Population Geography Student Package

Population Geography ___________________________________________ 1. Global Village, Global Systems, Global Interdependence. 2.

Environmental Problems: Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Acid Rain, Ozone Hole.

3. Population Dynamics: Thomas Malthus, Demographic Transition Model, Dependency Ratio, Population Pyramids. 4. Standard of Living, Physical Quality of Life Index. 5. Food Availability, Allocation, Changes in Global Food Provisions 6. Developmental Aid 7. Issues: Aging Populations and National Economic Health, AIDS, Subsidies, a topic of your choice.

Global Village, Global Systems, Global Interdependence Discussion Questions: 1. What is a village? Do the people in the village know everything about everybody? Is there privacy in the village? If a stranger arrives, will most people know and include the stranger in their daily lives or will they have a fair amount of distance and distrust? 2. If someone in the village is known as the “bad apple” or the “odd man out”, will the others include him or her in their daily affairs or will they shy away from that person? 3. Read the following story and discuss its implications. John and Amy have always prided themselves in helping people in trouble. This year, their attitude has been no exception. Early July, two immigrants rang their door bell and asked if they could do some chores for John and Amy in the garden of their five-bedroom house. John and Amy looked at each other a few moments, shrugged their shoulders and said “Why not?” The couple and the two immigrants talked and negotiated a price for their work, what they would be doing and where they would stay in the home. John and Amy decided that the two of them could stay in the basement of their home for a few weeks, that they would tend the garden, clean up around the house, and would get one meal a day. Money would not be part of the deal as John and Amy were not wealthy people. The two immigrants agreed and everything went well for a week. At the end of the first week, three more people arrived at John and Amy’s house. These people were also looking for a place to stay. Bill and Charlie claimed they had carpentry skills and could work without supervision to help John and Amy improve their home if John and Amy provided free rent and board and

the necessary supplies for the renovations. They said it would likely take a couple of months. John and Amy, full of goodness in their hearts, agreed once again. They discussed the new situation with Peter and Paul, the first arrivals, and al agreed that the newcomers could also in stay in the basement. John and Amy were very generous and allowed their guests to use the bathroom and their kitchen. Even though things were a little crowded, everyone got along. Amy and John allowed the first two to stay a little longer as they were pleased how well they had improved the look of their house and yard. Toward the end of August, three more people arrived. This time, it was three women. Again, homeless and without shelter, they requested John’s and Amy’s help since they had heard about their generosity from the other earlier arrivals. John and Amy were perplexed why they had been chosen. However, they agreed to accommodate the women as well. However, there was no more room in the basement. The upstairs was their private area and John and Amy did not want anyone to be there. They all sat down and discussed where they would put up the newly arrived women. For safety reasons, it was decided that they should move into the basement while the middle group would camp outside in the garden. John and Amy had a few tents they were willing to put up. Everyone agreed to this new arrangement. A couple of months passed and things started to turn ugly. The immigrants and the women started to fight over food and the bathroom. Many had become unhappy living in John’s and Amy’s house because the food was always the same and had actually turned worse. John and Amy did their very best but their income was limited and so everyone had to cut back. The fighting got to this generous couple and they decided the first group to leave as they had been there the longest and the garden did not need any work during the winter months. The two refused to leave and a fight broke out. 4. Discuss the implications of the following statements and try to apply them to the above story. (a) We are our brother’s keeper; (b) Don’t give a hungry man a fish, but teach him how to fish. Reading

Former UN Secretary General, Marshal McLuhan, coined the phrase, Global Village, in the 1960s. He referred to the importance of television and believed that television would change the world by bringing people closer together. He believed that sporting events and cultural events around the world could be broadcast live and people in other countries would have a feeling of being there. In his word, the medium became the message. It meant that through television, people around the globe could exchange ideas and work towards global peace. Television has, indeed, brought people in some communities together. Television has also been used to educate people in small rural areas about such important topics as contraception. Women, unable to read and write, would be able to watch television and learn how to look after their families and children and provide proper diet and hygiene. Television has also been used as a tool by many politicians to spread their message to the people and convince the voters to vote in a particular way or support a certain group. While television has been used as an educational and a propaganda tool, it has no doubt been most widely accepted as a means to provide entertainment and dumb down the masses. Technological advances in the computer age, however, have led to the demise of television in many circles with the arrival of the internet. 5. Discuss the implications of the internet in terms of the global village concept.

