Pharma Introduction

PHARMACOLOGY INTRODUCTION Irene L. Gardiner, MD

PHARMACOLOGY Science of drugs Greek word “pharmakon” – drug ; “logos” – study The study of the biological effects of drugs on living organisms The study of crude drugs and the plants from which they are derived

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TOXICOLOGY Study of the poisonous / undesirable effects of drugs and other chemical agents in the biological system

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PHARMACY Allied pharmacology which is a separate discipline concerned with preparing, compounding and dispensing of drugs Place where drugs are prepared and dispensed

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THERAPEUTICS

The utilization of pharmacological knowledge for the cure or alleviation of disease

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

Deals with the curative nature/effects of the drugs whether synthetic or nonsynthetic

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PHARMACOGNOSY the study of medicines from natural sources. has its focus on medicines from natural sources (plants, animal-derived products, minerals) scope is the identification or authentication of crude drugs (in dried form) using macroscopical, microscopical, or chemical methods.

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PHARMACODYNAMICS Study of the biochemical and physiological effect of the drug Deals with mechanism of action, relationship between concentration of the drug and its effect Explores what the drug does to the body introduction

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PHARMACOKINETICS determination of the fate of substances administered to a living person deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug explores what the body does to the drug introduction

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NURSES & DRUG THERAPY Administering the drug Assessing drug effects Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable Providing patient teaching about drugs and the drug regimen Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors introduction

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MEDICATION / DRUG is any biological substance, synthetic or nonsynthetic, that is taken for non-dietary needs Any small molecule that when introduced in the body, alters the body’s function by molecular level interaction Substance administered for the diagnosis, treatment, relief or prevention of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being

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PRESCRIPTION A written direction for the preparation and administration of the drug

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CLASSIFICATION May be classified according to chemical structure or pharmacological action

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DRUG PRODUCT Finished dosage form that contains the active ingredient ACTIVE INGREDIENT The chemical components responsible for the claimed therapeutic effect of drugs

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DRUG PRODUCT CHEMICAL NAME

Chemical structure of the drug Ex. PARA-ACETYLAMINOPHENOL

GENERIC NAME

Shortened scientific name based, or active ingredient Ex. PARACETAMOL / ACETAMINOPHEN

BRAND NAME / TRADE NAME

Proprietary or trade mark given by pharmaceutical companies Ex. CALPOL, BIOGESIC

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GENERIC DRUG A drug product whose patent has expired, or was never patented

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CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL NATURE weak acids or weak bases SHAPE shape of the drug must be complementary to the shape of the receptor site to produce a response MOLECULAR SIZE majority fall into the MW range (100-1000)

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SOURCES Drugs are obtained from many sources. Many inorganic materials, such as metals, are chemotherapeutic; hormones, alkaloids, vaccines, and antibiotics come from living organisms; and other drugs are synthetic or semisynthetic. introduction

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SOURCES Synthetics are often more effective and less toxic than the naturally obtained substances and are easier to prepare in standardized units. The techniques of genetic engineering are being applied to the production of drugs, and genetically engineered livestock that incorporate human genes are being developed for the production of scarce human enzymes and other proteins introduction

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TYPES OF DRUGS ILLICIT OR PROHIBITED DRUGS

Drugs that are known as Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes.

INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

Drugs that are being established by means of clinical evaluation and trials

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TYPES OF DRUGS PRESCRIPTION ONLY MEDICINES POM Licensed medicine that is regulated to require a prescription before it can be obtained

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TYPES OF DRUGS OVER THE COUNTER MEDICINES

OTC Drugs that are readily available without prescription for self-treatment Problems related to use of OTC

Can mask the underlying S/Sx of diseases Could result in drug interactions and interference with drug therapy overdosages

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TYPES OF DRUGS BEHIND THE COUNTER MEDICINES Dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor’s prescription

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STANDARDIZATION AGENCIES PHILIPPINES Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

USA US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

CANADA Narcotics Institute introduction

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BFAD Ensures the safety, efficacy, purity, and quality of processed food, drugs, diagnostic reagents, medical devices, cosmetics, and household hazardous substances through state-of-the-art technology, as well as the scientific soundness & truthfulness of the product information for the protection of public health introduction

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US PHARMACOPEIA a compendium of quality control tests for drugs and exipients to be introduced into a medicinal formulation It is published every year by the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention. It forms the basis of enforcement actions by the U.S. FDA and the US DEA and is the official pharmacopoeia of the U.S.A. and several other nations.

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US PHARMACOPEIA In case of a dispute those methods for, amongst others, identification, assay and purity determination of a drug substance or exipient which are stated in the USP, will be the legally binding ones.

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US PHARMACOPEIA Within the field, the compendium is referred to simply as the USP. The initials USP are affixed to materials' names to indicate that they conform to the specifications in the USP, and may be used medicinally

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LAWS The Generic Act of 1988 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Narcotic Act Control

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GENERIC ACT OF 1988 Philippines an act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by generic names

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FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG & COSMETIC ACT USA a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics.

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NARCOTIC ACT CONTROL Canada one of Canada's national drug control statutes prior to its repeal by the 1996 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. It implemented the provisions of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs introduction

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