Plants
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Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Introduction •Plant, any member of the plant kingdom, comprising about 260,000 known species of mosses, liverworts, ferns, herbaceous and woody plants, bushes, vines, trees, and various other forms that mantle the Earth and are also found in its waters. •Plants range in size and complexity from small, nonvascular mosses, which depend on direct contact with surface water, to giant sequoia trees, the largest living organisms, which can draw water and minerals through their vascular systems to elevations of more than 100 m (330 ft). Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Diagram And Illustration
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Anatomy of a Leaf • The leaf provides food for the rest of the plant through the process of photosynthesis. • The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis, which is protected by the waxy coating of the cuticle. Guard cells implanted in the epidermis form pores, known as stomata, through which water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass. • Embedded in the inner tissues of the leaf are chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. The plant veins consist of two specialized tissues. Xylem conducts water from the plant to the leaf, while phloem carries food from the leaf to the plant.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Impact of plants Wheat has been grown throughout temperate regions of the world since prehistoric times. Although wheat’s primary use is as a flour, it is also used in brewing and distilling, as livestock feed, and even as a coffee substitute
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Classification
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Classification • Classification, in biology, identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities such as internal and external anatomy, physiological functions, genetic makeup, or evolutionary history. Classification determines methods for organizing the diversity of life on Earth. It is a dynamic process that reflects the very nature of organisms, which are subject to modification and change over many, many generations in the process of evolution. . Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Cell Structure
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Plant Cells Plant cells contain a variety of membrane-bound structures called organelles. These include a nucleus that carries • • • •
genetic material; mitochondria that generate energy; ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum that manufacture proteins;
smooth endoplasmic reticulum that manufactures lipids used for making membranes and storing energy; and a thin lipid membrane that surrounds the cell. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight and a single fluid-filled vacuole that stores compounds and helps in plant growth. Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that protects the cell and maintains its shape. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Types of plants • Brown Algae, about 1500 species of almost exclusively marine, brown-colored algae, known as seaweeds, that make up the brown algae phylum in the protist kingdom. • Desmid, common name for numerous single-celled freshwater green algae. The cell is divided into two symmetrical halves, held together by an isthmus containing the nucleus. Each half of the cell contains a single chloroplast. •Stonewort, common name for about 200 species of algae belonging . to the phylum Charophyta of the plant kingdom. Stoneworts are so called because the plant surface is usually covered by a thick, brittle, limy crust of calcium carbonate. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Uses of Plants Essential Oils, any of several chemicals that form the odoriferous essences of a number of plants. The term essential oil is also applied to similar synthetic substances prepared from coal tar chemicals, and semisynthetic substances prepared from natural essential oils . Fiber, fine hairlike structure, of animal, vegetable, mineral, or synthetic origin. Fibers are classified according to their origin, chemical structure, or both. They can be braided into ropes and cordage, made into felts (also called nonwovens), woven or knitted into textile fabrics, or, in the case of highstrength fibers, used as reinforcements in composites—that is, products made of two or more different materials Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Reproduction • Asexual Reproduction, The formation of a new individual from cells of the parent, without meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization. There are several types of asexual reproduction. Fission is the simplest form and involves the division of a single organism into two complete organisms, each identical to the other and to the parent. Fission is common among unicellular organisms such as bacteria, many protists, some algae such as Spirogyra and Euglena, as well as a few higher organisms such as flatworms and certain species of polychaete worms.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Clonning • Cloning, creating a copy of living matter, such as a cell or organism. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Many organisms in nature reproduce by cloning Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Cross Pollination • Bumblebees and other insects perform the important function of cross-pollination as they move from flower to flower. • Pushing between the tightly closed petals of the toadflax flower to feed on the nectar within, this bee’s furry back picks up pollen from the flower’s anthers. • The bee will carry the pollen to the stigma of another flower, as shown here, depositingGovt.pollen Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala collected at a previous
Carbon Cycle • Carbon, used by all living organisms, continuously circulates in the earth’s ecosystem. • In the atmosphere, it exists as colorless, odorless carbon dioxide gas, which is used by plants in the process of photosynthesis. • Animals acquire the carbon stored in plant tissue when they eat and exhale carbon dioxide as a by-product of metabolism. • Although some carbon is removed from circulation temporarily as coal, petroleum, fossil fuels, gas, and limestone deposits, respiration and photosynthesis balance to keep the amount of atmospheric carbon relatively stable. Industrialization, however, has contributed additional carbon dioxide to the environment. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Carbon Cycle
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
DISEASES OF PLANTS • Diseases of Plants, deviations from the normal growth and development of plants incited by microorganisms, . parasitic flowering plants, nematodes, viruses, or . adverse environmental conditions •BACTERIA-INDUCED DISEASES •DESTRUCTIVE FUNGI
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Insect Pests • • • • •
Aphid, Bark Beetle Leafminer Scale Insect Snail
