Basic Definitions (Introduction) • Pharmacology= pharmacy (which means drugs) + logos (science) • Drug: It is any chemical substance that affects living processes (physiological and biochemical processes). It modifies an already existing function, by either increasing the function’s rate and effect or decreasing it. The drug does not create a new function. o For example: an individual suffering a deficiency in a specific enzyme, if the enzyme is not produced there is no drug that can recreate the enzyme, but if the enzyme was weak the drug enhances its effect. • Pharmacology: the science of drugs, it is the knowledge of history, source (nature or manufactured), physical and chemical properties, absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism), excretion, actions, therapeutic uses of drugs (or toxic effects on microbes) and side effects. o As doctors we don’t care too much about all the details concerning a specific drug, what we care most about is when the drug enters the body. • Medical (Clinical) Pharmacology: is the science that deals with the use of drugs for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of human disease (underlined = pharmacotherapeutics). • Toxicology: is the aspect of pharmacology which deals adverse effects of drugs and toxic effects produced by household, industrial, and enviromental elements. o Toxins (poisons) are Drugs, why??? Because they modify body functions. • Genral Principles: 1. All substances can be toxic under certain circumistances, even water!! 2. All dietary supplements and all substances promoted as health‐enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety: o Drugs are developed for many years through number of stages under strict standards: a. Animals: some experiments are applied on different species of animals which vary in size and other properties. b. Human research: when the drug reaches a certain point of development that it is thought to be compatible with humans, this step begins as follows: Normal healthy volunteers, then Patient volunteers (after taking their permission), then Patients in general Page 1
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c. Marketing: most of the adverse effects start to show up in this stage, why?? Let’s take an example: a certain side effect has a possibility of 1/1000 to be seen, but in the human research stage the experiment was on 20 or 30 normal volunteers, then on 500 patient volunteers, then on 400 to 500 patients. Though this seems to be enough, most likely we won’t discover the side effect till marketing begins. To be licensed for marketing, a drug has to go with the following condition: the drug is beneficial and relatively unharmful. That means that the drug’s benefit has to be more, much more, than its side effects and toxicity. It means also that there is no perfect drug, all drugs have certain degree of toxicity. Ofcourse high‐toxicity drugs will not be licensed and destine to withdrawl. o Anecdote (anecdotal): is the act of giving someone a substance as a drug for a certain disease, not depending on scientific researches, but on self experience. The scientific value of this act is 0 to 5 in a scale of 100. Pharmacogenomics: the relation between the individual’s genetic makup to his/her response to specific drugs (entire genome) Pharmacogenetics: interindividual variation in drug response that is due to genetic influence (specific gene) o Pharmacogenetics is included in pharmacogenomics: genomics include all the individual’s genes, genetics include a certain gene only. o Pharmacogentics and genomics are considered to be the same most of the time.
• Adeverse effects are divided into: 1. Predictable: They are dose related For example: a drug increases the GI secretion, we expect ulcer in stomach, maybe diarrhea, on the contrary if it decreases we expect constipation. Another example: a drug increases the heart rate, we expect tachicardia. 2. Unpredictable (unusual) Not dose related The result of its use is idiosycratic drug response Page 2
• Idiosyncratic drug response: Unusual response, infrequently observed in most patients. Usually caused by gentic differnces in metabolism of drug, or by immunologic mechanisms including allergic reactions (such as anaphylaxis) • Tolerance: is a decrease in responsivness to the drug with continuous usage. • Tachephylaxis: tolerance which occurs faster. Best wishes Hamza Jassar
كل عام وأنتم بخير رمضان كريم
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