Pi Readings 9-11.docx

*Lecture 9 SOCIO –CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PRE-HISPANIC  Religious belief: o Bathalang Maykapal o Deities o Environmental spirits o Immortality of the soul o Life after death o Soul-spirits Good and bad Gods and Godesses 

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Haliya o Known in the Ancient Bikolano Mythology as the masked goddess of the moon. Bathala o The Supreme God for the Tagalogs Maca o a place of “eternal peace and happiness” (counterpart for Christianity’s Heaven) Kasanaan/Kasamaan, “village of grief and affliction” (counterpart for Christianity’s Hell) o It is a place of punishment ruled by Sitan However, it is most likely derived from the Islamic ruler of the underworld named Saitan(or Shaitan). Anito/ Diwata o offered prayers and food; for safe navigation or a good catch , etc. Bulul(Bulol) o The famous Ifugao rice god worshipped in the form of small wooden statues resembling their ancestors.

Burial  a well-provisioned dead person would be received with alacrity in the other world  hired professional mourners to chant; to accentuate the depth of mourning

For a dead chief: more formal ceremony where super abundant display of lamentations Pasiyam, the ninth night after the death of a person was celebrated PRE-HISPANIC  They kept alive the memory of their dead relatives by carving idols of stone, gold, or ivory which they called likha or larawan “Cult of the Dead”  This “special” relationship was rooted in the belief that the spirit of the dead would be offended if food and wine were not shared with him. Divination & Magic Charms  They interpreted signs in Nature as good and bad omens depending upon their circumstances. Pangatauhan  who were allegedly endowed with extraordinary powers to tell the fortune of anybody.  They also believed in black magic and sorcerers who could victimize anybody at the drop of a putong Magic Charms  Anting-anting or agimat insured a man against weapons of every kind  Gayuma made a man lovable to all the ladies  Odom, a charm similar to the Tagalog tagabulag, made the Bicolano invisible  Wiga(Visayan) and sagabe(Tagalog) could make the possessor of this charm walk in a storm or swim in a river without getting wet. Ornaments  Women, as well as men, heavily adorned themselves with such trappings as armlets called kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, gold rings, earrings, and even leglets. Also made gold tooth fillings to adorn their teeth  Tattoo of various designs as a form of ornament to enhance beauty of the man and woman. o It also exhibits a man’s war record. Courtship

Pamumulungan or pamamalae    

The man must serve the girl’s parents for months and even years. a man must give a dowry, called bigay-kaya, consisting of land, gold, or dependents. Panghimuyat, as payment for the mother’s nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood Bigay-suso, was to be given to the girl’s wet-nurse who fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her own breast.

Marriage Practices  it was possible for a noble to marry a dependent or a woman of the chieftain class, and a dependent to marry a woman outside of his rank. Asawa  a man’s legitimate wife.  While the other women were euphemistically called “friends”  Only the children of the wife were regarded legitimate and legal heirs Social & Political Organization  Barangay–a community of parents, children, relatives, and slaves Existed independently from each other without a consolidating supra-barangay usually situated near a body of water like riverbanks and coasts Social & Political Organization  Datu“Chiefly Class” o viewed as barangay administrators  Maharlika“Nobility Class” o Primary obligation: render special services to the datuby assisting him in all of his endeavours like rowing his boat, building houses, raiding enemy barangays, etc.  Timaguas“Commoner Class” o Normal obligation: Agricultural labor worked off in groups when summoned for planting or harvesting  Alipins“Slave Class”  “service debtor” or the “dependent class” is the most appropriate term One reason why one becomes an alipin: INSOLVENCY

Two Types of Alipin  Aliping Sagigilid  Aliping Namamahay Economic Practices  Based on cooperative labor, wherein “families cleared fields, planted, harvested, built houses and hunted with the aid of neighbors and kinsmen…” which is called bayanihan Concepts of Property  The idea of personal private property was recognized in the more advanced communities.  such property could be forfeited for crimes, inherited by one’s children, or used as dowry. Concepts of Property  Public property o are the less arable lands and those along the mountain slopes; could be tilled freely by anybody with enough energy and initiative.  The rich and cultivated lands were considered the private preserve of the nobles and the datus  The chiefs merely administered lands in the name of the barangay and the means of production were decentralized and familial DURING SPANISH REGIME ‘Christianization’  Mass baptism o baptizing large numbers of natives at one time. Many natives associated baptism with their own indigenous ‘healing rituals’ o With the conversion of the Filipinos, fiestas honoring the saints were introduced.  Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood), came with baptism, and marriages and further strengthened existing extended kinship relations.

 Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos o Given to Filipino families bases for census and statistics but the surnames also guaranteed exact tax collection o The book contained compiled names of saints, indigenous,and Chinese patronymics, flora and fauna, geographical names,and the arts like Rizal, del Pilaror Luna. (indigenous surnames such as Mabini, Malantic, Dandan, and Panganibanwere retained) o It also contained derogatory names like “Utut”, “Unggoy”and even “Casillas” o Filipinos were given Christian names usually derived from the feast day of the saint when he was born or baptized ‘Christianization’  Neo-Christian Filipinos soon buried their loved ones in public cemeteries. Reduccion, an administrative subdivision where the church, convent and government offices were to be located Acceleration of Stratification: The buildings around the town plaza of each población reflected the hierarchy of status in colonial society with the churchconvent and the municipio or seat of civil authority dominating the square. Resultant Social System: Land grabbing, many former communal lands were transformed into private property By 1800, rural society was characterized by a three-tiered hierarchy: Spanish priest Principalia Masses In Manila and its suburbs: (The five social groups in this order also represented the stratification in terms of economic power.) Spaniards Chinese mestizos Native principales Chinese The people

RELIGION AND PRACTICES PRE-HISPANIC  ANIMISM/ PAGANISM  BATHALANG MAYKAPAL  BABAYLAN  ANITO, DIWATA, ENVIRONMENTAL SPIRITS  MACCA & KASANAAN  RITUAL RITES  FREE BURIAL  DATU  SCATTERED  POLYGAMY

DURING SPANISH REGIME RELIGION AND PRACTICES  CHRISTIANITY/ ROMAN CATHOLIC  GOD  PRIEST  SAINTS  HEAVEN AND HELL  RELIGIOUS FEASTS  PUBLIC CEMETERY  CABEZA DE BARANGAY  CONSOLIDATED  MONOGAMY

Spanish Colonialism names: based on the names of saints GENDER ROLES PRE-HISPANIC Women in the pre-Hispanic period had a series of rights that enabled them to establish some equality with men in issues such as: SEXUAL PRACTICES  DIVORCE  PROPERTY  POLITICS  RELIGION SEXUAL PRACTICES  no strict rules about premarital sex relations both for men and women  MARRIAGE  both women and men could ask for divorce  PROPERTY  Women could own money after getting married, run business, trade or lend money.  daughters and sons had equal rights over inheritance unless there were specific instructions from the parents.  POLITICS AND RELIGION  women could exercise the role of barangay and priestess or babaylan 

Babaylan comes from babaelang which means “only women”

DURING SPANISH REGIME  the role that the Spanish Roman Catholicsm introduced pushed the women to be under men’s authority. Patriarchal society  The church and the government believed that women should only stay at home.  The ideal woman for the Spaniards is someone who is overly religious, submissive, and obedient. ASWANG PHENOMENA  Aswang started out as an invention of Spanish friars wanting to discredit Filipino babaylans

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FIRST EDUCATION PRIORITIZED FOR MEN

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WOMEN INDEPENDENCE OF MEN EDUCATION FOR MEN AND WOMEN

EDUCATIONALSYSTEM PRE-HISPANIC  Education tailored towards needs of the people  Integration of individual into tribes  Aimed for Survival, Conformity and Enculturation o Practical o Oral o Hands-on

“Aswang as a superstitious belief is unconsciously passed on in the form of regionalism, and a way to control society,” said Fr. Baez.

SYSTEM  Decentralized  Informal  Community Based  No Curriculum

Spanish laws explicitly subordinated women to the men.

EARLY TEACHERS -parents or tribal tutors

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women were deprived of the rights to paraphernal property and prohibited from engaging in business without the husband’s consent. Other laws prevented women from holding public office Women were no longer allowed to hold high positions and participate in political activities.