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Sources of information • Pictures from Encarta and internet. • Content from internet and encyclopedia.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Introduction •Plant, any member of the plant kingdom, comprising about 260,000 known species of mosses, liverworts, ferns, herbaceous and woody plants, bushes, vines, trees, and various other forms that mantle the Earth and are also found in its waters. •Plants range in size and complexity from small, nonvascular mosses, which depend on direct contact with surface water, to giant sequoia trees, the largest living organisms, which can draw water and minerals through their vascular systems to elevations of more than 100 m (330 ft). Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Diagram And Illustration
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Anatomy of a Leaf • The leaf provides food for the rest of the plant through the process of photosynthesis. • The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis, which is protected by the waxy coating of the cuticle. Guard cells implanted in the epidermis form pores, known as stomata, through which water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass. • Embedded in the inner tissues of the leaf are chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. The plant veins consist of two specialized tissues. Xylem conducts water from the plant to the leaf, while phloem carries food from the leaf to the plant.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Impact of plants Wheat has been grown throughout temperate regions of the world since prehistoric times. Although wheat’s primary use is as a flour, it is also used in brewing and distilling, as livestock feed, and even as a coffee substitute
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Classification
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Classification • Classification, in biology, identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities such as internal and external anatomy, physiological functions, genetic makeup, or evolutionary history. Classification determines methods for organizing the diversity of life on Earth. It is a dynamic process that reflects the very nature of organisms, which are subject to modification and change over many, many generations in the process of evolution. . Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Cell Structure
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Plant Cells Plant cells contain a variety of membrane-bound structures called organelles. These include a nucleus that carries • • • •
genetic material; mitochondria that generate energy; ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum that manufacture proteins;
smooth endoplasmic reticulum that manufactures lipids used for making membranes and storing energy; and a thin lipid membrane that surrounds the cell. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight and a single fluid-filled vacuole that stores compounds and helps in plant growth. Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that protects the cell and maintains its shape. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Types of plants • Brown Algae, about 1500 species of almost exclusively marine, brown-colored algae, known as seaweeds, that make up the brown algae phylum in the protist kingdom. • Desmid, common name for numerous single-celled freshwater green algae. The cell is divided into two symmetrical halves, held together by an isthmus containing the nucleus. Each half of the cell contains a single chloroplast. •Stonewort, common name for about 200 species of algae belonging . to the phylum Charophyta of the plant kingdom. Stoneworts are so called because the plant surface is usually covered by a thick, brittle, limy crust of calcium carbonate. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Uses of Plants Essential Oils, any of several chemicals that form the odoriferous essences of a number of plants. The term essential oil is also applied to similar synthetic substances prepared from coal tar chemicals, and semisynthetic substances prepared from natural essential oils . Fiber, fine hairlike structure, of animal, vegetable, mineral, or synthetic origin. Fibers are classified according to their origin, chemical structure, or both. They can be braided into ropes and cordage, made into felts (also called nonwovens), woven or knitted into textile fabrics, or, in the case of highstrength fibers, used as reinforcements in composites—that is, products made of two or more different materials Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Reproduction • Asexual Reproduction, The formation of a new individual from cells of the parent, without meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization. There are several types of asexual reproduction. Fission is the simplest form and involves the division of a single organism into two complete organisms, each identical to the other and to the parent. Fission is common among unicellular organisms such as bacteria, many protists, some algae such as Spirogyra and Euglena, as well as a few higher organisms such as flatworms and certain species of polychaete worms.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Clonning • Cloning, creating a copy of living matter, such as a cell or organism. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Many organisms in nature reproduce by cloning Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Cross Pollination • Bumblebees and other insects perform the important function of cross-pollination as they move from flower to flower. • Pushing between the tightly closed petals of the toadflax flower to feed on the nectar within, this bee’s furry back picks up pollen from the flower’s anthers. • The bee will carry the pollen to the stigma of another flower, as shown here, depositingGovt.pollen Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala collected at a previous
Carbon Cycle • Carbon, used by all living organisms, continuously circulates in the earth’s ecosystem. • In the atmosphere, it exists as colorless, odorless carbon dioxide gas, which is used by plants in the process of photosynthesis. • Animals acquire the carbon stored in plant tissue when they eat and exhale carbon dioxide as a by-product of metabolism. • Although some carbon is removed from circulation temporarily as coal, petroleum, fossil fuels, gas, and limestone deposits, respiration and photosynthesis balance to keep the amount of atmospheric carbon relatively stable. Industrialization, however, has contributed additional carbon dioxide to the environment. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Carbon Cycle
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
DISEASES OF PLANTS • Diseases of Plants, deviations from the normal growth and development of plants incited by microorganisms, . parasitic flowering plants, nematodes, viruses, or . adverse environmental conditions •BACTERIA-INDUCED DISEASES •DESTRUCTIVE FUNGI
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Insect Pests • • • • •
Aphid, Bark Beetle Leafminer Scale Insect Snail
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Sources of information • Pictures from Encarta and internet. • Content from internet and encyclopedia.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
