Periodontal Ligaments
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PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS •
•
o
Contains organelles associates with protein synthesis and secretion
Dense connective tissue between root surface of tooth and alveolar bone proper
o
Prominent actin network
SYNDESMOSES
o
Cell to cell contacts:
o
Joint-like connection between tooth and bone formed by periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone proper
FUNCTIONS: •
o
SUPPORTIVE o
Adherens
Gap junction
FIBRONEX
Morphologic relationship between
Support tooth in the sockets and permit them to withstand the considerable forces of mastication
•
Intercellular filaments
•
Dense cell membrane
•
SENSORY
•
Extracellular filaments
•
For proper positioning of jaws during normal function
•
Fibronectin
•
Estimate amount of pressure in mastication
•
Identify which one of the teeth receives sensation of tapping with instruments o
2 SENSATIONS
Adjacent to cementum and bone
o
CEMENTOBLASTS
o
Mechanoreceptors for pressure
AFFERENT NERVE FIBERS
o
Ovoid to cuboidal shape
Basophilic cytoplasm
CEMENTOCLASTS
Multinuclear cells that resorbs cementum
Located in HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE on cementum
During application of excessive forces in orthodontic tooth movement
OSTEOBLASTS
Cementum and alveolar bone o
CELLS OF PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS: •
During phase of active deposition of cellular cementum
Continuous remodeling
NUTRITIVE o
Regulate local blood supply
HOMEOSTATIC o
•
o
Near cementum, pain perception
RUFFINI-LIKE ENDINGS •
•
CEMENTOPROGENITOR & OSTEOPROGENTIOR
FREE NERVE ENDINGS OF SENSORY FIBERS •
o
•
OSTEOCLASTS
Multinucleated cell observed during highly active phases of bone resorption
Located in HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE in bone
FIBROBLAST o
Principal cells
o
Spindle or disk-shaped with long ovoid •
nuclei
1
Peripheral part of periodontal ligament adjacent to bone
EPITHELIAL CELLS
o
In periodontal ligaments
o
Remnants of HERTWIG’S EPITHELIAL ROOT SHEATH (EPITHELIAL RESTS OF MALASSEZ)
o
•
From dental cysts by acute or chronic inflammation
UNDIFERENTIATED MESENCHYMAL CELLS (PROGENITOR CELLS) o
Perivascular location within 5µm of blood vessels
o
Source of new cells
o
APOPTOSIS
o
Selective deletion of ligament cells •
•
•
o
Allows turnover without architectural disruption of tissue
Attached to cementum below CEJ and insert into rim of alveolus
Resist vertical and intrusive force and anchor the tooth to the alveolus
HORIZONTAL FIBER GROUP
Horizontally from cementum to bone
Resist horizontal or lateral pressures applied to tooth crown
OBLIQUE FIBER GROUP
Most numerous & largest
Running from cementum in oblique direction to bone coronally
Sustain occlusal forces
Resist masticatory forces
Physiologic cell death
MACROPHAGE
o
o
In periodontal ligament, defensive cell
o
Phagocytic, mobile
APICAL FIBER GROUP
From cementum around the apex at root to the bone forming base of socket (fundus)
Prevents vestibule-oral tipping
LEUKOCYTES o
Appear when stressed by disease
o
INTERRADICULAR FIBER GROUP
Between bifurcation area to interradicular bone
Resists tipping and torque
CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS •
COLLAGEN FIBER o
Predominant
o
Mixture of type I & type II
o
Fibrils arranged parallel with one another to form collagen fiber
o
FIBER BUNDLE
o
SHARPEY’S FIBER
o
Permit certain degree of mobility
o
PERIODONTAL SPACE
Collagen fibers grouped together interwovenly to form fiber bundle o
o
Embedded in cementum
Where periodontal ligaments are located
INTERSTITIAL SPACE
DENTOALVEOLAR GROUP
Based on origin and insertion in the dentoalveolar process and their functional orientation
Between each group of fibers
INTERSTITIAL TISSUE •
o
ALVEOLAR CREST GROUP
2
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and loose connective tissue cells
•
•
Maintain vitality of periodontal ligament
Nociceptors & mechanoreceptors
Most frequent, tree-like configuration
IMMATURE ELASTIN FIBERS o
OXYTALAN FIBERS
o
Acid-resistant
Around root apex
Along collagen fibers, inserted into cementum at cervical region
Mechanoreceptors
o
o
RUFFINI CORPUSCLES
COILED ENDINGS
ELUANIN FIBERS
•
ELASTIC FIBERS o
•
o
ENCAPSULATED SPINDLE-TYPE ENDING
Walls of blood vessels
Lowest frequency
Root apex
Spindle-like endings surrounded by fibrous capsule
RETICULAR FIBERS o
Support of blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
o
Adjust lumen of vessels of alveolar bone wall
•
Mid-region of periodontal ligament
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATICS •
