Pioneering

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ln conjunctionwiththe NationalPioneeringInstructorsCourse'02,Bukit to organisedthe'District Panjangand TampinesDistricthad collaborated PioneeringGourseFor Scouts' between2TbJu[ 02 and3d August02 respectively.

To: SpecialThanks

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DC'(BIPanjang)Mr AndrewChua Heng DC fl-"amqtne$1$ Flo_Ghee, SL'Mi Patriqt"TanTeck Ping AVSLMr ChecingKokThong Membersof the NationAlPioneeringInstructorTeam , P.ioneering0ourse Staff$ Participantsgf-PioneeringInstructorCourse

in makjngthe collaborationprojecta success!

CONTENTS Page 1.

l n tro d u cti o n

2.

Lectures Synopses

2-3

3.

Knots And Lashings

4-10

4.

S p l i ci n g sa n d Wh i p p i n gs

1 1- 1 3

5.

Block And Tackle Systems

14-16

6.

Anchorages

1 7- 1 g

7.

Safety Precautions

20 -21

B.

MaterialsUsed In Pioneering

22-23

9.

GreativityIn Pioneering

24 -25

10.

Ergonomics And Stability Principlesin Pioneering

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26-33

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11.

GonstructionOf Aerial Runway

34-50

12.

Projects lllustrations

5 1- 6 0

DistrictPioneeringCoursei In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

I NTRO DUCTI O N Whatls "Pioneering"? Pioneeringis the word used to describethe work done by 18th and 19th centurymilitaryengineerswho went aheadof an armyto buildbridgesand towerswithropeandtimber.ln Scouting,it refersto buildingstructures using woodensparsand rope.

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Catapults,climbinggyms,bridges,towers,shelters,gateways,wovenleantos,fences,rafts:with a bit of ingenuity, Scoutsor Venturers can buildalmost anythingusingonly sparsand rope. At the sametimethey'lllearnimportant planningand team-building leadership, skills. Morebasicprojectslike shoe provide racks and wash basin stands a great introduction to knots and pioneering for beginners. partof Scouting. Sincethe daysof B.-P.,pioneering has formedan important Thistraditional skillmakesit easierto livecomfortably in thewildswithouthigh tech fold-awaytables,chairsand plasticgames. lt also buildsself-reliance and confidence. Pioneering involvesthe processof dgsigqring and constructing for equipment practicaluses. This can rangefrom a simplewasl'istand for your bowlto a cahtileverraisingbiiddeacrossa river. Pioneering requiresa familiarity with knotsand lashingsandtheirappropriate use.Withthe moreambitiousprojectsteamworkand fonryard planningwill be welcomeadditions to the pioneersskillset. For scouts pioneeringcan serve many practicaland useful purposes.A lengthycampwill be madeall the morecomfortable withthe additionof gates, benches, tables,washstands, dressers,showersandotheritems. 'Pioneering can be greatfun, simplemonkeybridgesand aerialrunwayscan be as muchfun to buildas theyareto use. Usingyour skillsto constructa bridgeacrossa lake can serye both the enjoyment and practicalsidesin one go. You certainlylearnhowto tie your lashingsproperlyonce you havewalkedover a bridgeand haveit collapse underyou!

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DistrictPioneeringGourse' ln Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

LECTURES SYNOPSES KNOTSAND LASHINGS Topic will cover the severaldifferentKnots and Lashingsused to build PioneeringProjects,such as Guyline Hitch, MarlinespikeHitch, Square Lashings,DiagonalLashings,FigureOf Eight Lashings,and manyothers. Besidesleamingthe differentKnotsand Lashings,the lecturewill coverson the propermethodtyingand analysingof knotsand lashings;maintenance of properties ropes; of ropes such as their breakingstrengthswill also be included.

SPLICINGS ANDWHIPPINGS Participants will be taughtSimpleWhipping,Sail-maker Whippingand Back Spliceas part of care and mainteanceof ropes. The differences will be compared.Lecturewill coversbothTheoryand PracticalKnowledge. BLOCKAND TAGKLESYSTEMS, Differenttypes of Blocks and'Tackles Systemwitt be introducedfor their specificusage,the parts and the differencesof blocks will be compared, differenttype of Tacklesmethodswill also be introduced.Lecturewill cover bothTheoryand PracticalKnowledge. ANGHORAGES \-ft'

The type of commonAnchoragesand theirspecificusagewill be covered;the cornparisonof Anchoragesuch as the 3-2-1 Anchorage,the Deadman Anchorage,the Log and Pickle Anchoragewill be introduced. Basic knowledge of SoilStudies,the geologyof Singapore willalsobe introduced as GeneralKnowledge.

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: District PioneeringCourse In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

SAFETYPRECAUTIONS Safety This topic will be one of the most importantsubjectto Pioneering, proper maintainingof Precautionsstudieswill be emphasised,such as of properequipmentfor pre buildingprojects,stepsto equipment,selections pre andduringbuildingprojects. safetyworkingfor USEDIN PIONEERING MATERIALS This topic will allow the scoutsto be exposedto variousmaterialsfound commonlywhich are usefulin pioneering. Materialswill be classifiedin accordance to orthodoxandunorthodoxgroups. IN PIONEERING CREATIVITY Lecturewill be basedon the OSBORN-PARNES GreativeProblemSolving Process- gl" of the CPSmethods.

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SelfReadingTopics: PRINCIPLES ERGONOMIGS ANDSTABILITIES IN PIONEERING analysissuch as Topicwill coverssimplestructuredesignusingergonomics, simple bracingfor stabilityof projects- the 'TrianglePrinciples'. Formal educationtopics like Forcesand Momentswill be revisedto enhancedthe knowledgeof topicfor implementation in Pioneering. The topicis self authoredby the cunentDC(Tampines) and the topic(formerly titled as 'Theoryof Pioneering') was officiallylecturedduringthe East Area ScoutPioneering Coursefromyear1996-1997. OF AERIAI.RUNWAY CONSTRUCTION stages A step by step guidecompliedby SL Patrick Tanronthe construction guides . Aerial the a typical Scout Runway. The covered for "oyerall knowledge in Pioneering. fundamentals

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LECTURE5 qi

KNOTSANDLASHING' 5P[ICIN6S ANDWI{IPPrN65"* ANDTACKLE BLOCK 5Y5TEM5 ANCHORA6Es 5AFETYPRECUATIONS U5EDTN PIONEERING MATERTAL CREATIVIryTN PTONEERING

DistrictPioneeringGourse ln Gonjunctionwith the Nat'rpioneeringInstructof6l;ur;g'r:i3- :vor'.''^ici

KNOTSAND LASHINGS To carryout experiments withsparsand ropes,firstreviseyourknots!

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ReefKnot Thisis the mostcommonknoteverusedby mankind.lt is usedto connecttwo rgPesof equalthicknesstogether. lt is an easyknot and anyoneshouldbe ableto tie it whiteblindfolded To tie the reef kngtr.rr"..the right over reft, then reft over right rureof vice versa' As shownin the diagram,the.whiteropewhichwas iniiialtyon the left goesoverthe otherrope(initially on the right),andthisstepis repLatedin the oppositedirection.To confirmthat the reet iinot is froperty tied, makesure thatthe 2 endsof anyof the sameropearesideby side. 1

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' SheetBend :i ' , .' This knot is used two ropes of unequalthicknesstogether. However, !9_-tie take note that the difference in ihicknessoi tne two joining Lpe, ,uri not be too great-This knot is wideryusedin scoutingto tie ih" ,pp", end of a flag to the ropeon the flagpole. z '1

To tie the knot, r.a\g a. roop with the thicker-rope first. Next, thread the thinnerropethrough.theroop'frombefow,tn"n go-Jn" roundaroundthe roop, takingnote to keep the.thinrope underitserf,iin" iop (as shownin the x" formedby the thin ropein figure 3). Remeru"ito puir the knottight!

Cfove Hitch This knot-isused to bind a rope to a round object, such.as a fog or a spar. l! is usuallyusedto startoff a lashingin pioneering. PC-PlC

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DistrictPioneeringGourseI -' In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneering lnstructor Course

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To tie theknot,firstmakea turnwiththe ropearoundthe sparand overitself. Then,makeanotherturn with the rope,but thistime underitself.Pull tight bothendsof the rope. The clovehitchis completed.

There is a short-cutmethod of tying this knot too. Make 2 similarloops adjacentto each other. The loop that is slightlyabove the other is placed directlybelowthe other loop, hencemakingit seem that there is only one loop.Slotthe loopsas one into a sparand pulltight both ends, The clove hitchis completed. RoundTurn2 And A Half Hitch This knot is used to connectropes from a structureor a tent to a round support,suchas a peg or tree. In camps,it is mainlyusedto fastenguylines fromtentsto the pegs,as well as guylinesfrom a flagpoleto the pegs. The advantageof this'knot is that the nipes oan,be fastenedand its tension increased easilyby adjustingthe knot. First,makea completeroundaroundthe supportwiththe rope. Then,usethe free end to tie two half hitches in the same directionas shown in the diagrams.Usually,there isn't time for us to end the knot by whippingstring aroundthe ropes(diagram 2). You can try tying2 more half hitchesclose togethertostopthe knotfrom slipping.