Reading: Global Systems The earth is made up of 71% water and 29% land area. The atmosphere provides all living things with oxygen to breathe. Land, water, and air are interactive systems that are constantly in flux in a variety of ways. Human activities take place in all three of these media and as a result of human activity, these media are often affected by human activity in a negative way. As man works the land or mines the ocean, natural resources are often changed in such a way that they take a long time to degrade. This leads to concerns about the sustainability of our global environment a human habitat, especially as population increases. It is therefore imperative to understand how human behaviour affects the environment so that humans can act responsibly and manage their habitat with future generations in mind. What are some of these systems? They are the physical system, the biological system, and the economic system. None of these systems should be seen in isolation. Instead, one should examine their interaction. However, a look at these systems in isolation reveals their initial nature.

This natural slope is treed with a house located at the foot of the slope. How would such human activity as logging or clear cutting affect the structure below? How would the activity of logging (physical activity) change the physical system of the slope? How would this affect the economic system represented by the house? Deep Sea trawling for fish scours the ocean floor for not only one species of fish but anything, fish or plants. Fish often to small for harvesting or plants unsuitable for human consumption as well as downright destruction of complete ecosystems can result. Comment on the interaction between biological systems and economic systems

Reading: Hotspots for evolution June 2006 Ever wonder why the Amazon is loaded with different species while the Antarctic boasts just a few? Well, so did New Zealand biologists Shane Wright, Jeanette Keeling, and Len Gillman — and the answer they discovered would be no surprise to any sun-worshipping tourist: duh, it's the weather! The team compared DNA from tropical plant species with the DNA from species in cooler climates and found that the tropical species' DNA had evolved about twice as fast as that of their coldweather cousins! The researchers chalked this difference up to the warmer weather of the tropics — which encourages lush growth, higher metabolic rates, and hence, higher rates of mutation. Those high mutation rates could boost the pace of speciation — resulting in a myriad of tropical species.

What's the difference between speciation in a tropical rain forest and speciation in the Antarctic? Where's the evolution? The researchers on this study looked at a fundamental question in evolution: why are there so many different species — and specifically, why are they concentrated at the equator? But answering a question like this can be tricky. After all, the species that currently inhabit the tropics evolved thousands or millions of years ago — how can we learn about that deep history from the evidence available today? The research team based their approach on the evolutionary clues passed down from generation to generation in the genes of different species.

Biologists first noted the diversity spike in the tropics several hundred years ago. More recently, biologists have found that metabolic rate (the speed of chemical reactions occurring within the body) is directly related to temperature: the higher the temperature, the higher organisms' metabolisms will be simply because biochemical reactions occur more quickly at higher temperatures. The New Zealand team focused on one main hypothesis that links those two observations: tropical species evolve more quickly than cold-weather species because higher temperatures lead to higher mutation rates. This is a reasonable hypothesis since warm-weather organisms likely have higher metabolic rates, and some substances involved in metabolic reactions can cause DNA damage, potentially leading to a mutation. Mutations, in turn, increase genetic variation, the raw material of evolution. So warm weather means higher metabolism, which means higher mutation rates — which may mean that warm-weather species evolve more quickly than cold-weather species. To study their hypothesis, the New Zealand team compared the number of mutations accumulated by warm-weather plant species to the number of mutations accumulated by coolweather plant species. But figuring out those numbers required some detective work. The researchers studied pairs of closely related, similar plant species where one species lives in the tropics and one lives in a more temperate climate. They sequenced the same stretch of DNA in all of these plant species and compared those to the sequence of a more distantly related plant, called the outgroup (see below).

All three species share a common ancestor with the ancestral sequence some time in the past, and since then, each lineage has picked up its own set of mutations that make its sequence unique. In the example below, the outgroup has accumulated three mutations that set it aside from the other species. The tropical and temperate species, on the other hand, both inherited the same two mutations from their immediate common ancestor — but the tropical species has four mutations that belong to it alone and the temperate species has only one mutation that belongs to it alone. Now if we compare the differences in sequence between the tropical species and the outgroup (click on the button below), we see that they differ at nine spots (four of which occurred in the tropical species alone). However, the temperate species and the outgroup (click on the button below) differ at only six spots (one of which occurred in the temperate species alone). The New Zealand team did this comparison for 45 pairs of species and found that tropical species accumulated many more mutations than temperate species — about twice as many! That evidence strongly supported their hypothesis that higher temperatures cause higher mutation rates, and hence, faster evolution — at least in the plants they studied. Of course, this work represents just one piece of the puzzle: many alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain the tropics' magnificent diversity, and more work is needed to figure out the most accurate explanations. However, if this general hypothesis (that higher temperatures and mutation rates lead to faster evolution in the tropics) holds true for other groups, it has some important implications. For example, if global warming continues, it could speed up the pace of evolution on Earth! 1. What is the consequence of differences in global biodiversity? 2. How would human activity such as cutting down the rainforest or simply clearing major sections of the rainforest for farm or grazing land affect other areas around the world? 3. What is development and what is the difference between developed and developing nations?

