Personality Final Groups

Definition:  The

term Personality has been derived from

Latin word, 'persona’ which means ‘to speak through’.  According

to McClelland defines personality

as the “most adequate conceptualization of an individual’s behavior”.

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Personality refers to the psychological and behavioral characteristics that distinguish each Person from everyone else. It gives the individual all that is needed, for his unique adjustment in his environment. The process of making adjustment to environment is

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continuous. personality = Acquired attributes and Quality through learning

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PERSONALITY TRAITS : It is composition of physical appearance, emotional attributes, sociability, objectivity, friendliness, thoughtfulness and so on.

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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES : The combination and permutation of different traits have given persons varied personality

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CONSISTENT TRAITS : Persons develop consistency in their traits. They do not like to change the develop attributes since childhood. It is an unending and enduring process. The traits, situations and interaction help understand the employees behaviour, which are modified by developing their personalities through learning and development programme.

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PERCEPTUAL PROCESS AND MODIFICATION :

A person’s personality is changed due to severe and serious influencing factors. A death in a family makes the offensive manager a changed man and he starts behaving sympathetically with employees. The perceptual process has great impact on modification of personality. Its possible through classical, instrumental and social conditioning.

Personality is the outcome of continuous personal quality development process. The determinants of personality can be classified into three main factors: 1. HEREDITY: a) Biological Features b) Brain Stimulation c) Biofeedback 2.

ENVIRONMENT :

3. a) Culture Situation b) religion c) Family d) Parental influences e) School f) work place g) situation

Heredity 

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Heredity, process of transmitting biological traits from parent to offspring through genes, the basic units of heredity. Heredity also refers to the inherited characteristics of an individual, including traits such as height, eye color, and blood. Heredity accounts for why offspring look like their parents: E.g. when two dogs mate they have puppies, not kittens. The puppies may be a little taller or shorter, a little lighter or a lot heavier than their parents are. Their faces may look a little different, or they may have different talents and temperaments.

Environment 

Carl Rogers put a lot of emphasis on how childhood experiences affect one's personality. The degree of effect of what happens to a child when he/she is at a developing stage on his/her personality development depends on when it happens. An American anthropologist Margaret Mead has shown how social and cultural factors has an important influence in personality development.

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E.g. Experiments with apes raised with human children (similar sized brains). Apes mature and pick up motor skills faster. BUT do not have the wiring for language. When language starts humans surge ahead.

Personality development is a natural as well as perceptual process.  Personality includes physiological and psychological components, their development starts since childhood.  Heredity characteristics, family and social environment influences personality development.  Personality development is a continuous process whereas personal quality is interactively developed in different situations. 

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Personality traits are basically consistent, modification of the traits takes place from situation to situation. Socialisation process helps development of personality. Heredity endowment influences behaviour and personality development through body characteristics, genes transmission, musculature, nervous systems, brain and heart functioning and so on. Personality characteristics are developed through self-learning and socialisation process. People acquire enormously from their social system which helps change the development of attitudes, adjustment of work habits, mutual trust and confidence and physiological as well as psychological development.

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Essential to measure personality characteristics for proper placement of employees to suitable job as per his personality features. The measurement of personality is done by dividing the variables into two: Dependent variable Independent variable Projective tests, Thematic appreciation Test(TAT) are used for personality measurement. Observation of personality is also reveals the essential features.

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Group behaviour, role of employees, Interpersonal skills, Physical and psychological characteristics are important segments to understand the role of personality performance and achievements.

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The purpose of personality measurement is to develop and modified peoples personality for better performance and goal achievements.

Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Behavior  Core

Self Evaluation  Machiavellianism  Narcissism  Self Monitoring  Risk Taking  Proactive Personality

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Theories of personality have emphasised on the ways and means of personality development, Personality is the combination of several traits and situations.

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The personality theories are broadly classified as

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psychoanalytic theories,

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type theories,

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trait theories

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self theories and

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social theories.

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Psychoanalytic theory emphasis on the psychoanalytic factors for personality development

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Some important contributions to psychological theories are

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Freudian theory

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Neo-freudian theory

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Levinson theory

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Argyris theory

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In this theory a person develops his personality under physical & mental problem

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In this theory there are Three interacting systems

 ID  EGO  SUPER EGO

There are 8 stages 

Infancy

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Early-childhood

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Play age

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School age

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Puberty and Adolesence

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Young Adulthood

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Middle Adult hood

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Maturity

Freudian stages of personality development 

ORAL – infants – main source of pleasure is the mouth and sucking

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ANAL – small children being toilet trained

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PHALLIC – discovers there is a difference between boys and girls. Start patterning behavior on parent of the same sex.

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LATENCY – starts to seek friendship and support outside the family from the “best friend”

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GENITAL – fully functional adult sexual being

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This Theory identified stable adult period & adult transitional period. they are

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Entering the adult age

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Settling down

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Middle Adult hood

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Last adult hood

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This Theory has distinguished Maturity from Immaturity .

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Maturity Dimension are :Independence ,Aware behaviour ,Deep interests ,long-time perspective ,Subordinate position ,self awareness and Control

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Immaturity Dimension are :passivity ,Dependence ,few ways of behaving ,Shallow interests ,Short time perspective , Subordinate position and Lack of self awareness.

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It is a scientific theory which believes that a type of person having a specific formal structure behaves differently than other person having different structure.