FigureOf Eight Knot This knot is commonlyused in adventureactivities,such as rock climbing. lt is a securestopperknot which is very convenientbecauseit is extremelyeasy to tie. PC-PlC'

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District PioneeringGourse In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGour6b''

The simplicityof the knot makesone learnit as soon as he seesone. Notice that the finishedproductlooks like an ',8",henceits name. Itt('

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Bowline The bowlineis tied to form a loop or to attacha personor an objectabovethe ground. It is normallyused as a safety line to secure a personor an object above the ground. lt is normallyused as a safety fine to securea personto somethingin case he falls from a great height. This knot is securebecauseit ngverSlips

First,createa toop,then threadthe end you are holdingthroughthe loop (figure 1), aroundthe still end of the ropefrom behind(figure z; ano down the originalloop(figure3).

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M a r l i n s p i keH i tch This knpt is commonlyused to tie polesto the two rgpesof a rope ladder. Not only that,the advantageof this knotis that the polescan be insertedinto a

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i i-.t '' '" nerir*i) lr;iig**sit ,ir,:,i-;:'..: District PioneeringGourse In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

loopsecurelyat anypartof the ropewithoutthe needof havingone endof the ropein yourhands.Thisknotis securein the sensethatthe polewillnot slip downthe ladder,hencemakingthe stepsof theladderstable.The ladderwill be evenmoresecurewhenthereis weighton it due to the mechanism of the knot. Makea loopwiththe rope,thenpullpartof the rope(towards the freeend)up throughthe loop. Slidea polethroughthe second,newlycreatedloop. Pull the free end tight. The fixed end is normallythe top of the rope ladder attachedto something(eg. tower)whilethe free end will be the end below. Makesurethatfree end as indicatedin the diagramis towardsthe bottomof the ropeladder,or elsethe sparwill slipdownwithweight.

n) pguare Lashing This lashingis usedto bindtwo sparswhichdre pbrpendiculdr to eachother. .This.lashing hasto be tightfdr stabilityof a structure. First,tie a clovehitchon the supportingpole(usuallythe verticalpole). Then placea pole perpendicular to the supportingpole (you can do theseon the ground!).using the rope, go aroundthe horizontalpole, then behindthe verticalpole,aroundthe horizontalpole and behindthe verticalpole below again. Noticethat the rope only wraps round half of each pote (figure 1). Repeatthe wrappingsthriceat least. Nextwill be the frapping. Take the free end of the rope and makea circle aroundthe spotwhere.the2 polesmeet. Pulltightaftereveryround. Do this for 3 timesat least(figure2). The ropesin the centerregionwill be squeezed inwards,hencemakingthe lashingtighter. Lastly,after3 roundsof frapping,end the.square lashingwitha clovehitchon one sideof the horizontal pole(figure3). ,:f

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DiagonalLashing This lashingis usedwhen attractring two poleswhichare not at rightangles,or that the polesneedto be pulledtowardseach otherto be tied t{ether] First, tie a timberhitcharoundthe 2 poles. Then, startwrappingthJrope around the 2 poles in the directionthat is perpendicular to nat oi the timber hitch. T_hreewraps will be sufficient. Then, start wrappingthe rope in the other directionfoi at least3 times too. Make sure you pult tignt after each tum! (figure1). Nextwill be the frapping.usingthe rope,go aroundthe joiningpartof the two spars(notethatthe ropedoesnot wraparoundany poleduringirapping)for 3 rounds. same rule,that is to pull the ropetightaftereachtim. Finaiiy,.end the diagonallashingwith a clovehitchon the sideof a pole(figure2).

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DistrictPioneeringC'ourse In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

Sheer Lashing This lashingis used to connecttwo poles togetherside by side, or to extend'A pole by connectinganotherPoleto it.

, Startwith a clovehitchon eitherpble: Thenwrap.theropbaroundbothpoles' for 6 to 8 times. Then,frap the lashingby wrappingaroundthe ropeitselfin the regionwherethe polesmedt.Do this for at least3 times. After'securing'. the frapstightly,end with a clovehitchon the othersideof the pole.

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Tripod Lashing(alsoknownas Figureof 8 Lashing) suggests,the tripodlashingis usedto tie,3 polestogetherso As the,.name thatwhentheyopenup, a tripodis forrned. Again,startwith a clove hitchon eitherpole that is on the outside. Then Stopwhenthereare weavethe ropeoverand underthe polescontinuously. already3 or 4 linesacrosseachpole. Frapthe lashingsin the similarstyleas the otherlashings.Takenotethatthe frapping3-4 roundsfor one regionmust

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District PioneeringCourse : ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneeringfnstructor Gourse

be finishedfirstbeforemobbingon to the secondregionfor frapping.Finally, end the lashingwith a clovehitchon the otherouterpolewhichdoei nothave a clovehitchon it (figure1), Figure2 showsa tripodand a quadra-pod.To openthe tripod,firsterectthe 3 adjacentpoles,thenslowlymovethe baseof the polesapartin a waywhere the.partof the polesabovethe lashingwill criss-cross eachother. A quadrapod is builtby tyingthe tripodlashingon 4 polesinsteadof 3.

FinishedProduets

(2)

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District PioneeringCourse course ln Gonjunctionwi[n tne Nat'l PioneeringInstructor

AND W HI PPI NG S SPLICINGS SimpleWhiPPing

StepOne

Step Two

StepThree

(1) StePOne to fPP t loop(or bight) To beginthe whipping,doublebackthe endof the whippingqlg whippingcordand the and laythis alonginienO of the rope.Takethe running"ttd of the firsttum beginto windit arounJth" l.op"gojngbacktowardsthe end,ensuring troi""t the shortend of the whippingcord' Step Two (2) lvhen you have almost Continueto work round and roundtowardsthe end of the rope. cord throughthe loop reachedthe end of the rope, pushthe workingend of the whipping which you madeat the beginning'

-' StepThree (3) of the end short the pull Holdingthe lastturn of the whippingso that it doesn'tescape' lastturn the pulling originalloopso tnattne loopisorawnunderbackunderthe whipping, the spareendsof cords with it. Thiswill ,topinl *nippingtromcomingundone.Trimoff closeto the whippingto leaveit neat'

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DistrictPioneeringCourse In Gonjunction wiifr tne Nat'lPioneeringI nstructor Course Sa i l r n ake rWh i p p i n g St e p l : Open the layof the end of the rope and pass the whippingcord throughand backio form a foop around one strand.

Step2: Usingthe runningend and wol king towards the rope end, whip to the desiredfengthby circtiig the rope with the whippingcord.

Step3: E-

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Pass a loop over the same stand it sunounds below, which should be tighten down securefyinto the rope head,trappingthe whippingend.

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Step4:

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Securethe whippingby tyingthe two ends of the whippingcord as deep'inion" rope head as possible, usinga Reef Knot.

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District PioneeringGoursel In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

Step 5:

ffiffi

Finishby rollingunderfootto checkwhippingand to seat it properlyinto the lay of the rope.

Back Splice

Step One

Step Two

Step Three

Step Four

Unlaythe rope for Workingagainstthe lay Repeatthis over- Finishby about six times the of the rope, pass each one-under-one trimmingoff the tails and rolling circuinvenceof the. tail oyer the str,andnext routinetwiOe to it and tl'renunderthe more (so three the'splice rgpg and form a betlMeenyour Crown Knot as next one. Pull each tuck tucks in all per handsto make shown. back towardsthe crown strand). a neatfinish. to keep it tight.