Beaterios Beaterios(nunneries) and colegioswere set up to indoctrinate the daughters of the elite in the new religion. They became the main native purveyors of feudal-patriarchal values. GENDER ROLE TRANSFORMATION UNDER THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PRE-HISPANIC  EQUAL RIGHTS OF MEN AND WOMEN  WOMAN PRIESTESS/ BABAYLAN DURING SPANISH REGIME GENDER INEQUALITY, PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY  WOMEN AT HOME/ HOUSEHOLD CHORES  WOMEN UNDER MEN AUTHORITY

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Vocational training and less academics (3 Rs) Skills taught would vary on industries and locations Social duties Spiritual World

Pre-hispanic barangay school Bothoan • Found in Panay • It was under the charge of the teacher usually an old man. • subjects taught to the children in this barangay school were reading, writing, arithmetic, use of weapons and lubus(acquiring kinaadmanor amulets) LITERATE NATIVES: Writing System and Oral Tradition • High literacy rate • Writing System o Baybayin, o Buhid, Hanunóo, and Tagbanwa Literature through oral tradition

DURING SPANISH REGIME Western or European System of Education • Formal Education • was religion-oriented. • for the elite, especially in the early years of Spanish colonization. • Missionaries and priests

Early Period • “La LetraCon Sangre Entra” Spare the Rod Spoil the Child • •Charles V’s decree of July 17, 1550 • •all indios under Spanish dominions were to be taught the conqueror’s language. • •Colegiode Niñoswas founded in 1596 • –Closed after 5 years Boy’s Colleges and Secondary School’s Earliest Colleges built exclusively for the sons of Spaniards in Philippines by the Society of Jesus, Jesuits  Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio Philippines (1589 , 1621, 1768)  Colegiode San Ildefonso (1599)  University of San Carlos College of San Jose 1601 Boy’s Colleges and Secondary School’s •College of the Immaculate Conception 1817 (Ateneo de Manila University 1601) •Escuela Normal de Maestros de Manila (1865-1901)

Beaterio de la Companade Jesus (Religious of the Virgin Mary) and San Sebastian de Calumpang (Sta. Rita College) Education Decree of 1863  The first educational system  a free public education systemin the Philippines that was run by the government.  establishment of at least one primary school for boys and one for girls in each town.  available to every Filipino, regardless of race or social class.  The missionaries and friars were in charge in teaching  Subjects taught: 3R’s, Christian Doctrine, morality, and sacred history, general geography and Spanish history, agriculture, rules of cortesy, vocal music and Spanish language  Students forbidden to speak own dialect  free for poor people whose income is duly certified by the Gobernadorcilloor parish priest  Parents fined 2 reales for not sending children to school  Education free for poor pupils Despite the Decree the basic education in the Philippines remained inadequate for the rest of the Spanish period

EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION UNDER THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

DOMINICAN INSTITUTIONS •Colegiode NuestraSenyoradel SantissimoRosario (University of Sto. Tomas (UST) Seminario de NinosHuerfanosde San Pedro y San Pablo (1620) Girls’ School Earliest School for girls •Colegiode Santa Isabel 1632 •Colegiode Santa Potenciana1591. Other Schools and Colleges for girls were Santa Catalina, Santa Rosa, La Concordia, etc. Several religious congregations also established schools for Spanish orphaned girls Beaterios -Exclusive schools for young upper-class girls called beatas who led a secluded life (nunnery).

PRE-HISPANIC  NEEDS, SURVIVAL & CULTURE  PARENTS AND TRIBAL LEADERS  BAYBAYIN AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF WRITING  EQUAL EDUCATION

DURING SPANISH REGIME  RELIGION  PRIESTS & MISSIONARIES  ROMAN ALPHABET  EXCLUSIVE FOR SPANISH AND PREVILEDGED FILIPINOS

*Lecture 10 Nativistic Revolts Historian Teodoro A. Agoncillo categorized the Nativistic revolts as: (1) personal, (2) resistance to oppressive Spanishintroduced economic and religious institutions, and (3) land problems or peasant unrest Early Display Since the arrival of the Spanish, many Filipinos have revolted. Among the first are Lapu-Lapu of Mactan (1521), and Dagami of Cebu (1567). Personal Organized by former datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and katalonans, who had lost their prestige and power with the coming of the Spaniards. They also yearn to revert to their own culture and regain the freedom formerly enjoyed by the native Filipinos before the arrival of the Spanish Personal ❖Lakandula , Soliman, Augustin Legazpi, Martin Pangan, Pitong Gatang, Felipe Salonga, Dionisio Kapulong, Francisco Dagohoy (started an 85-year revolt) Against Religion  The desire to go back to pre-colonial animism.  Some native priests and priestesses, continued the pag-anito, secretly evading the friars who declare them to be idolatry and unlawful. ❖Miguel Lanab, Alababan, Tamblot of Bohol, Bankaw of Limasawa, Leyte, Tapar, a Christianized babaylan from Iloilo who established a syncretic religion Against Spanish Institution  Polo y servicio, taxation, indulto de comercio (right to participate in the galleon trade) and monopolies are some causes of unrest throughout the whole Spanish colonial period. ❖Magalat of Tuguegarao, Luis Magtañgaga, Juan de La Cruz Palaris, Diego Silang, Gabriela Silang