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Different type of person have different types of personality

Such personality development techniques have been exposed by

 SHELDON

 FREEDMAN

 JUNG

 HOLLAND

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Endomorphic Body: Endomorphic body is thick and bulky. These person bodies are unproportionary developed. People are fat and obscene. Such type of person are comfort seekers and less active

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Mesomorphic Body: mesomorphic body is tough, strong, and athletic. The physic is well built and pleasant. Other person like to develop such type of mesomorphy. Such person are WORK-ORIENTED.

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Ectomorphic Body: Ectomorphic body is slim, thin and long. They are physically weak and like to work on table. Mental work is more liked.

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Jung has classified psychological dimension into four

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Introversion/Extraversion Perceiving/ Judging Sensing /Intuiting Thinking/ Feeling

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The MBTI Framework 

Based on his basic element of human psyche, a mother-daughter team(Myers- Briggs) developed a 100-item instrument popularly called MBTI(MyersBriggs type indicator ). MBTI is most widely used instrument for personality analysis. Sixteen personality types are generated by the instrument (a person can be of any type). These 16 types are based on a combination of four basic elements of psyche.

Aspects Sources of energy Extroversion(E) Introversion(I)

Collecting information Sensing(S) Intuiting(I)

Decision-making Thinking(T) Feeling(F)

Understanding the world Judging(J) Perceiving(P)

Characteristics -Outgoing; speaks, then thinks. Relates more easily to outer world of people and things than to inner world of ideas. -Reflective; thinks, then speaks. Relates more easily to inner world of ideas than to outer world of people. -Practical, concrete. Would work with known facts than look for possibilities and relationships. -Theoretical, abstract. Would look for possibilities and relationships than work with the known facts. -Analytical(head). Relies more on interpersonal analysis and logic than on personal values. -Subjective(heart). Relies on personal values than on impersonal analysis and logic. -Structured, organized. Likes a planned and orderly way of life rather than a flexible, spontaneous way. -Flexible, spontaneous. Likes a flexible, spontaneous way rather than a planned and orderly way of life.

Combination of four Jungian for 16 personality types

ISTJ ESTJ INTJ ENTJ ISTP ESTP INTP ENTP ISFJ ESFJ INFJ ENFJ ISFP ESFP INFP ENFP

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Freidman's classified into two TYPES

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TYPE A:

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TYPE B:

people of type A are aggressive, excessively competitive, chronic involvement, time-conscious, critics and success oriented. Type A peoples are always MOVING AND EATING. Type B personality is exactly opposite of type A personality. They want smooth performance. Type B persons are confident of success.

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J.L.HOLLAND has identified six personality type.

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1.Realistic Personalities.

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2.Investigative personalities.

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3.Social Personalities.

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4.Conventional personalities.

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5.Enterprising Personalities.

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6.Artistic Personalities.

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Trait theory is quantitative and empirical as contrast to the type theory which is qualitative. Trait theory refers to quantitative or measurement of psychological characteristic called traits. Trait in defined as‶…any distinguishing, relatively enduring way in which one individual differ from another. It has continuous dimensions or scales which are used to rate a person on the scales of emotional stability, intelligence, aggressiveness and other dimension.

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Self theory of personality development have achieved prominent place in recent thinking of personality.

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These theories are based on humanistic approach.  Self Concept  Self Image Theory  Locus of Control

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Self concepts: It is defined as an organised, Consistent, Conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions “I” or “Me” .

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The applications of various reinforcement, learning, Motivation have diverse impact on different people.

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The human nature is purposive, Constructive, Forward moving, Realistic, Trust worthy and self satisfying.

Self Image Theory: A person is influenced mostly by his inner self image. If he has developed some factors as satisfying, he will develop his image according to the factor. The self actualization is the point is the point for developing self image.  Locus of control: Self improvement is the outcome of locus of control which is how one perceives the locus of control in one’s life. 

 Internal control perception  External control perception

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We use products and brands to project the self image we wish the world to see. If there is too big a gap we need to do something about it.

Social theories refers to acquired personality level through social learning. Human learning direct, vicarious and self administered.  Person-situation-quality development is involved in social theory.  The tact , right wrong attitude, social character and observations of members of society are important factors of social learning.  The social environment, social recognition and social approval are used under social learning and personality development. 

Reciprocal Determinism Behavior

Environment Factors

Personal Factors

Internal Internal World World + + External External World World = = Us Us

Maslow & Self-Actualization Self-Actualization the process of fulfilling our potential Esteem Love Needs

 Self-Aware & Self-Accepting Safety  Open & Spontaneous Physiological  Loving & Caring  Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

THE BIG 5 MODEL While the MBTI may lack valid supporting evidence, that can’t be said for the five-factor model of personality – more typically called the “BIG FIVE.” In recent years, an impressive body of research supports that five basic personality dimensions underlie all others. The Big five factors are: 

Extraversion: Sociable, talkative, assertive

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Agreeableness: Good-natured, cooperative and trusting

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Conscientiousness: Responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented.

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Emotional stability: Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) to tense, nervous, depressed and insecure (negative)

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Openness to experience: Imaginative, artistically sensitive and intellectual

Basha Gani  Vijay Vishwakarma  Paritosh Dixit  Satya Narayana  Bhupedra 

THE END

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