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District PioneeringCourse tn Conjunctionwiin tne Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

BLOCKAND TACKLESYSTEMS Blocksare pulleysusedto reducethe forceneededto do work,suchas lifting a load. This is usuallydone with the mechanismof a blockandtacklesystem. Blocksare usually made of galvanizediron or laminatedsteel,although woodenblocksstillexist. The swivel hooks or'eyes' purposeis to attacha ropeto the block,usuallyto connectthe block to a horselor anchorageby meansof a rope. Eyesare closedsingswhileswivelhookshavean openend. Sheayesare the tumingwheelsand the mainworkingpart of a pulley.The numberof sheavesin a block decidewhetherit is a single,doubleor triple block. However,a tripleblockis rarelyusedas a doubleblockis sufficient. The sizeof the sheaveswill determinethe thicknessof the ropeusedto reeve throughit. he ropeshouldnot be too smallas it mightslip off the sheaveand get stuck betweenthe sheave and the shell. Too large a ropewill cause unnecessary frictionbetweenthe rope and shell. Sheavesshouldbe ableto tum smoothlywith the rope. fhe crown and tail are the ends wherethe pulley-isattachedto the hookor ..' ,. eye and becketrespectively.' ' The swallow is the holewhere the ropeentersand leavesthe block. The shell is the protectivecover of the block,preventingdamagedoneto the sheaves. The beckel is for attachingropesto the block. Usually,it is the startingpoint of the ropewhich reevesroughthe blocksin a blockand tacklesystem.

shefl ecket oingleblock

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double bfock

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District PioneeringCourse I In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

Types of TackleSystem When ropesare reevedintoblocksto multiplythe poweroutput,a blockand device systemis formed.The blockand systemis a very usefulmechanical at the to force, of energy needed overcome a reduces the amount as it expenseof distance. to tightenhawsers Usually,blockand tacklesystemsare usedin pioneering or to lift a heavyloadup and down. The 3 commonlyusedonesarethe Gun tackle,Luff tackleand the Twofold tackle Block and Tacklesystemsusuallymake use of only 2 blocksat most,as friction betweenthe ropes and the blocks will become more and more significant,hence adding unnecessaryresistanceforce which defeatsthe purposeof the blockand the tacklesystem. Gun Tackle(or knownas DoubleWhip) In the Gun tackle,both blocksused are singleblocks,one at a fixed end whichthe otheris at the movingend. Forced required [o pull load = ft of weight of the load Luff Tackle In the Luff tackle,the single block is at the moving end while the doubleblock is at the fixed end. The Luff tackle is usuallymore than enough to reducethe force to'an acceptablemagnitude. Force required to pull load = 113of weight of the load

frrederd

Fxedad doubh block

singleblock

Grn Tackle

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Luff Taekfe

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DistrlctPloneeringCoursei : In conjunctionwith the Nat'lpioneeringInstructorcourse Twofold Tackle Both blocksused are doubleblocks,one at the fixed end whilethe otheris at the movingend. Force required to pull load = 1/,of weight of the foad.

tixedend dcxrbleHock

dq$le block

TrrdoH Trckle

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DistrictPioneeringGourseI lnstructorGourse with the Nat'lPioneering In Gonjunction

ANCHORAGES projects.For playa very importantrolein manybig pioneering Anchorages runwayand suspension bridge, aerial structures such a$ troops, manyscout and all activities, monkeybridgemighthave not beentriedout in pioneering stability and security. anchorages for strong theseneed NaturalAnchorages As the namesuggests,firm supportssuch as strongand sturdytree trunks with well developedroots are good anchorages. However,care must be takennotto destroyMotherNature.Alwaysuse a gunnysackto wraparound the treetrunkbeforetyinga ropeor hawserto the tree. Also,no matterhow of the ropesto the anchorage steadythe anchoragemightbe, the attiachment too. avoid using inegularshaped secure Hence, tight and must be very supportssuchas boulders. 3-2-l Anchorage one. lt is usedwhenthe groundis This anchorageis the moststrain-resistant suitablefor pegsto be drivenin (whichmeansexcludingsoft,sandyor hard ground).lt can'hold up to maximumload.of 10 tons if it is properly ' constructed; , The equipmentneededto build this anchoragebre 6 pegs or picketsand lashingropes. Thereare 3 groupsof pegs in linewith each other and the hawseror block and tacklesystemattachedto it. The seriesof pegs are in the order3,2,1, with the lastone beingfurthestawayfromthe pioneeringproject.ldeally,the pegs must be knockedhalfwayinto the ground. This meansthat what is visibleabovethe groundis only Tzof the total lengthof the peg. The pegs mustalsobe knockedintothe groundat an angleof 60 degrees.

,3-2-1Anchoragts

Afierthe 3 groupsof pegsare in place,the wrappingwill take place. Tie a clovehitchat the baseof the last peg,thenwrap aroundthe groupof 2 pegs, direction.The wrappingshouldhave and backto the last peg in a criss-cross to the pegs. After a visiblefigureof "8". The wrapsshouldbe perpendicular about4 wraps,tie 3 overhandknotson the ropeitself(usuallyin the backward PG-PIG'

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District PioneeringGourse tn Gonjunctionwiin the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

direction). And end with a clove hitch on the rope itself too. Repeat the wrapping procedurefor the groupof z pegs and 3 pegs as well.

end\yith clovehitch \wapping (tsp view)

The connectionof the hawserof blockand tacklesystemto the anchorageis done by tyingthemto the base of th_egroupof 3 pegs. The tying is done by wrappinga lashingropearoundthe e [egs'andthe Fookor 6t tn" brock. Take note that the angle betweenthe hlwser and the ground "ye must not be morethan25 degree. Log And PicketAnchorage The log and picketanchorageis bestused in marshygroun-ds and can take a foadof up to 1.5tons. i. This anchorageneedsat least8 pegsand a log with minimumdimensions of 6 inchesin diameterand 3 feet in lengrth.Tnj picfets are knockedinto the ground in two rows. The pegs shouldbe spreadout eventyalong the whole length.of the log if possibre.Note that for maximumeffect,the 169must be placedperpendicular to the directionof the strain. I

There will be an equalnumberof pegson eaehsideof the log, formingpairs of pegs. The method of tying the pairs of pegs together aJ'shown in the diagram is the same as thit in the g-z-1 a-nchoLge.(refer to the last paragraphof the previouspage)

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DistrictPioneering Course: : In Gonjunction Instructor Gourse withtheNat'lPioneering DeadManAnchorage This is the mostidealanchorage wherethe groundis softor in circumstances sandy.The log shouldhavedimensionsof at least6 inchesin diameterand about3 feet in length. The log must be at 90 degreeto the strainas in the previousanchorages. Thenanglebetweenthe groundandthe hawsershould not exceed25 degrees. The depth of the trenchmustbe at leasttwicethe diameterof the log. The ropeattachedto the log is to comeout througha narrowtunneldug out at to the sideof the trench.Afterthat,the burialtakesplaceand it is advisable can take up to.a trampleon the groundto ensurefirmness.This anchorage load of 1 ton. Althoughthis is the only effectiveanchoragein soft or sandy ground,it takesa longtimeto construct.

A N GH OR A C E TEGHNIQUES

"Dgad Man"

Ground Ground Ground Tackle System

PIan View of 'DeadmanAnchorage'

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District PioneeringCourse In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructor Gourse

SAFETYRULESAND PRECAUTIONS especially whenlarge-scale Thereare alwaysdangersin pioneeringactivities, projectssuch as tall towers are being built. Pioneeringshould be fun and safe.To preventany unnecessaryaccidentsfrom happening,the manysafety duringpioneering. shouldalwaysbe emphasizes aspectsof pioneering GeneralSafetyMeasures: .

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' Alwayscheckall equipmentbeforeuse. o Faultyequipment mustneverbe used. . Use the appropriate equipment.Do not use lashingropes as the main hawserof an aerialrunway. . Make sure the conect knotsare used for the appropriatetimesto ensure optimumeffect. . Beforeput to practicaluse, make sure the completedstructureis stable first. . Secureall guylines. . Structuremustbe testedfor its stabilityand safetylevel,such as sending peopleup on it one by one slowly. . There shouldbe people"spotting"the climbers,that meansstayingbelow them to cushionthemif they everfall. This shouldbe donewheneverthere :i. ' : ' peoplegoingup the structure.' .:' : . For'c6rtainstructures prevent that are very high,measurescan be takento peoplefromfalling.For example,bowlineis usedto preventthe fall of the personfromthe mainhawser. . Ensure the anchoragesare tight and properlybuilt for its effectiveness. Anchoragesshouldbe used to supportheavyloads insteadof a single peg. . Make sure all basesof the standssuch as the tripodstand shouldbe in contactwiththe groundfor betterstability. . Never abuse the structure by shaking or kicking it. Do not add unnecessary stressto lashingas well. . Neveroverloadthe structure.Certainstructurescan only supportup to a certainweight.Overloading will leadto the collapseof the structure. Make surethat thereare qualifiedand experiencedpioneeringinstructors arbundto inspectthe activityand enforcethe safetyprecautions. . Alwayshavea firstaid kit for a pioneeringactivityfor emergencyuse. EquipmentGhecks Ropes: . Lashingshouldbe between4 to 5 metres. . Lashingshouldhavea diameterof 8mmto 10mm. . Guylineropeshouldbe of minimum diameter12mm.

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Course DistrictPioneering lnstructorCourse withthe Nat'lPioneering In Conjunction .

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Ropesmustbe keptdry at all times. lf ropesare damp,they shouldbe driedbeforestorageso as to preventweakeningof the rope. Theyshould be driedunderthe sun or shadeonly. Usingair bloweror ovenwill weakenthe roPeas well. All ropesshouldbe keptin a cool,dry and shadedplace. at all times. Makesurethatthe ropesare not overstressed as it willweakenthe rope. sharp edges, with Ropesmustnot be in contact Checkfor mildewand rotting. Checkfor cutsor breaksin any partof the ropes. lf ropeis destroyed,throwit away. Ropeendswhicharefrayedmustbe splicedor whipped.

Spars: . Checkfor cracks,faultsor anyweakspotsin the spars. . Checkfor dampor rottenends. . Checkfor termitesor woodlice. . Checkfor hollowsin the spars. lf any of the aboveexistsfor a spar,discardthe spar.Theymustnot be used!