Peasant Unrest  Land problem due to the encomienda system  In Cavite, it was aggravated due to forced labor and exaction of tribute in the form of firewood (used in the Imus church construction)  The tulisanes (bandits) were really troubled peasants whose survival was dependent on the lands disposessed by the uldogs (hacienda lay-administrator). Peasant unrest ❖Luis de los Santos, Juan Silvestre, Casimiro Camerino (El Tulisan) Moro Resistance  “Moro Wars”  Islam was already widespread in the Philippines before the introduction of Christianity by the Spaniards.  Spaniards failed to fully subjugate the Moros in the 1750s  Moro raids a reprevalent; these caused economic stagnation in Spanish-colonized areas. Razing was widespread. Thousands of Christians were captured and subjected to slavery during these raids. The problems  A pattern of failure is prominent on the early revolts.  The Philippines is an archipelago;  the Filipinos live apart from each other for centuries, which result to…  Language barriers due to a great number of different ethnolinguistic groups.  There was no lingua franca.  Friars refuse to teach a central language to indios.  There was no national feeling during the pre-colonial times Secularization Movements  Regular Priests o Belonged to religious orders o Main task is to spread Christianity 

Secular Priests o Trained to govern local parishes o Under the bishops

The Events  As early as 1583, Philip II proclaimed that parish administration pertained to the seculars  In 1753, Ferdinand VI proclaimed that there were enough supply of competent secular clergy to replace regulars.  However, this was not implemented; Ferdinand VI preferred to put regular clergy under diocesan visitation and royal patronage. Visitation Issue  Bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were governed by regular priests. However, the friars refused these visits. They argued that they are not under the jurisdiction of the bishops. They threatened to resign. In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina decided to uphold the diocese authority over the parishes.  Secular priests were assigned to take over; but they are not enough.  The Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. Royal Decree  On the 9th day of November1774, a royal decree was issued to transfer parochial administration from regular friars (Spanish) to the secular priests (Filipinos).  The friars are influential, and they argued that Filipinos were poorly educated and not qualified to run the parishes.  At the height of the injustice, many secular-run parishes were relinquished to the Recollects. The arrival of the Jesuits (who were exiled once), meant that more secular parishes were taken away from Filipinos  On 1870, only 181 out of 792 parishes had Filipino priests.  The friars refused to leave Filipinization  The Filipino secular clergy, led by Fr. Jose Burgos, appealed to the Spanish throne and Rome for the recovery of the parishes that the Spanish government in the Philippines took away from them.

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The friars ought to be confined to missionary work and should turn over all parishes to the Filipino secular clergy in accordance to the canon law. The petitions were just and lawful; the friars were bound to lose the case. In an effort to thwart this, the friars claimed that the Filipino secular clergy were really agitators who aim to seize the parishes in order to organize an insurrection against the Spanish regime in the Philippines. The friars further claimed that they themselves are the sole support of the Spanish throne that could prevent the said insurrection. Without them, the whole regime would be tumbling down.

1872 Cavite Mutiny  Morning of January 20, 1872: It was the payday of the Cavite arsenal workers. Much to their dismay, there was an unreasonable deduction in their already small wages.  This was caused by the new imposition of tribute ordered by the new Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo.  Workers on the artillery corps and government shops had also lost their exemption privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales.  They had been enjoying these since the mid-eighteenth-century.  Tobacco planters faced unpaid wages and unjust payment for harvests in Cavite during 18701871.This added to the unrest.  The mutiny was also a result of racial discrimination between the Filipino and Spanish armed forces. The Spanish soldiers received higher ranks, pay, and even enjoyed better food rations under Izquierdo’s new policy. 