4. If industrialized countries, which have a high level of industrial

pollution, came up with the idea of a carbon transfer tax, what position would members of developing nations take with respect to such a tax? [Note: A carbon transfer tax is a direct payment to developing nations for every tree that is not cut down. This is based on the theory that the tropical rainforests act as carbon sinks that have the ability to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis. The net effect for developed nations would be that they could continue to pollute at present-day levels and would not have to reduce their greenhouse emissions.]

Reading Global Interdependence

Environmental Problems: Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Acid Rain, Ozone Hole

Global Warming

Source: http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/afs/soil_science/MSSS/links/Images/cartoons/bush %20global%20warming.jpg

What does the carton above suggest? How would the phenomenon of global warming occur?

The Greenhouse Effect

Source: http://image.guardian.co.uk/sysimages/Guardian/Pix/maps_and_graphs/2000/11/14/climate_greenhouse2.gif

Explain the cartoon above. How do human activities contribute to the greenhouse effect? What is the link between the greenhouse effect and global warming?

Acid Rain

Source: http://www.newsroom.ucr.edu/releases/images/257_3.gif

Ozone Layer Depletion What is Ozone Layer? A region of the upper atmosphere, between about 15 and 30 kilometers (10 and 20 miles) in altitude, containing a relatively high concentration of ozone that absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation in a wavelength range not screened by other atmospheric components. Also called ozonosphere. Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Ozone layer protects us from the ultraviolet rays. But a very large ozone hole was discobered in the ozone layer over Antarctic. It is as large as 3 times the area of Australia.

What is causing the depletion? It is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).CFCs were given off by refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol cans.

Ozone hole is getting larger each year!

This image from NOAA AERONOMY LABORATORY.

What does ozone layer depletion have brought about? Ozone layer depletion has bad influences to our lives. An ozone layer is destroyed, and if an ultraviolet ray passes through an ozone layer and arrives on earth's surface, we receive serious damage. For example, skin cancer, a cataract, and other diseases.

What will happen if we don't have taken steps to reduce CFCs?

Effect of the International Agreements on Ozone-Depleting Stratospheric Chlorine/Bromine Without those protocol, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other gases would have increased the stratospheric abundances tenfold by the 2050 compared with the 1980 amounts.

Population Dynamics: Thomas Malthus, Demographic Transition Model, Dependency Ratio, Population Pyramids

Source: http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth %20to%202050.JPG

Population pyramid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A population pyramid is two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw number or as a percentage of the total population. A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of its development. There are two basic shapes of population pyramid.

Triangular population distribution

The triangular distribution may also be called a pyramid or exponential distribution. The wide base indicates a large number of children but the rapid narrowing shows that many people die between each age band. The pyramid indicates a population in which there is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This is the typical pattern for less economically developed countries due to little access and incentive to use birth control, poor environmental factors (for example: lack of clean water) and little access to health services. Note that there tends to be more females than males in the older age groups. This is because females tend to have a longer life expectancy.

Types of population pyramid While all countries population pyramids differ, three types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country. Stationary pyramid - A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality. Expansive pyramid - A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. Constrictive pyramid - A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people.

Uses of population pyramids Population pyramids can be used to find the number of economic dependents being supported in a particular population. Economic dependents are defined as those under 15 (children who are in full time education and therefore unable to work) and those over 65 (those who have retired). Of course, in some less economically developed countries children start work well before the age of 15, and in some more economically developed countries it is not usual to start work until 18 or 21, and people may work beyond the official retirement age of 65, but the definition provides an approximation. The government must plan the economy in such a way that the working population can support these dependents.