, -

Ensurethatthe thicknessof the sparis suitablefor its rolein a structure. . Thickstrongsparsshouldbe usedas mainsupports. partqsubh'asplatfonns. . ,' . Thinsfars shouldbe usedfor less.impbrtant . The th.icker end of the sparmustalwaysbe on or nearthe groundso as o to keepthe centerof masslow,henceaddingstabilityto the structure. Anchorages: usually . Suitableanchoragesshould be used in certain circumstances, ground. the of the conditions load and dependingon the weight of the Anchoragesshould be checkedregularlyto ensure that they are still secure. . After a anchorage is completed, never gave extra blows to it. The effectivenessof the anchoragewill be lost in the processdue to the fraps becomingloose. 'Blocks: o Blocksused shouldbe of minimumweightto minimizethe totalweightof the wholestructure. lf o Sizesof blocksandthe ropesgoingthroughit shouldvaryaccordingly. . the ropesare too smallfor the block,it mightslip off the sheavesand get .t.stu ck atthe.pi de.| fi ti s too | a r g e , t h e s h e a v e s m ig h t n o t t u 1 n . . . } . Blockswithfixedeyesareiprefenedto hooks. o lf hooksare used,a figureof eightknotsshouldbe tied on it to preventthe ropeconnectedto it to slip out of the hook. . Metalblocksmustbe keptrustfree. { . Blocksshouldbe oiledregularly to ensurethatthe sheaves for lubrication turnsmoqthly.

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District PioneeringCourse' In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

MATERIALS USEDIN PIONEERING Variousmaterialslike polystyrene, bamboos,coconutleaves,timberplanks, (besides the sparsand manilaropes)are considered as nails and screws for Pioneering. usefulmaterials Pioneeringmaterialsused in Pioneeringcan be classifiedinto two groups 'Orthodox'and' Unorthodot Materials. ' Orthodox Materials

a

This class of materialsconsistsof commonmaterials- Spars and Manila ropes. Locally,the sparsthat used by Scoutsto build projectscan be found commonlyin constructionsites - these spars are from the source- Bakau Wood.(foundin mangroveswamps). ManilaHempas we know is one of the mostgenerallyused ropes. Manila ropes contractwith come into contactwith water. Once the ropeis naturally dried,the tiedjointswill not be slippedoff easily. Note: lt is NOTADVISABLEto pour water frequently on the manilaropes when constructing projects. The natural oil may be eroded away and thus shorting the 'life span' of th.eiopes. :i ' : UnorthodoxMaterials This classof materialsare of non-exhaustive.The listed are someof the commonitemswhichwe may usedin Pioneering Bamboos Bamboosare one of the most durablematerial. The main causefor its durabilityand strengthis due to its naturalgrains. The commonusageof bambooswill be for constructionof platformflooring; Fire Stand,etc. Bambooshad also beenprovenas the alternativeto Bakau pioneeringprojects. Woodfor construction-of Polystyrene Commonlyalso knownas 'Styrofoam', this particularmaterialsbelongsto the "PlasticFamily'. Polystyreneis a light weight, high buoyancyand shock absorbentmaterial(foundin packagingof goods)but its weaknesslies low of load. resistanceto heatand application polystyrene In Pioneering, had provenits usefulness in manywayssuchas in construction of rafts- highbuoyancyin water.

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DistrictPioneering Course : Instructor In Gonjunction withthe Nat'lPioneering Gourse GoconutLeaves Coconutleaveshad beena very long useful'friend'to the Scoutsas it had 'seryed'us in manyways. Besides,coconutleavescan be foundeasily- it is low in cost,in factfreeto use! and In Pioneering,coconutleavescan be use in roof pitching,decorations, sheltering(fromrainand sun). As mentioned,the list of materialsunderthe 'UnorthodoxGroup' are of non exhaustive.Beforelookingfor the resources,we hadto considerwhatdo we need in the first place and where to get or else we will be going round retumswhichmay endlessslywithoutany returnsor sometimesunneccessary gives us more 'headaches'! lt is good for us to plan beforeactingon the decision!

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District PioneeringCourse I In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

CREATIV I TYI N PI O NEERI NG W h a t i s 'C re a ti vi ty'? Defineas: o The abilityto producenew and original ideas/things. o

lnventiveness

Why a needfor a 'creativemind' in Pioneering? . '

To allowScoutsto comeup with new projectof newdesign- the'creation' mustbe suitableto use. To widenindividuaf's skillsan knowledgein Pioneering To train a mindof 'DareTo Try!"

Greativityand ProblemSolvingMethodology The.osBORN-PARNESGreative Problem solving process (one of the :: CPS methods) : A structuredmethodology for problemsolvingthat providedpracticalapproach to addressing problems foundin any discipline. The processbeginswiththe followinging6 steps: 1. MessFindingproblems, Many ofteninterwined,is a MESS. Recognising the existenceof a mess a necessaryfirststep in problemsolving. Thus,messfindinginvolves becomingawareof challengeand opportunities.The purposeis to tlarify tne goalson whichto focusproblem-solving effort. 2. FactFindingPurposeof Tactfindingis to gather as much informationas possibleto increasethe understanding about the mess. Helps to avoid premature evaluationof the specificproblemsentwinedin the mess,allowone to focus on the messratherthen solutions.Also helpone uncoverunanticipated or overlookedaspectsof he mess. 3. ProblernFindingMessfindingand Factfindingpave the way for problemfinding. The phase focusedon developingand refining problem statementsthat address the MESS.

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DistrictPioneering Gourse. In Gonjunction withthe Nat'lPioneering Instructor Course 4. ldeaFindingDevotedto generatingas many potentialideasor solutionsas possible. Specifictechniquessuchas checklist,brainstorming, forcedrelationships can be usedeffectively for ideainformation. 5. SolutionFindingPurposeof phase is to evaluatepotentialsolutionsand developthem into usefulactionsfor solvingthe problem. 6. AcceptanceFindingFinal phasein the GPS (CreativeProblemSotving).In acceptancefinding, one developsa planof actionto implementthe solution.Acceptancemustbe gained from oneself,as well as from others. lt's not usual to find that solutionsneedto be modifiedto addressimplementation problems.Needto preparedfor any problemsthat mightarisein implementing ideas.

t I

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SELFREADING t'

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ERGONOMTCS & sTABILrry PRINCTPLES TN PTONEERINo CONSTRUCTTON OF AERIALRUNAWAY

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District PioneeringGourse ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'lPioneering InstructorCourse

S E L F RE A D T N G 1:

PRINCIPLES IN PIONEERING ERGONOMIGS ANDSTABILITY INTRODUCTION Do you wonderwhy sometimeswhile buildingPioneeringprojectsduring meetings,we hadto spenda periodof time underthe sunyet the end resultto the projectis not of satisfactory?With that,we had to re-tiedthe lashingsor even mademodifications the designedproject. A question may raised, ' Why must time be wasted to the buildingof PioneeringProjects?'. The answerto the questionlied in this self written topic basedon the autho/sexperiences. ErgonomicsandStabilityPrinciplesIn Pioneeringis not of somethingstrange, it is actuallypractisedusuallywhilewe are buildingprojects.Forthistopic, you willtaughton tl'ieknowledgeof DesignErgonomics andsimpteStability Designof Structures, +i _,.

Ergonomics Design'Of Structures

)

What is Ergonomics? Ergonomics in technicaltermsis defineas the studyof conditionsin whichpeoplework mosteffectively.ln simplifiedterms,it is the study of people's behaviourto the objects,that is, the designof the objects allow them to feel at ease, to stand or sit at a comfortablemanner,etc. Examplesof commonobjectswill be likechair,ladder,andtable,etc. One simpleexampleto practisethe ergonomicsdesignis when scoutsare buildingthe Fireman'sLadder(see FigureA ). The ladderis basicallyusedto practiseour agility,to do that, we had to climb up the stepsin the zig zag manner,uponreachingthe top, we had to turn our bodyto get over,and the do the samewayof howwe get up to get down. But do you askyourselfone questionbeforeyou startto climb,' Are thesteps too low or too high for me to reach? To solvethe question,then ergonomics must be takencare of beforeyou startto tied all the lashingsfor the erection of the particularstructure. r-'.''"*-

From my experiences,.l had comeup with a proposedergonomics designto the FirernanLadder,( see FigureB below). The first stepabovethe ground should be of about3 ft becausethe heightis quitecomfortable for us to get down,fromthere,the heightto the secondand thirdstepshouldbe of about4 ft, ( our chestto our feet is also about4 ft ), so that we can feel comfortably while climbingto the nextstep. So the overallheightof the ladderis about 2.5mto 3m,andshouldnotexceed3m becauseof the instability of structure. PC-PIG'

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District Pioneering Course j In conjunction wiirr the Nat'f Pioneering fnstructor course

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District PioneeringCourse ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'lPioneeringlnstructorCourse