One contemporary Spanish writer believed that the revolt have stemmed from the worker’s strike (huelga), which is the first ever recorded in the Philippines

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200 Filipino soldiers, together with some workers of the arsenal of the artillery corps led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, seized Fort San Felipe in the night of January 1872.  The mutineers killed 11 Spanish officers and took over the Fort.  La Madrid was “blinded and badly burned” when a sack of gunpowder exploded, killing him instantaneously while trapped inside the fort.  The fort commander was also killed, and his wife wounded.  After two days, the mutiny was subdued.  While it failed to attract large following at that time, it became a pivotal moment in the history of Philippine Revolution. Significance  Although the revolt was local, the Spanish took this as a sign of a bigger uprising that would potentially overthrow the Spanish power in the Philippines.  The friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite mutiny as proof that there is, indeed, a need to quell the Filipinos. The Spanish, especially the friars, placed the blame on three Filipino secular priests:  Fr. Mariano Gomez 

Fr. Jose Burgos

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Fr. Jacinto Zamora

GomBurZa  The friars stipulated that these secular priests are using their local parishes as means to disseminateradical anti-Spanish ideas. Hence, the revolt.  The GomBurZa were subjected to a trial shrouded with secrecy. The sentence was hastily carried out. The Events  On February 17, 1872, less than a month after the Cavite mutiny, the GomBurZa were publicly executed in Bagumbayan by means of garrote. “... it may be possible to stimulate another revolt like that of Cavite and then, because of it, cut off the heads of many educated persons, but from the blood spilled, fresher

and more shoots will sprout. Before the catastrophe of 1872, there were less thoughtful people, less anti-friars; they sacrificed innocent victims; but now you have the young, the women, and the young ladies declaring themselves in favor of the same cause. Repeat the sacrifice and the executioners will be sealing their own fate.” -JOSE RIZAL,1989 “Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena or Sanciongco; nor would the brave and generous Filipino colonies in Europe have existed. Without 1872, Rizal would now have been a Jesuit and instead of writing Noli Me Tangere, would have written the contrary. At the sight of those injustices and cruelties, though still a child, my imagination awoke, and I swore to dedicate myself to avenge one day so many victims.With this idea I have gone on studying, and this can be read in all my works and writings. God will grant me one day to fulfill my promise.” -JOSE RIZAL’S LETTER TO MARIANO PONCE, 18 APRIL 1889 The Freemasonry  The execution of the GomBurZa brought forth the awakening of many Filipinos. Indios, especially the Illustrados, started to actively expose themselves with liberal ideas that were against the Spanish regime at that time. The Establishment  There was a need for organization.  Graciano Lopez Jaena thought to bring together all Filipino Masons into one lodge, patterned through the existing Masonic Lodges in Europe.  During 1892 to 1893, there was a significant growth of Filipino Masonry. Most notably, women were involved.  Rosario Villaruel was initiated a member of the lodge Walana on July 18,1983. o She became the first woman to become a Mason. o Trinidad Rizal, Romualda Lanuza, Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Sixta Fajardo, Valeriana Legazpi, and Purificacion Leyva

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This prominence came with a great price: Spanish friars became more alarmed. Masons were arrested, tortured, andexiled. Because of this, the Freemasons became a symbol of freedom anddemocracy.

 La Solidaridad  the official organization of the Filipino propagandists in Spain proclaimed: “Masonry will exist so long as there is tyranny, for Masonry is but an organized protest of the oppressed. And tyranny will prevail in the Philippines as long as the government remains in the hands of the friars at the service of their interests. For that reason, tyranny in the Philippines is synonymous with oligarchy of the friars, and to fight against tyranny is to fight the friars.”  Masonry was already planted deep in the Philippines on the onset of the revolution.  It became an avenue to share radical ideas which continued to spread the knowledge of Spain’s abuses to the indios.  Though indirectly responsible for the said revolution, it served as a system that would eventually lead to the organization of the Katipunan.  Andres Bonifacio himself was a Mason.

Hence, they asked Spain to make the Philippines a province of Spain: not independence, but for Filipinos to become Spanish citizens and enjoy the accompanying rights and privileges. Also called as ‘assimilation’. Philippines as Spanish Province  As Spanish citizens, the Filipinos would be represented in the Spanish Cortés, wherein the representatives could propose and participate in the approval of laws beneficial to the country.  They would be immune from the abuses of the Spaniards and would be liberated from the unjust and unreasonable taxes.  In the process of such assimilation, the transformation of the Philippines from a mere colony to a full-fledged province would be achieved through a peaceful manner.  Hence, the middle class, made up of the rich and intellectuals, were ‘reformers’ and not ‘revolutionists’, for they believe in the power of words, and not of the sword, to achieve their purpose, to convince the authorities in Spain to introduce such a beneficent reform.  Approximately half of the reformists’ number belonged to the propertied class, while the other half belongs to the intellectual class. 