Population Dependency Ratio The dependency ratio tells us how many young people (under 16) and older people (over 64) depend on people of working age (16 to 64). The dependency ratio is worked out with this formula

A worked example should make this clearer. Pakistan, which is a developing country, has 41% of its population less than 15, and 4% over 65. This makes 55% (100 - (41+4)) between the ages of 15 and 64.

New Zealand, a developed country, has 23% of its population less than 15, and 12% over 65. This makes 65% between 15 and 64.

Countries that have a high dependency ratio have more people who are not of working age, and fewer who are working and paying taxes. The higher the number, the more people that need looking after.

Human Population – impact on environment EPS 103 Nov. 13th, 2000 Lecture 19 Human population clock: http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/popclockw Up until this point we have been talking about the world before (independent) of man. There have been more changes in our environment in the last 10,000 years than in any time in Earth’s history (except for rare catastrophic events, such as meteorite impacts). For the next half of the class we will be talking about the human impact on the environment.

One big question is natural resources. • Exploitable resources (iron, coal, wood, etc.) are commercial resources • Noncommercial resources are free (clean air, the aesthetic value of a landscape, noncommercial organisms) provide no monetary gain and are generally not referred to as natural resources. Natural resources: These are either renewable or non-renewable: Minerals, coal, oil, gas are non-renewable. Wind, water, wood, are renewable. We have changed the courses or rivers, produced bountiful agricultural lands, developed immense infrastructures, found ways to get to the moon. However, soil degradation, deforestation, desertification, loss of species, pollution, acid rain, greenhouse effect, radioactive wastes, poverty for some and great affluence for others are products of the human situation. Most of the wealth is in the northern hemisphere. Most of the population is in the south. Why? Let’s consider it from a historical perspective. Historical review • • • • • • • •

Universe 12 billion years Earth 4.65 billion years Life 3.5 billion years First hominids 4 million years Early homo sapiens 400,000 years Modern humans (Cro Magnon) ~40,000 years Agricultural revolution 10,000 years Industrial revolution <200 years

Early man came onto the scene about 400,000 years ago. The earth was well-stocked for them in terms of food and places to live. Modern humans, Cro-Magnon evolved some 30,000 to 50,000 years ago. They developed their hunting skills, and were able to control their environment, so by the end of the Pleistocene, 10,000 years ago, human population was about 10 million. Then the agricultural revolution began. This was the first population explosion and the first impact on the environment. Slash-and-burn techniques were developed. The countryside could be modified. Animals were domesticated. Agricultural communities developed – Pakistan, China, Africa, Egypt and the Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Iraq. More people could live in a smaller area. Changes occurred: The Mediterranean region went from vast primordial forests to what it is today.

Consider that the Romans went as far as Great Britain to get wood. They had eliminated so many of the forests. Part of the reason that the Unites States has been so prosperous is that it did not have the centuries of modification that was seen in Europe. Things were relatively unchanged until the last two centuries. Then a profound change occurred. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. Labor was no longer a limitation as power was much less limited. More people and natural resources were needed to sustain the new industrial system and the needs of growing societies. Up until this point, birth and death rates were equal. Now, the birth rates far outweighed the death rates due to improved medicine, sanitation and disease control. Standards of living went way up, with coincident increase in energy consumption. By the end of the 17th century, the Atlantic forests in N. and S. America were cleared. Only small parts of primordial forests remain in the United States, and these are threatened today. Our ocean fisheries are being seriously depleted. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization, between 1981 and 1990, tropical forest areas were lost at a rate of roughly 0.7% per year. We are using our coal and oil at an unprecedented rate. How long will that last? For oil, some estimates are early 21st century. This is soon, folks. (More on this later). The next great revolution that we are entering is the technological revolution. Consumption has mushroomed along with the technological advances. The World’s population has increased dramatically in the past several hundred years.

Beginning with the agricultural revolution, humankind became able to manipulate his environment. This started with slash and burn techniques. For the first time, CO2 levels were modified. • • People were able to live more closely together (Cities and civilizations) • • Closeness of cities led to desertification (Extreme example is the Middle East— Mediterranean. The primordial forests of Lebanon are replaced by desert). In fact, primordial forests are rare in the United States. Only in Pacific Northwest. The population really started growing with the Industrial Revolution. Now, power was no longer a limitation. • • Manpower and oxen were replaced by machines. “More people and natural resources were needed to sustain the new industrial system and the needs of growing societies”. Who’s feeding who? • • More forests needed to be stripped for agriculture and fuel. • • Better sanitation, better medicine. Birth rates remained the same, but death rates declined. Can this growth maintain sustainable development? Sustainable development: • • economic progress • • investment in human resources • • stable population growth • • technology that does not degrade the environment • • does not deplete natural resource base Different parts of the world have dealt with the problem of development differently.