Simple Structure Stability Design

No matterhowgooda Scoutcanbe as a Pioneer,thatis,tyinga goodlashing to projects,the projectbuiltsuchas the StiltTowerwill not be stableif he did not considerthe fact of bracingthe jointsof the tower! Youmayask, ' Why shouldmoreworkbe donewhenthe lashingsltied doesnot slipoff '?. Once projectthat is notstable,in the next a scouthappensto climbontoa particular the safetyof accidentwhichmay leoparised secondstherewill be unforseen the Scout Althoughthe projectmaybe wellpegged,the structure willstillcollapsedueto loading(weight)imposedon the unstableproject. That is why, it is of an importancefor us, as scouts;to learn how to stabiliseprojectswe built for purposeof safety. To beginwith, it is not easyto understandwhy projectsyou may seen on PioneeringBooks are braced in differentways, but I had extractedout commondesignof projectssuch as the TresUe,Stilt Towerto explainhow theseprojectsare stabilised. The Trestle: The designof trestle.canbe foundin many pioneeringprojects,such.as the platformof a towbr,dborway,or hs a lightframefor a chariotrace. Th6 trestle '. mainlyconsistsof a squareframe,and.twodiagonalsparsacrossthe frame( Figure 1 ). You may ask, ' Why shouldtherebe a need to tied fwo spars acrossthe frame,therecanbe manyother waysto makethe framesfabi/ise'.

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As what I had mentioned earlier,thereare manybracingmethodspractised. For example, the trestleitselfis usefulin manywaysas mentioned, but the, commonbracingmethodwill be bracingacrossthe frame,the reasonbeing diagonalbracingproveto be one of the strongestbracingmethodsfor the stabilityof structures. PC-PlC'

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District PioneeringGourse : I In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

Now let'sus considerwhy bracingis needed,( see Figure2 ), afthe frameis not braced,the joints of the frame can be movedeasilyeven thoughthe lashingsare tight when load is appliedat any part of the frame. The movementsof jointswill affectthe tightnessof lashings,thus in no time,the lashingstiedto the framewill be loosened! But if we had brace acrossthe frame,the effectof the load appliedto the framewill be minimised( see Figure3 ). The movementof jointswill nowbe reduced,and the stress appliedto the tied lashingswilt atso be lesser. Technically, why the movementand lashingsstressesare greatlyreduceis due to a processcalled' LoadTransferring'.

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Page29

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District PioneeringCourse I In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorGourse

The Stilt Tower: The designof the Stilt Toweris actuallya cantileverstructure. 'Whatis a cantileverstructure?',you may asked. Cantileverstructureconsistsof a structureprotrudingout fromthe main framestructure,this type of structure designfor stabilitymust be thoroughlydealtwith due to variousengineering factorsaffectingits stability. Oneof the mainfactoris 'Moment',as you boyshadlearnin Science,Momenl is known as the turning effect of a objects at a point, and Momentis calculated by the formulabelow: Moment= Force* Distancemoveat right angleto a point Forthis particularproject,I willonlytouchon the platformtiedto the main of frame( see Figurel ) as thisplatformplaysthe importance to the stability the wholeproject.

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In orderto stabilisedthe platformprotrudingoutfromthe mainframe,the platformmustbe braceddiagonally below( seeFigure2 ). The reasonis to reducethe tumingeffector moment, Of all parts,why shouldwe bracedbelownotat the top ( SeeFigure3 )? We hadto considerthe pointof loadapplication.In thiscase,the loadappliedare fromweightof the scoutsgoingup the tower,be it standingor sittingdownon the platform

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DistrictPioneeringGourse In Conjunctionwiih the Nat'tPioneeringInstructorGourse Thus if there is no bracingbelowthe platformto the mainframe,the whole structurewill not be suitableto hold the weight of the scoutsas the structure will be movingand shakingat all the partstied'

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DistrictPioneering Course In conjunction withthe Nat'tpioneering Instructor course The'Triangleprinciples' All Pioneering projectsthatuselashingsmustbe safeand steady.To ensure this,theyshouldhavetrianglesbuiltiniotheirdes'n;. A squarewillwobbtein all directions.Triangres makea structuresturdy.tiee Figure4 ). Lastly,letsus notforgetthatwe hadto put whathad been taughtintouse,we can then deepenour skillsand knowledge.The steps to pioneeris to get your handsworkingby lrtowingyourserr becomea good to be exposedto experiences.

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District PioneeringCourse ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

SEL F RE A DING 2:

OF AERIALRUNWAYS CONSTRUCTION IMPORTANT: Notethat ALL AerialRunwaysmust be planned,constructed and usedunder the directand constantsupervisionof a responsible adultat alttimes lntroduction Aerial Runways remain a great favourite with membersof the Scout Associationand there is no reasonwhy they can not be usedto providea greatsenseof adventureand exhilarationso longas theyare usedwith safety in mind. They also providethe basisfor an excellentpra'bticat trainingsessionin the pioneering use of the variousknots,lashingsand techniques involved Becauseof the speedapd heightoftqninvolved,aerialrunwaysare polentially dangjerous and remainso evenwhen all reasonableprecautions, bothin their constructionand use, have been taken.

D

Indeed,withoutsome apparentelementof hazard,they would ceaseto be adventurousand muchof their appealand trainingvaluewouldbe lost. The aim shouldthereforebe to eliminateall avoidabterisk and to exercisethe highestdegreeof responsibility in the use of the AerialRunway. There are a wide variety of situationsand circumstances in which aerial runwaysare builtand usedand it is not possibleor evendesirableto provide a singleset of detailedand inflexiblerules. The followingsectionsprovidebasic guidelinesin the planning,construction supervisionand useof an AerialRunway. Becausethe aerialrunwayoperatesas a completesystemthere is no single part which is moreimportantthan any other. All requirean equalamountof careand attention,bothin the initialsettingup and monitoring whilstin use. .-:

!

However,:in most mses where serious injuryhas resultedthe fault lies in eitherthe seatand/orthe methodof attachment to the travellingblockor in the brakingsystem. Before anyone even thinks about constructingat aerial runwayit mustbe clearlyunderstoodthat: A purposebuiltseatto the designapprovedin the Associations AerialRunway Codemustused. PG.PIG'

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District PioneeringCourse -l ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

The travellingblockmustbe to the approveddesignand musthaveeyesor rings. Hookedblocks,howevercarefully'closed' are completely unacceptable for supporting the seat. The seatmustbe attachedto the travellingblockin the approvedmethodas describedin the Code. The mainbrakemustbe capableof a steadyand safe rateof deceleration of passenger. the An emergency brakemustalwaysbe fittedand manned,in caseof failureof the mainbrake. The Associations Aerial RunwayCode is based on long experienceand provides all Leaders with useful guidelinesfor the in the use of such equipmentand the trainingof their Scouts. Commonsense must however prevailand responsible adultleadershipand the needfor adultsupervision is alwaysrequired wheneverAerial Runwaysareconstructed and used. Givenbeloware additional important factorsto bearin mindwhenptanning an aerialrunway. Supervision As statedabove, it is importantthat the planning,constructionand use of any Aerial Runway must be under the direct and constant supervision of a responsibleand cornpetentadult at all times. Equipment

All equipmentmust be inspectedbefore use, during the operationof the runwayand again after use. This in itsetf is a useful trainingexercisein responsibility apartfromthe importantmatterof safetyand security. The MainHawser This shouldbe madefrom eithernaturalfibre (manilaor sisal)staplespun polypropylene, polyesteror nylon. Under no circumstancesshoulda wire hawserbe usedfor an aerialrunwayas thisis considered to be unsafe.' The recommended minimumsize for the main hawseris 24mmin diameter and in no circumstances shoulda ropeunder20mmin diameterbe used. Evenwhenstoredin idealconditions, any hawserthat hasbeenoutof usefor any lengthof timeshouldbe checkedfor wearandtearalongits entirelength. lf naturalfibre is used,spotchecksshouldbe carriedout by openingthe lay at intervalsto makesurethatthe fibresare freefrom mildew.