An armed conflict would hurt the material properties and possessions of the propertied class.

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Based on history and through logic, no uprising could have and would have succeeded without the necessary arms with which to fight the enemy. The middle class, and even more so the lower class of Indio’s simply do not have any capacity.

*Lesson 11 Propaganda Movement & La Liga Filipina The Nature of the Reform Movement  The unjust execution of the three Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora was a turning point of the Filipino history, for it ushered a new era—the reform movement. ●The dissatisfaction of the Filipino men of wealth and intellect was centered around the abuses of both civil and clerical Spanish authorities ●The middle class (composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos) denounced the abuse and exploitation by the Spanish colonizers.

La Solidaridad ●Graciano Lopez Jaena and other reformers founded the Filipino Circle in Madrid in 1882 and published its mouthpiece to bring to the attention of the peninsular Spaniards the so-called Philippines problem, but the Master of Colonies discouraged the Circle hence they dispersed.

●When Marcelo H. del Pilar arrived in Spain, the plan was greenlit it was agreed that the expatriated would finance the first numbers of the periodical, which was called La Solidaridad, or also referred to as Sol. ●The paper was fort nightly dedicated to the exposition against the malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers of the friars, and the publication of studies about the Philippines and the Filipinos. ●Graciano Lopez Jaena started out as the first editor. Aims of La Solidaridad  Our aspirations are modest, very modest.  Our program, aside from being simple, is clear: to combat reaction, to stop all retrogressive steps, to extol and adopt liberal ideas, to defend progress; in a word, to be a propagandist, above all, of democratic ideas in order to make these supreme in all nations here and across these as.  The aims is to collect, to gather libertarian ideas which are manifested daily in the field of politics, science, art, literature, commerce, agriculture and industry.  Discuss all problems relating to the general interest of the nation and seek solutions to those problems in high-level and democratic manner.  With regard to the Philippines, since she needs the most help, not being represented in the Cortes, we shall pay particular attention of which is our patriotic duty.  That nation of eight million souls should not, must not be the exclusive preserve of theocracy and traditionalism. Graciano Lopez Jaena ●From Iloilo ●Was able to observe the sad state of his country ●Took to writing early in his life ●Wrote a tale called Fray Botod, a work that deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a certain friar called Botod. The friars felt ridiculed. ●He went to Spain and enrolled for medicine ●Gave speeches and orations about the conditions of the Philippines or a defense of the Filipinos against Spanish abusers.

●In the 391st anniversary of the founding of America, Lopez Jaena in the presence of the diplomatic and prominent men in politics and arts, delivered an impassioned speech where he called the Philippines the heart in which all the arteries, all the veins of the industrial and commercial wealth converge. He also pointed out that the Filipinos did not want a semi-feudal state and oppressive friars. ●The Filipinos wanted representation in the Cortes so that their aspirations could be considered and recognized by the Government of Spain. There was a wild applause, and the Venezuelan Ministerto Spain, Dr.Calacano, sprang to his feet and hugged Lopez Jaena in the name of Latin America. ●He was the editor of La Solidaridad, a newspaper that was published by the Filipino reformists, and wrote multiple articles. ●He was almost always be dressed in rags and the Filipino colony in Spain felt ashamed of him and his eccentricities— eating sardines with his fingers etc. Marcelo H. del Pilar ●His sense of justice led him early in life to campaign against the abuses of the friars. ●He founded Diariong Tagalog where he wrote about patriotism. ●He wrote pamphlet after pamphlet ridiculing friar sovereignty and exposing injustices committed to the Filipinos. He also defended Rizal on his works Noli Mi Tangere ●His radical activities soon became a reason for an order of his arrest, but he escaped to Spain. He took over the editorship of La Solidaridad, restlessly writing, editing, and contacting progressive Spaniards who would fight side by side with the reformists. ●Under Pilar, La Solidaridad expanded to include ●The removal of friars and secularization of the parishes ●Active participation in the affairs of the government ●Freedom of speech, of press and of assembly ●A wider social and political freedom ●Assimilation ●Representation of the Spanish Cortes