• • •

•

• 1st world: US, Western Europe, Japan have an enormous consumption of raw goods to ‘fuel’ their economy. At the same time, they are ‘rich enough’ to afford to be concerned about environment. • 2nd world: Former Soviet Bloc: The only concern during communist rule was economic growth (examples of E. German factories, and pollution in the East). Now they are trying to deal with a crippling, unbelievable problem • 3rd world. Their concern is more survival. Generally in the South – South America and Africa. Their resources are limited. Unfortunately, their political system is corrupt. They have large population increases, land degradation, extreme poverty. • There are also rapidly developing countries, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Mexico, Brazil and Chile. Air and water pollution, environmental degradation are not a concern.

Population growth • • • • • • •

10,000 years ago, 10 million people by 1850, population was 1 billion 80 more years to reach 2 billion (1930) 45 years, it doubled again (4 billion in 1975) 12 years to reach to reach 5 billion (1987) 6 billion in 1999 by the year 2020, there will be 8 billion?

There are ¼ million people added to the planet per day. This is exponential growth and it is mostly happening in developing nations. How does exponential growth work? Imagine having 1 penny. Each day you double the number of pennies you have. After 6 days, you’ll have 32 cents 10 days $5.12 After 1 month, there will be 5.3 million dollars After 40 days, you’ll have 10 billion dollars So what is in store for the future? It depends on the growth rate. See following figure

Following figure illustrates the growth rate of the developing countries.

In 1950, 66% of the world’s population were in underdeveloped countries. By the early 1990s, it was up to 77% --4.4 billion people in developing nations. By 2025, it is projected as 84%. The developed countries are experiencing near zero population growth, while the underdeveloped countries are undergoing a population explosion.

By 2025, the population of Africa and Asia are expected to reach 6 billion, equal to the total in the world today! How population increases depends on the mortality/fertility rates. But it isn’t growth everywhere. Europe and many countries in the former Soviet bloc have a zero-rate population growth. Between 1995 and 2025, Ukraine, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, etc. Also for Denmark, Greece, Italy Spain and Portugal. (Notice that Catholic countries have declines. So the strict dictates of the Pope are not a major problem for population growth). Urbanization: Another concern is the centralization of population development. • • 1950’s, less than 30% of the population lived in cities. • • Today, it is over 40%. • • By 2025, it is expected to be more than 60%. Where is it occurring? The developing countries, the ones least able to manage it. • • 40% are slums Providing for the following is a Herculean task, especially given the limited resources in these communities. • • Water • • Sanitation (waste, sewage) • • health services • • education • • employment • • transportation • • security This is an unmanageable nightmare!

Demographic transition Demographers have organized the growth of a population into 4 stages: 1. 1. birth rate, death rate. Early on. Disease, lack of health care, limited food kept population stable. (Most of human population).

2. 2. birth rate, ↓ death rate. A time of ‘prosperity’. Better health care, better organized society, higher food supply, etc. Same high birth rate, lower death rate. Population grows. (Industrial revolution was the classic conversion from 1 to 2). 3. 3. ↓ birth rate, ↓ death rate. As conditions improve, there is less need to have children. Higher standard of living – affluence increases. 4. 4. Continued low birth and death rate. Stabilized population. This has nearly been achieved in first-world countries. The U.S. is an exception because of immigration.

We have the following situation: The developed nations survive by ‘feeding’ off the less-developed nations for their energy and natural resource needs.

The developing nations are poor. They have often had corrupt governments, and their economies are based on fueling the richer countries. This does not help them in the long term. Environmental degradation on a huge scale is occurring.

The Population pyramid One problem with reducing the population drastically is that the population pyramid is inverted.

