PCV2)-associated disease & lesions. pp281-93. May 2006 AR • Predisposition of Landrace pigs to PCV-2 induced disease and lesions (PMWS) • Low levels of passively acquired antibodies are protective Pathogenicity of Vietnamese enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains in colostrumdeprived 1-day-old piglets. pp150-160, Mar 2006 AR • preweaning colibacillosis is major cause of death in Vietnam o isolates belonging to serotype O8 o produced heat stabile and heat labile enterotoxins; did NOT produce any of the recognized fimbriae o hemagglutination: unique mannose-resistant hemagglutination activity with guinea pig, sheep, human, & chicken red blood cells at 37°C, but not 18°C o enterocyte brush border attachment - unidentified colonization factor • inoculation into colostrum-deprived 1 day old piglets: F- strain: acute watery diarrhea w/in 4 hrs; up to 20% weight loss attached exclusively to ileum EM demonstrated presence of fimbriae Conclusion: new pathogenic ETEC fimbrial type in piggeries in Vietnam, with a unique hemagglutination property and attachment characteristics similar to ETEC bearing F5 fimbriae. Brain Lesions Induced by Experimental Intranasal Infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Piglets: J Comp Path 141 vol 2-3:JE experimentally induced in 3 week-old piglets by a single intranasal inoculation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The lesions consisted of glial cell aggregates and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing throughout the olfactory tract and pyriform cortex. JEV antigens were detected in the cytoplasm and neuronal processes of small nerve cells in the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb, in the neuronal processes of the olfactory tract and in the cytoplasm of neurons in the pyriform cortex. JEV is one of 4 major encephalitic flaviviruses of public health importance, the other 3 being West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus in America, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australasia

Investigation into the pathology of shoulder ulcerations in sows. Veterinary Record (2009) 165, 171-174. Stage 1epidermal necrosis, thrombosis of dermal blood vessels, multiple colonies of bacteria. Stage 2 Dermal necrosis, and multiple colonies of bacteria. Stage 3 – Subcutis necrosis, the periosteum of the tuber spina scapula was reactive and thickened. Stage 4 - Exposed bone of the tuber spina scapula was covered with a thin layer of granulation tissue that was superficially necrotic. tuber spina scapula was extremely

deformed and had developed into a mushroom-like shape due to the formation of an excessive volume of osseous tissue (no osteitis or osteomyelitis). The initial lesions were due to thrombosis (failures of the blood supply) and secondary infection. Similar to pressure sores in humans. REVIEW PAPER: Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Kidney during Chronic Leptospirosis. Vet Pathol 46:792–799 (2009). During chronic infection, renal colonization and leptospiruria persist despite cellular and humoral responses by the host. Tubulointerstitial nephritis is the most common lesion associated with chronic infection, and this may progress to fibrosis and subsequent renal failure. For leptospires to disseminate within the host, leptospiral invasion is likely mediated by enzyme secretion, hemolysins, sphingomyelinases. Tubulointerstitial nephritis is a primary lesion during acute renal injury in leptospirosis, with characteristic lesions, such as interstitial edema and lymphocytic infiltrates. proteins called Len (leptospiral endostatinlike) proteins, some of which were shown to bind complement regulatory proteins, e.g., plasma factor H. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. can also bind the human complement regulator C4BP, which can provide added resistance against host complement.5 LPS from Leptospira is atypical in that it activates human cells through TLR2 and not the conventional TLR4 pathway. Leptospiruria persists despite active immune processes, such as interstitial nephritis characterized by lymphocyte infiltration, anti-leptospiral immunoglobulin production, MHC II expression, and TLR activation. Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigens in Porcine Leptospiral Nephritis. Vet Pathol 46:800–809 (2009). cytokine-stimulated tubular epithelial cells express MHCII. Leptospirosis in fattening pigs is characterized by several degrees of nephritis, from absence of lesions to severe multifocal tubulointerstitial inflammation. Nephritic lesions were classified histologically into perivascular lymphocytic (4 pigs), lymphofollicular (6 pigs), lymphohistiocytic (8 pigs), and neutrophilic (2 pigs) pattern. MHCII expression by histiocytes and lymphocytes was observed in all lesions. Prominent MHCII expression in regenerating tubular epithelium was observed in lymphofollicular and lymphohistiocytic nephritis. MHCII contributes to the intensity of the inflammatory response. Brain lesions induced by Experimental Intranasal infection of Japanese Encephalitis virus in piglets. Glial aggregates, lymphocyte cuffs, Olfactory bulb granular cell layer, and neurons of and pyriform cortex. JEV is flavivirus- WNV, St Louis Encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia.

Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Thrombocytopenia in Spleen during Classical Swine Fever: Role of Macrophages and Cytokines: Results showed a progressive depletion of splenic lymphoid structures and evidence of platelet aggregation processes. Lymphoid depletion was due to lymphocyte apoptosis, which

could not be ascribed to the direct action of the virus on these cells; direct virus action could play only a secondary role in the death of these cells. Absence of severe tissue and endothelial damage, together with moderate procoagulant cytokine levels in the serum, suggest that hemorrhage in CSF is due to thrombocytopenia. Monocyte/macrophages were the main target cells for the CSF virus, TNF- and, to a lesser extent, IL-1 and IL-6 appear to be the major cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia.

Melamine- and Cyanuric Acid–Associated Renal Failure in Pigs in Thailand. Vet Pathol 46:1156–1159 (2009). kidneys of all 5 pigs were yellowish and slightly swollen, with precipitation of crystalline material on the cut surface. Histologically, epithelial degeneration and necrosis were evident in proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts. Round, yellow-brown crystals with radiating striations were diffusely distributed through the lumen of proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were elevated. Melamine and analogs, including cyanuric acid, were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.