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District PioneeringCourse In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

Man-madefibre rope shouldalso be inspectedfor extensivepowdering.This usually occurs in the heart of the rope and is not always immediately detectablefrom externalinspection.

lf any mildewor excessivepowderingis discoveredthe rope shouldbe discarded.Any suspectrope shouldnot be usedfor aerialrunwaysor any otherpioneering activitywheresomeelementof riskis unavoidable. Any suspectrope shouldpreferablybe cut into short lengthsto prevent misuse. The TravellingBlock The ScoutAssociationnow mandatesthat the travellingmetalblockmustbe a double pulley, man-mrrying block of the conect size and type. Suitable blocks are fitted with a closed ring to attach the seat and further closed rings to attachthe brakingand haulinglines. Under no circumstances should hooked blocks or hooked blocks that have been converted to closed eyes through the use of brazed metal straps or jubilee clips be used for the travelling block Mg i n H a w se r

DO UB L EP UL L E y M e t d l, M a n

G L O S E Dr in g attach seat ropes and braking and hauling lines

The Seat The seat is one of the most essentialparts of the runwayand great care shouldbetakenin the prepar

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D i str ict P ioneeringCourse _ ln C on ju nctionwith the Nat'l P ione e rin gln s t ru c t o rCo u rs e

A stoutboardof approxinrately 600mm>:250mnrx24mm.thick(24"x 10" >ri"1 shouldbe used,suitablereinforcedwith bracingbattensacrossthe grain. Four holes should be bored right throughthe board to take the suspensiorr ropes. Figure of eight stopper knots should be tied in the ropes to keep the seat level and stop it from dropping,slipping or becomingskewed and the loosetails joined beneaththe seat with reef knots. A correctlyfittingfull body harnessor commercially availableboatswains chair can be used as an alternativeto a purpose-builtsea't The verticaldistancebetweenthe seat and the hawsershouldbe at least1.5 meters (5 feet) to avoid the possibilityof the riders hand being placedon the hawserin front of the pulley.

t,5 m (5 fr) rninirnurn between ha.wser and seat

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OtherBlocksand Tackle A luff tacklecomprisingone singleand one doublemetalblockis used to tensionthe mainhawser,reevedup (tightened) with an lBmmdiameterrope, Thiswillprovidea purchase(ratio)of 4:1

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District PioneeringCourse In Gonjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneeringlnstructor Gourse

When selectingthe correctsize of blockto matchthe sizeof rope,ensure that:.

No rope is reeved throughthe block where the width of the sheave groovesis less than the diameterof the rope (i.e.the ropeshouldn'tbe fatterthanthe pulleythroughwhichit passes); o The ratioof the diameterof the sheaveto the diameterof the ropeis no lessthan5:1,measuredat the bottomof the sheavegroove(i.e.the pulley diameterat the bottomof the gulley should be at least five time the diameterof the rope);

Whereverpossiblein the construction of the AerialRunway,blockand pulleys with ringsor closedeyesshouldbe usedin preference to hooksandthis also appliesto the blocksandpulleysusedto puttensionon the mainhawser. Mousing('tying'closed an open hook with string,sissalor wire) is never on absolutelyreliable. This is becauseof the high shockloadsexperienced this typeof apparatus. Pickets and Spars lf wooden pickets(stakes)are used, they must be in good condition,free from shakes, knots and rot and of adequatelength and thickness. Th; elact size depends on th,enature of the groundon whichtne runwayis co.nstructedand the anchorageselected. Howevef;picketsof 1m x 75mm butt diameter(3' x 3") shouldbe regardedas a minirnum. :

They should be driven into the groundwith a maul (largewoodenmallet) ratherthan a sledgehammerand knockedin for two-thirdsof theirlength,at rightanglesto the directionof the strain. Any ropesexertingforceshouldbe securedas closeto the groundas possibleto reducethe tendencyto pullout. Note that if the rope is allowed to ride up, the pickets will be subject to additionalleverage. Spars (pioneeringpoles) should be equally sound. These can be readily tested by gripping the tip and ringing the butt on any hard surface. Irrespectiveof length of the spar, 130mm butt diarneter(5") should be regardedas a minimum. Other Cordage

:lr

The main brakingsystem(whichis describ"O,r,"r1 r."quil, a 12mm^'(112") diameterropewhichis 10mlongerthanthe lengthof the runway. ln addition,approximately100m (300 ft) of 8mm or 10mm diameter shockcord(sometimes elasticated knownas'bungeerope')willbe required.

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D i str ict P ioneeringCourse i ln C on ju nctionwith the Nat'l P ione e rin gI n s t ru c t o rCo u rs e

Lashingropes;cf 6ni - Bm length,gu), lirres for sheer legs, a strop lcop,of l Bmm diameterof sufficientlength to secure the tackle to the anchorage, t w i n ea n d si sa lw i l l a l sob e re q uir ed. Tools and Accessories Sacking or old canvas will be needed to act as protectionfor trees, as a saddlein the crutchof sheerlegs and so on. Toolswill includea heavymaul, a clasp knife,and dependingon circumstances, an extendingladderor rope ladder, a spade or re-trenchingtool and a throwing line to facilitatetree climbing. Location and Angle of Slope of the Runway The length of run and the speed of descent will be determinedby natural featuressuch as trees and the slope of the ground. lt must be noted however that the Scout AssociationRules state that the heightand angle of the slope must be such that a safe, steadydescent is possible. No runway will be considered acceptable if the maximum height of the hawser at any point exceeds 8m (25).

It is not possibleto accuratelydeterminethe speedof descentsincethis dependson the tensionin the main hawser,the performance of the running blo"qk, the weight.ofthe passenger.etc. The personin chargeof thg runwayis responsible for ensuringthat the appropriate testsare completedbeforaany passengers are allowedon the runway(seebelow)

Suitable guyed Sheer Legs

Gonstruction of tyloical Aeriat Runwaywith options for suppofting the rnain hawser

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iI N ote rnain brake shock cord in'slack position

ii

Ernergency Brake Position NOTE: D o not use this diagrarn as an accurate guide - refeF to text throughout

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DistrictPioneeringCourse . I In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringlnstructorCourse

The illustrationabove showsa typicalconstruction with optionsfor using sheerlegsor tripodsfor supporting the mainhawser.Thisillustration should not be considereda definitiveguide and the text should be consulted throughout manually The followingpointson construction applyequallyto the horizontal, operatedrunwayor to runwaysof any kind. Oneof the mainpointsto considercarefullyin the planningstageis the ease of mountingand dismounting from the seat. This is the causeof many accidentsandrequirescarefulthought. Supportingthe Main Hawser Dependingon the terrain,there are various methodsof supportingthe main hawser:A SuitableTree

A suitabletree may be usedwhereavailableat the headof the runway.Make sure that it is up to the job and that it will sufferno ill effectswhen adequate protectionis provided. Alwaysuse the maintrunk in preference to a branch but if a.branchis used,selectthe strongestbranchwithinreach. Makefast the main hbwserwith a roundtum and two half hitches,leavinga'long tail fiangingcloseto the trunk. Evenbetteris where the hawseris passedover a suitablyhighfork and the end is tied to a lower branch. This makesthe routinetask of examiningthe knotduringuse mucheasier. Alwaysbe sureto securea paddingof sacking or canvaswithsisalbeforemakingfast the mainhawser. It is stronglyrecommendedthat the person tying in the main hawser is belayed to a convenientbranch with another rope. Handlinga 24mm diarneterhawserwhilstsittingastridea branchhalfway up a tree is extremely difficultand suitablesafetyprecautionsshouldbe taken. lf no suitabletree can be foundwhen operatingon flat ground,a manuallyoperatedfore and aft runwaybetweentwo setsof sheerlegscan be excellentfun.

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D i str ictPioneeringCourse l n C on ju nctionwith the Nat'l P ion e e rin gln s t ru c t o rCo u rs e

She e r L egs

S HEER LEGS S heer L ashing

S addle

Guylines

Effective Height \

S guare Lashings N ote: The Base Width should be no greater than one third the Effective

Butts heeled in 'l 5 0rnrn

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Sheerlegs (an 'A' frame) can be used to take full advantageof any natural slope,to increasethe lengthof the run or to reducethe heighthazard. Sparsof 4m in lengthare suitablefor the sheer legs and several6m to 8m lengthsof 12mmor 18mmdiameterropewill be neededfor the lashings.The sheerlashingshouldbe appliedfirst about500mmfrom the top with the two sparsin the closedposition.Thesecan be openedslightlylikescissors'whilst thefrappingturnsare put on. Theyshsuldthen be openedout all the way,but withthe buttsno furtherapart than one-thirdthe heightfrom the lashingto groundleveland the thirdspar squarelashedbetweenthemabout300mmfromthe butts. A saddleof hessianor 6anvasshouldbe lashedin the crutchwithsisaltwine and fore and aft guylinessecuredto the tops of both spars. The feet of the two legsshouldbe heeledintothe groundto a depthof at least150mm.This is in order to minimisethe danger of keelingover, ever presentin an apparatussubjectto variablestressesand shockloading.The lowerledger of the'ground. shouldthen.bewell'clear