GNP. The developed countries use far more than their share of materials. They export (exploit) poorer countries to maintain their standard of living. Poorer countries striving to achieve the same wealth exploit their resources. Minerals, natural resources (forests) are traded for goods from the wealthier countries. It doesn’t balance, however. There is a net cash flow of $50 billion to the North. This requires further destruction of resources to pay off the debt. It is exacerbated by inequality between rich and poor and is not helped by the politics of governments. In summary: 3 billion people live on the edge of poverty and consume very little. 1 billion live in extreme poverty. Why care about other countries? For this course? 1. 1. Changes the Earth’s climate – desertification, deforestation, CO2 increase 2. 2. Disease; Ebola, aids. 3. 3. Energy consumption. What is China to do with it’s coal and energy needs.

Standard of Living, Physical Quality of Life Index

Standard of living From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. It is generally measured by standards such as income inequality, poverty rate, real (i.e. inflation adjusted) income per person. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, educational standards and social rights are often used too. Examples are access to certain goods (such as number of refrigerators per 1000 people), or measures of health such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a country are able to satisfy their wants. The idea of a 'standard' may be contrasted with the quality of life, which takes into account not only the material standard of living, but also other more subjective factors that contribute to human life, such as leisure, safety, cultural resources, social life, mental health, environmental quality issues etc. More complex means of measuring well-being must be employed to make such judgements, and these are very often political, thus controversial. Even among two nations or societies that have similar material standards of living, quality of life factors may in fact make one of these places more attractive to a given individual or group. However, there can be problems even with just using numerical averages to compare material standards of living, as opposed to, for instance, a Pareto index. Standards of living are perhaps inherently subjective. As an example, countries with a very small, very rich upper class and a very large, very poor lower class may have a high mean level of income, even though the majority of people have a low "standard of living". This mirrors the problem of poverty measurement, which also tends towards the relative. This illustrates how distribution of income can disguise the actual Standard of living. There are many factors being considered before measuring standard of living. Some factors are gross domestic product, the per capita income, population, infrastructural development, stability (political and social), and many other indicators.

Physical quality-of-life index

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The physical quality-of-life index (PQLI) is an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is a single number derived from basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale. It was developed for the Overseas Development Council in the mid-1970s by Morris David Morris, as one of a number of measures created due to dissatisfaction with the use of GNP as an indicator of development. PQLI might be regarded as an improvement but shares the general problems of measuring quality of life in a quantitative way. It has also been criticized because there is considerable overlap between infant mortality and life expectancy. The UN Human Development Index is a more widely used means of measuring wellbeing. The physical quality of life is an average of three statistics; literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy. However before these statistics can be averaged, infant mortality and life expectancy must be indexed. It is the indexed infant mortality rate, indexed mortality rate and the literacy rate that is averaged out to give the Physical Quality of Life value. Steps to Calculate Physical Quality of Life: 1) Find percentage of the population that is literate (literacy rate). 2) Find the infant mortality rate. (out of 1000 births) INDEXED Infant Mortality Rate = (166 - infant mortality) × 0.625

3) Find the Life Expectancy. INDEXED Life Expectancy = (Life expectancy - 42) × 2.7

4) Physical Quality of Life = (Literacy Rate + INDEXED Infant Mortality Rate + INDEXED Life Expectancy) ________________________________________________________ _________________ 3

Food Availability, Allocation, Changes in Global Food Provisions 1. Visit this website and do the exercises: Feeding the Planet:

http://perso.orange.fr/julia.thompson/popgrowth_food_2g2a.ht m 2. Visit the following website and choose one country to examine the impact of human activity on the availability of food resources. Sahel: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/africa/explore/sahel/sahel_overview.h tml 3. Visit the following website and research how the Green Revolution has been used as an attempt to increase global food production. Green Revolution: http://www.indiaonestop.com/Greenrevolution.htm

Developmental Aid Developmental aid is aid from richer countries to poorer countries. This is often done for humanitarian reasons if disaster strikes and a serious emergency situation arises that could result in the starvation of thousands of people as a result of famine from crop failure or other natural disasters. These forms of assistance are often short-term and are organized through the International Red Cross or the World Health Organization. In the past, famous rock groups have also held benefit concerts to raise funds for such places as Ethiopia. Long-term assistance is usually organized through such organizations as the International Monetary Fund, or the World Bank, CUSO, World Vision, OXFAM, or CIDA. This long-term assistance can be financial aid but more often is done through loans, such as micro-loans, doctors without borders, or, more recently, engineers without borders. Your task is to do some research into the different, current forms of international developmental aid and assess the value of such aid for both the receiving nations as well as the donor nations.