 Spain had internal problems and could not listen to such cries.  La Solidaridad ran out of funds, he even had to roam around in Barcelona to pick used cigarettes to warm himself. He died of starvation. Jose Rizal  Most cultured of the reformists  Wrote Noli M iTangere and El Filibusterismo  Wrote multiple articles for La Solidaridad, and formed La Liga Filipina, a society aimed to support reformists and representatives present in Spain La Propaganda  A civic society composed mostly, if not exclusively, of the middle class, established to contribute money to cover the expenses of the Filipino reformers in Spain who were waging a campaign to obtain assimilation from the Mother Country.  The funds collected were forwarded to the Hispano-Filipino Association, but these were malversed, and the society passed out of existence. Rizal stepped in a proposed a formation of a new civic society and prepared a constitution for this society while in Hong Kong. La Liga Filipina In July 1892, at a house in Tondo, Jose Rizal founded and inaugurated La Liga Filipina. Aims of La Liga Filipina ●To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body ●Mutual protection in every want and necessity ●Defense against all violence and injustice ●Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce ●Study and application of reforms These aims were to be carried out through the creation of a governing body composed of the Supreme Council, the Provincial Council and the Popular Council.

Each member were to pay a monthly due of ten centavos, and was free to choose a symbolic name for himself. The funds of the society were to be used in the following manner: ●The member or his son who, while not having means shall show application and great capacity, shall be sustained. ●The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person. ●The member who shall have suffered any loss shall be aided. ●Capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for an industry or agriculture. ●The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the country shall be favored. ●Shops, stores and establishments shall be opened, where the members may be accommodated more economically than elsewhere. ●Even if the society had innocent intentions, the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous, and Rizal was secretly arrested and deported to Dapitan. ●Some members continued to support it— the aims remained the same, but it was agreed that all should contribute towards the support of La Solidaridad. ●Later, the members grew tired of paying their dues, alleging that the Spanish government was not listening to La Solidaridad that they were financing. ●There was a conflict that arose amongst its members: ●The middle-class members of the society believed that something could still be done by La Solidaridad in its campaign for reforms. ●The poor members led by Andres Bonifacio thought that there was no hope for reforms anymore Hence, the La Liga Filipina society died. The intensive campaign of La Solidaridad for reforms did not yield any tangible results in the form of changes in the administration of the Philippines.

●While it brought to the attention of the peninsular Spaniards the so-called Philippine problem, Spain itself was preoccupied with its own internal problems, and could not allocate any time or resources for the colonial problem in the Philippines. ●The friars were also too powerful even in Spain to beside tracked by Spanish authorities. They also have a counter active influential and powerful newspaper, La Politica de Espana en Filipinas. ●Societies established in the Philippines with the purpose to campaign for reforms did not have sufficient means to carry out their aims. ●There was difficulty in collecting funds for La Solidaridad. ●Some of the members realized the uselessness of a peaceful propaganda, considering that even after six years of publication, La Solidaridad failed in convincing Spain to grant the needed reforms. ●The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies. The result was the weakening of the ties that bound them together. ●The news of Rizal’s deportation shocked and surprised the people, for Rizal to them was the symbol of freedom. Andres Bonifacio ●Unlike the members of the middle class, Andres Bonifacio, a man of scanty education but with high intelligence and his plebian associates did not dream of mere reforms. ●They were interested in liberating the country from the tyranny of the Spaniards and in their minds, the only way to accomplish their goal was to prepare the people for an armed conflict. ●On the night of July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few others met secretly at a house on Azcarrega (now Claro M. Recto Avenue) in Tondo. ●The men gathered around a lamp, performed the ancient blood compact and signed the membership papers with their own blood. ●It was agreed to win more members to the society by means of triangle method, in which an original member would take in two new members who did not know each

other, but knew the original member that took them in. ●Also agreed upon during the meeting was the payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte(25 centavos) and a monthly due of a medio real (12centavos). Katipunan Objectives ●Political  Consisted in working for these parathion of the Philippines from Spain ●Moral  Revolved around the teaching of good manners, hygiene good morals and attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism and weakness of character. ●Civic  Revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed. All members were urged to come to the aid of the sick comrades and their families, and in case of death, the society itself was to pay for the funeral expenses. ●Realizing the importance of a primer to indoctrinate the members of the society in its ideals, Jacinto prepared one, of which he called Kartilya. Kartilya by Jacinto 1.The Kartilla consisted of thirteen “teachings” which the members of the society were expected to follow. The Kartilla reads: 2.Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow, if not a poisonous weed. 3.Agooddeedthatspringsfrom a desire for personal profit and not from a desire to do good is not kindness. 4.True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s fellow-men and in adjusting every movement, deed and word to true Reason. 5.All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may be superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty, but cannot be superior in being. 6.He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean prefers personal profit to honor. 7.To a man with sense of shame, his word is inviolate.