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DistrictPioneering Course lnstructorCourse !n Gonjunction withthe Nat'lPioneering Whenthe Allthisworkshouldbe donebeforethe hawseris finallypositioned. the sheersmay tend to movefrom the vertical tackle is beingoperated,. positionbut this can usuallybe correctedwithoutdifficultyif caughtin time. The vertical positioningof the sheer legs should be checkedthroughout andoperation. construction fromthe seatcan oftenbe difficultfrom sheerlegs Mountingand dismounting but additional ledgerscanbe providedto act as a'laddef. Tripods Tripods may be used in preferenceto sheer legs. Althoughguyingis still essentialgreaterstabilityis ensured.Thereis also an additionaladvantagein platformscan be incorporated intothe design. that mountinganddismounting packingis used,passover the crutch The main hawsermay,whensuitrable for both sheerlegs and tripods. lt is also acceptablefor the mainhawserto pass over a separatepulleyof suitable-diameter, suspendedfromthe crutch. The pulleyshouldbe supportedby a doubleloopof 18mmdiameterrope(see diagramby mainbrakefor an example) Tensioningand Securingthe Hawser Due altowdncemust be made for the inevitablesag in the main hawser whicheverof the thrbe-methodsof support is used. The'amountof sag dependon the lengthof run and the load (weight),as well as the tensionof . the hawser. Note that the sag should never be such that the feet of a passengercan touchthe groundon any partof the run. To tensionthe hawser,a luff tacklecomprisingone singleblockattachedto an anchorageand one doubleblockattachedto the mainhawseris necessaryas describedabove. The mainhawsershouldbe connectedto the closedeye of the doublepulleyusinga bowlinewith a long tail which is securedbackto the main hawser with sisal, The hawser can be protectedby placingsacking aroundthe cfosedeye. .: The singleblockshouldbe attachedto the mainanchoragepoint(seebelow) usinga doubleloopof 18mmdiameterrope. As stated above,when reevedwith 18mm rope, the luff tackle providesa purchaseof 4:1. Whenoperdtedby half a dozenScoutsthis shouldgiveall the tensionrequired. Underno circumstances shpuJdmoreforcefulmethods of strainingthe systembe used. The tensionis maintainedby securingthe strainto the sameanchorpointas the singleblockusinga roundtum andtwo half hitches.

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DistrictPioneeringCourse ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Pioneering InstructorCourse Anchorages The precisepositionof all anchoragesin relationto the main structureis o{ great importance.The hawsermust alwaysrun in a true linefrom end to end since any deviationwill impose a sidewaysstrain on sheer legs and might causethem to topple. A well grown tree may make an excellenianchorageat the foot of a runv"ay. lf a suitabletree is availablein the right spot, make sure that it is secure. lt should be protectednear the base with a good pad of sacking. The Luff Tacklecan then be made ready for use and the followingprocedure followedwhen a tree is used as the anchorage. Most, but not all of the slack in the hawser should be taken in and it should be passed throughthe eye of the fore block. Lay the sheer legs on the groundwith the butts at the correct distance from the anchorage (which is twice the height of the crutch of the sheerlegs) The hawser should be placed lying over the crutch and the sheer legs should be raised,holdingthem in place while the slack is taken up on the hawser. Adjustthe positionof the sheer legs as necessaryto ensurea true line. Mark the positionof butts with tent pegs or other suitablemarker. This is so that foot holes can be dug in exactlythe right place. The sheer legs can then z'' ' be erectedand the neceSsarystrainappliedon the luff tackle.

When other types of anchorage are used a different procedure is recommendedsince the positionof the anchoragecan be movedwhereasa tree can not. The sheerlegsshouldbe erectedfirstso that the hawsercan be drawn over the crutch and hand strainedto pin-pointthe positionof the anchorage. The distancefrom the base of the sheer legs (or tripod)to the positionof the anchoragewill always be twice the effectiveheightof the sheerslegsor tripod. As taught in the lectures,the altemativethree methods of providingan anchoragewhen a tree is not usedare: o 3-2-1Anchorage e Log and PicketAnchorage o DeadmanAnchorage

The MainBrake providesteadyand safe The purposeof the main brakeis to consistently decelerationof the passenger. Brakeswhich bring the passengerto an sudden,jerkinghalt must be avoidedat all costssincethereis a very great dangerof the passengerbeingthrownoff the seat at speed.

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DistrictPioneeringCourse ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

A preferredmethodis to trail a ropeof 12mmdiameterfromthe rearclosed eye of the travellingblock. This rope passes over a pulteywhich is from the crutchat the headof the runway. lf thereis sufficient suspended from the headroomon the loadingplatform,this pulleymay be suspended closedeye at the bottornof the pulleywhichsupportsthe mainhawserat the crutch(seediagrambelow)

To crutch of support (or rnain hawser rnay rest in crutch)

Brake

Rope

G o n n e c t in gt h e M a in B r a k e

M a in Ha ws e r

Tied to closed loop with bowline

T o S h o ck Go rd C B u n g e e R o p e ')

Once the brake rope is connectedto the travellingblock it can then be securedto the shockcord. Withthe seatat the pointon the runwaywherebrakingshouldstart,a bowline is tied in the end of the brakeropeapproximately 10 metreson the anchorage side of the mountingpoint. The loop in the bowlineis then trsedto connect the brakeropeto the anchoragepointusingloopsof 8mm or 1Ommdiameter shockcord("bungeerope")as shownin the diagrambelow.

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District Pioneering Course . a ln Conjunction with the Nat'l Pioneering I nstructo r Course

CONNEGTIONOF tvtAlN BRAKE Loop of S h o ck Go rd Hawser L o o p ( un a tta ch e d t o l o w e r p ^ a sse n g e r

B owline B r ake Rope

l

\ \

Ma i n H a wseF

A n ch o ra g e

The length of the shcck cord loop is important since it will effectively determinethe brakingdistance. This is becauseunder no circumstances should the loop of shock cord be allowedto extend beyond twice its norrnal length.

Brakingwill dependupon the speedof descentand the load and it will be necessaryto experimentwith the'numberof loopsof-shockcord to get this right. However,a doubleloop of approximately 5 metreslbngth(i.e. a 20 metrelengthknottedto form a doubleloop)is a good startingpointfor most loadsup to 75 kilograms. A furthershortdoubleloop of 18mmropeis thenusedto connectthe shock cord to the anchoragepoint. ln operation.once the passengerhas come safelyto rest,this ropeloop can be removedfromthe anchorageto lowerthe passenger poinl downthe runwayto the dismounting It is importantthat the passengershouldbe warnednot to dismountuntiltold to do so. The brakingsystemwill inevitablyresultin someforwardswingof the seat as brakingcommences,followedby a short periodof reversetravel backup the runwayas the elasticreachesthe equilibrium position. Oncethe passenger hasdismounted, the brakeropecanthenbe usedto haul the seatbackup to the top of the runway.lt is important to alwayslay outthe brakeropecarefullybeforeeach and everyrun as any kink,snagor knotwill jam duringrunningin the pulleyat the headof the runwaycausinga sudden stop. It shouldalso be notedthat beforeeveryrun is commenced,care must be takento ensurethatthe brakeropeis clearof the passenger.

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Course DistrictPioneering Course Instructor withthe Nat'lPioneering In Gonjunction The loaderon the platformmustalsokeepclearof the brakeropeduringthe run as the brakeropefeedsthroughthe crutchpulley. Brake The Emergency An emergencybrake must always be fitted in such a positionthat the smoothlywithoutcollidingwith the passengeican be manuallydecelerated iowersheerlegsor tripod. This is in caseof a failureof any partof the main brake. The emergencybrake may simplyconsistof a screwgatekarabineron the main hawier,with a brakepersonon each end ropeas shownin the main shockcord Iengthsof Bmmor 1Ommelasticated diagramabove.lf necessary, maybe usedinsteadof ropeto reducethe shockloading. Notethatwherea screwgatekarabineris usedfor this purposeit shouldnever purposes. againbe usedfor climbing/abseiling

E rnergency Brake fastened to the Main Hawser

In normaloperation,the peopleoperatingthe emergencybrakewill assistthe passengerto dismountat the end of each run and shouldtell the passenger whenit is qfe to dismount. Testing of the emergencybrake is essentialbefore the first passenger embarks. Therearetwo final notesof cautionconcerningthe emergencybrake.lt will be as very difficultfor peopleon{he emergencybrake'.tomaintainconcentration that suggested therefore is the mainbrakecontinuesto worktime aftertime.lt four peopleare necessaryto operatethe AerialRunwayin safety. The loaderon the tripodat the freadof the runwayis the personin charge.No passenger is releasedon a run untilthe top brakepersonandthoseon the emergencybrake have been asked if they are ready. To help maintain positionscan be swappedroundat set time intervals. concentration, PC-PlC'

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'i' . District PioneeringCourse In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l Piorreeringlnstructoiibourse

The secondnoteof cautionconcernsthe angleof the ropeof the emergency braketo the karabineron the mainhawser.This mustbe heldsuchthatwhen the mainhawseris saggingunderloadas the passenger thereis approaches, no chanceof the emergencybrake ropesor shockcord becomingtangled withthe heador neckof the passenge .* The Seat As describedabove, a purpose built seat (or full body hamess) must be providedand devicessuch as battensor stropswhich requirethe passenger to danglefromthe handsare not permissible. The seatand travellingblockare to be regardedas accidentblackspotson any aerialrunway.Theyshouldbe checkedand doublecheckedas a matter of routinebeforethe runwayis declaredoperationalandagainaftereachrun. The ultimatesafetyof the seatwill dependon the methodof attachmentto the ring or eye of the travellingblock. A roundtum and two half hitchesmadein the bightwith an ample tail will meet the need adequately,but for greater safetythe knotscan be doublelockedwithwest countrywhippings Factorsof Safetyand Testing When it is ready for use, the runwaymust be subjectedto a numberof rigorous tests to ensure a high sgfety f3cto1before th" first pass.enger is allowed,toembark.o