8.Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again. 9.Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor. 10.An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must be guarded. 11.In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who guides moves toward evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil. 12.Think not of a woman as a thing merely to while away time with, but as a helper and partner in the hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness and remember the mother who brought you into this world and who cared for you in your childhood. 13. What you don’t want done to your wife, daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter, and sister of another. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and the whiteness of the skin nor in being a priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods, is possessed of an upright character, who is true to his words; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and does not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his birth. ●Bonifacio, in his Katungkulang Gagawin ng mgaZ.LlB. (The Duties of the Sons of the People) laid down the rules to be followed strictly by the members of the society. The rules constitute the Decalogue:  Love God with all your heart.  Bear always in mind that the love of God is also the love of country, and this, too, is love of one's fellow men.  Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happiness is to die for the freedom of your country.  All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have serenity, constancy,  Reason and faith in all your acts and endeavor.  Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your honor. 

It is the duty of all to deliver, at the risk of their own lives and wealth, anyone who runs great risks in the performance of his duty.

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Our responsibility to ourselves and the performance of our duties will be the example set for our fellowmen to follow. Insofar as it is within your power, share your means with the poor and the unfortunate. Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true basis of love—love for yourself, for your wife and children, for your brothers and countrymen. Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work. Believe, likewise, that the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given, for the will of the people is also the will of God.

The KKK society had three governing bodies: ●Kataastaasang Sangunian or the Supreme Council o was the highest governing body of the society and was composed of a president, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller or an interventor. ●Sangguniang Bayan or the Provincial Council o Sangguniang Bayan and Sangguniang Balangay represented, respectively, the province and the municipality or town. Each of these had a council similar to that of the Supreme Council. The latter, together with the presidents of the two other councils, constituted the Katipunan Assembly. Judicial matters affecting the members of the society were referred to a sort of court known as the Sangunniang Hukuman or Judicial Council. o Sat as a court of justice to pass judgement on any member who violated the rules of the society or to meditate between any quarrelling brethren or factions. o In the duration of its existence, the Judicial Council had not passed the death sentence on any member.

●Sangguniang Balangay or the Popular Council o Sangguniang Bayan and Sangguniang Balangay represented, respectively, the province and the municipality or town. Each of these had a council similar to that of the Supreme Council. The latter, together with the presidents of the two other councils, constituted the Katipunan Assembly. Andres Bonifacio  Orphaned at a very young age, Bonifacio was forced to shoulder the burden of his family.  Blessed with good hands in craftsmanship and visual arts, he made canes and paper fans, which he and his young siblings sold, and he made posters for business firms. 

Not finishing his normal education, Bonifacio enriched his natural intelligence with self-education.

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He read books about the French Revolution, biographies of the Presidents of the United States, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juiferrant and JoséRizal's Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo.

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Aside from Tagalog and Spanish, he could speak and understand English, which he learned while working at J.M. Fleming and Co. Humble and self-effacing, Bonifacio knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others. When he found out that Jacinto’s Kartilla was better than his Decalogue, he did not hesitate to set his own aside and adopt Jacinto’s Kartilla as the official teachings of the KKK. Though he was the founder of the Katipunan, he did not insist on becoming its president. It was only when he discovered that the first two presidents were not as serious of their duty as expected of them did, he take the responsibility for the society.

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He was not dictatorial, in fact, he was humble and tolerant, but when the society’s existence was at stake, he did not hesitate to take drastic action against anybody whom he though would defeat the purposes for which the Katipunan was founded.

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Bonifacio may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he succeeded where the middle class failed.

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o The middle class held onto their mistaken belief that Spain would hear their cries of reforms. Bonifacio, then, was the legitimate Father of Revolution, for without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Philippine revolution could have become a reality at a time where everybody seemed to be in a despair without doing anything about it.

Jacinto  Called the Brains of the Katipunan Honest and highly intelligent, he won the admiration of Bonifacio and subsequently became his trusted friend and adviser. 

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Jacinto later became the commander-inchief of the revolutionary forces in Laguna. He was the author of articles which influenced the masses to join the Katipunan and to make sacrifices for their welfare of the native land. He was the editor of the society’s newspaper Kalayaan which voiced the aspirations of the people. Aside from the Kartilla, Jacinto also authored Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Sa Mga Kababayan. And many more.