As a matterof good practice,these tests must imposea higherstrainon all partsof the apparatusthan is likelyto be experiencedduringnormaluse. The followingtestsshouldbe caniedout, alwaysunderaduttsupervisionand with observerspostedto watch every part of the runway. Specialattentionshould be paidto the anchorages,pickets,sheerlegs,runningblockand seatandthe brakingsystems: A temporaryrope should be attachedto the empty seat. Startingat the head of the runway,a vigorousbouncingstrainfrom groundlevelshouldbe applied and repeatedat intervalsthroughoutthe entire lengthof the run. This is especiallyimportantaroundthe mid-pointwheremaximumsag in the hawser will be experienced. The seatshouldthen be drawnto a convenientpointand loadedwith at least two five galloncontainersfull of water. Theseshouldbe securelyfastenedto the seatfor the durationof the followingtests. This load repreientsa body weighingapproximately50 kilos (three full containersshould be used to represent a bodyof 75 kilos). At the mid-pointof the runwaythe sag in the hawserunderload must not allowthefeetof any passenger to strikethe ground.lf thishappens,adjustthe tensionon the main hawserto reducethe sag. Note that this may speed up the run and the brakemay alsoneedadjustmentas below PC-PlC"

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District PioneeringCourse :_--___ ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringI nstructor Cou rse

The loadedseatshouldthen be drawnto the headof the run in orderto test speedof descentand the main brakingsystem. At the end of the run the brakingsystemshouldbringthe loadup shortof the lowersheerlegsor tripod with an adequatemarginof safety. At the sametime,the elasticated shock length. cordshouldnot be allowedto extendbeyondtwiceits natural(resting) Finally,the mainbrakingsystemshouldbe disconnected and the emergency braketestedagainusinga loadedseat runningfrom the top of the runway. The positionof the emergencybrakeoperatorsshouldbe clearlymarkedso that there is no tendencyto drift towardsthe bottomof the runwayduring normaloperation.. picketsand so on should Afterall thesetests,atl knots,lashings,anchorages, be thoroughly inspected. Mountingand Dismounting A worryingnumberof accidentsoccurduringmountingand dismounting from the run. Whenthe take off at the headof the run is at someheightabovethe ground(for example,from the branchesof a tree)it is importantthat safeand adequatemeansof climbingto the mountingpointmustbe provided. lt might be saferin this situationfor passengers to embarkat the foot of the run before being drawn up by the brake line. This allows safety and comfortto be qondition ::. checkedin lessstr.essful : ..:. Passengersoftenfind that strengthhas drainedfrom their musctesand that theirkneesare tremblingat the end of a run. To climbdownan A frameusing ledgersthereforerequiresextracareand supervision. Operation It is stronglyrecommendedthat four peopleoperatethe aerial runwayas statedabove. The personat the loadingplatformis in chargeof the run and no passengeris releaseduntil checks have been made with the person lookingafter the main brake and the two peopleoperatingthe emergency brakeandassisting withunloading. It is the loade/s responsibility to fully brief passengersbefgrerelease.They shouldbe told to sit well backin the middleof the seat,to holdontothe front supporting ropesand to relaxand keepstill. Theyshouldalso be remindedthatwhenthe brakecomesintoactionnearthe bottomof the run,the seatwill probablyswingforwardand returna shortway backup the run. Theyshouldbe warnedto hangon tightly.

The passenger shouldalsobe briefedthatoncethe seathas cometo rest,it pointand the peopleon the emergency will be loweredto the dismounting brakewillindicate thetimeto dismount. PC-PlC'

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District PioneeringCourse :_ -:; r]ii 5; ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstru ctor-;Course

Poli"y, Organisation and Rules ,

Accidentswill still happenin spite of the mostcarefulpreparations, but in a Movementwhichpridesitselfon being preparedthe possibility of accidents mustbe reducedto the absoluteminimum. It is thereforevital that AssociationsAerial Runway Code is studied, understoodand implementedby all concerned. The instructorshave the to ensurethat the pioneererare givenadequatetrainingin the responsibility constructionand use of Aerial Runwaysand that Group Scoutersare fully awareof theirownspecialresponsibility in thisfield. Runwaysmay only ever be built and used underadult supervision and as stated above,frequentinspectionis necessary. Leadersshouldnote the .dangersof leavingrunwayserectedfor long periods,for instance,at summer campor at a permanent campsite. In thesecircumstances the systemshouldbe immobilised as far as possible by releasingthe strainon the tackle,by removingor tying backthe chairand by whateverfurthermethodis appropriateto the individualconstruction. lf an AerialRunwayis to be includedas an attractionat a fund raisingeventit shouldbe usedfor purposesof demonstration only by fully trainedScoutsor VentureScoutsunder constantaftult supervision.On no.accouptma)4any ' AerialRunwaybe madeavailabteior use-bymembersottne geneialpuUtic. When not in use the runwaymust be immobilisedas aboveand mustremain underconstantadultsupervision. GhecklistDuringUse Evenwhenthe provisionsof Aerial RunwayCode havebeen closelyobserved in the construction, the runwaywill inevitablysufferseverestresses,strains and shocks while in operation. Constantvigilancewill be needed and of the adult in chargeeveryoneengagedin althoughthis is the responsibility the activityshouldbe involvedin the checking. ,The followingitemsshouldreceivefrequentattention:

All knots and lashings: lf any are foundto be in needof attentionoperations shouldbe suspended untilthework is completed. Pickets and anchorages:There may be somemovementunderstrainand this mustbe monitored. lf there is any unduemovementoperationsmustbe are replacedandtestedusingdummyloads. ceaseduntilanchorages Blocks .and Tackle:Checkknots and if any heat is generatedthe blocks shoutdbe re-oiled

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:"ilui ' Distr i ctP ioneeringCourse',---.-' ln Conjunctionwith the Nat'ilPibneeringI n stru ctor C ou rse

The Ghair. Every part of this requiresregularmonitoringand inspectionbut especiallyat the pointof attachmentto the travellingblock.

at bothendsmustbe regularlycheckedandit The Main Hawser:Anchorages additionalslack duringoperationas some to take up may be necessary At no time shouldthe feetof a passengerbe allowed stretchingis inevitable. ground to touchthe at speed. fast descentscan be slowedby decreasingstrainon Alternatively, excessively duringuse,testingwithdummyloads the mainhawser.For any modifications passenger is allowedbackon the runway. mustbe conducted beforeany The sheerlegs or tripods. Any movementfrom the verticalpositionor any tendencyto rock or tilt must be checkedand stoppedbeforethe runwayis usedagain. The BrakingSystem:Checkthe attachment of the brakeropeto the running point block,the meansby whichthe bungeeropeis attached to the anchorage etc. Mountingand dismounting:Canthistrickyoperation be madeeasierfor the passengersby the additionof an extraledgeron sheerlegs,the re-positioning of a ropeladderor mountingframe? The briefing of passengers:ls this workingsatisfactorily? Noneof this need involve'much fuss and bother. As well as the questionof spcurity.fult advantageshould also be taken to alert Scouts,and' in particular,Patrol Leadersof the inherentdangersin activitiesof this sort,and to increasetheir awarenessof personaland corporateresponsibilities. Finally Rememberalthoughsafetyis of paramountimportanceso is fun. lt's well worth the effort of constructingan aerial runwayand so long as it's done properlyit shouldbringhoursof fun.

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DistrictPioneeringCourse: In conjunctionwiin tn" Nat'l--noneering lnstruct$Fbbi,irse fl 't

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PROJECTILLUSTRATIONS

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District PioneeringCourse I In coniunction wiin the Nat'l Pioneering lnstructo?#durse

Suspension Bridge

S I N G L EL OCKBRIDGE

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itiOs :' .:{:{'t1 ,"*=, --:i District Pioneering Gourse ln Gonjunctionwi[h the Nat;iFioneering Instructor Gourse

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SINGLETRESTLEBRIDGE

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District PioneeringCou rse ln conjunction wiin $re Nat'l Pioneering

InstructoF$6lrse

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SIGNALTOWER

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,

;L]'j i t ;i-; i" District Pioneering Gourse .-. -n:', In Gonjunction with the Nat'l Pioneering Instructor Course

SIGNALTOWER HOURGLASS

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District Pioneering course : r,,i;r.ji:. _, In conjunction wiin the Nat'l Pioneering lnstructoi",Course

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District PioneeringGoursei ln Conjunctionwith the NatrlPioneeringInstructorCourse

BrynbachTower

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District PioneeringCourse . : In Conjunctionwith the Nat'l PioneeringInstructorCourse

Stilt Tbnttr /,* a'

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District PioneeringCourse In conjunctionwith the Nat'f PioneeringInstructor Course

TRIANGULAR SIGNALTOWER

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