VASCULAR SUPPLY
Leave periodontal ligament through
•
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERIES
o
Gingival tissue
•
Supplied from 3 sources
o
Alveolar mucosa
o
Volkmann’s canals of alveolar bone
o
Branches from DENTAL ARTERIES
o
Branches of INTERALVEOLAR AND INTERRADICULAR ARTERIES
o
Branches of PERIOSTEAL ARTERIES
NERVE SUPPLY •
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
o
afferent nerve fibers reach the periodontal ligament as terminal branches of superior dentinal plexus (NV1) & inferior dental plexus (NV3) before and during eruption
o
-Rosette Go 031909 Notes by: Lee, Sang Hyun
others pass through CANALS OF ZUCKERKANDL & HIRSSCHFELD in cribriform plate
o
•
both groups unite at periodontal space into a nerve plexus
4 NEURAL TERMINATION o
FREE NERVE ENDINGS
3
•
o
Contains organelles associates with protein synthesis and secretion
Dense connective tissue between root surface of tooth and alveolar bone proper
o
Prominent actin network
SYNDESMOSES
o
Cell to cell contacts:
o
Joint-like connection between tooth and bone formed by periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone proper
FUNCTIONS: •
o
SUPPORTIVE o
Adherens
Gap junction
FIBRONEX
Morphologic relationship between
Support tooth in the sockets and permit them to withstand the considerable forces of mastication
•
Intercellular filaments
•
Dense cell membrane
•
SENSORY
•
Extracellular filaments
•
For proper positioning of jaws during normal function
•
Fibronectin
•
Estimate amount of pressure in mastication
•
Identify which one of the teeth receives sensation of tapping with instruments o
2 SENSATIONS
Adjacent to cementum and bone
o
CEMENTOBLASTS
o
Mechanoreceptors for pressure
AFFERENT NERVE FIBERS
o
Ovoid to cuboidal shape
Basophilic cytoplasm
CEMENTOCLASTS
Multinuclear cells that resorbs cementum
Located in HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE on cementum
During application of excessive forces in orthodontic tooth movement
OSTEOBLASTS
Cementum and alveolar bone o
CELLS OF PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS: •
During phase of active deposition of cellular cementum
Continuous remodeling
NUTRITIVE o
Regulate local blood supply
HOMEOSTATIC o
•
o
Near cementum, pain perception
RUFFINI-LIKE ENDINGS •
•
CEMENTOPROGENITOR & OSTEOPROGENTIOR
FREE NERVE ENDINGS OF SENSORY FIBERS •
o
•
OSTEOCLASTS
Multinucleated cell observed during highly active phases of bone resorption
Located in HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE in bone
FIBROBLAST o
Principal cells
o
Spindle or disk-shaped with long ovoid •
nuclei
1
Peripheral part of periodontal ligament adjacent to bone
EPITHELIAL CELLS
o
In periodontal ligaments
o
Remnants of HERTWIG’S EPITHELIAL ROOT SHEATH (EPITHELIAL RESTS OF MALASSEZ)
o
•
From dental cysts by acute or chronic inflammation
UNDIFERENTIATED MESENCHYMAL CELLS (PROGENITOR CELLS) o
Perivascular location within 5µm of blood vessels
o
Source of new cells
o
APOPTOSIS
o
Selective deletion of ligament cells •
•
•
o
Allows turnover without architectural disruption of tissue
Attached to cementum below CEJ and insert into rim of alveolus
Resist vertical and intrusive force and anchor the tooth to the alveolus
HORIZONTAL FIBER GROUP
Horizontally from cementum to bone
Resist horizontal or lateral pressures applied to tooth crown
OBLIQUE FIBER GROUP
Most numerous & largest
Running from cementum in oblique direction to bone coronally
Sustain occlusal forces
Resist masticatory forces
Physiologic cell death
MACROPHAGE
o
o
In periodontal ligament, defensive cell
o
Phagocytic, mobile
APICAL FIBER GROUP
From cementum around the apex at root to the bone forming base of socket (fundus)
Prevents vestibule-oral tipping
LEUKOCYTES o
Appear when stressed by disease
o
INTERRADICULAR FIBER GROUP
Between bifurcation area to interradicular bone
Resists tipping and torque
CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS •
COLLAGEN FIBER o
Predominant
o
Mixture of type I & type II
o
Fibrils arranged parallel with one another to form collagen fiber
o
FIBER BUNDLE
o
SHARPEY’S FIBER
o
Permit certain degree of mobility
o
PERIODONTAL SPACE
Collagen fibers grouped together interwovenly to form fiber bundle o
o
Embedded in cementum
Where periodontal ligaments are located
INTERSTITIAL SPACE
DENTOALVEOLAR GROUP
Based on origin and insertion in the dentoalveolar process and their functional orientation
Between each group of fibers
INTERSTITIAL TISSUE •
o
ALVEOLAR CREST GROUP
2
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and loose connective tissue cells
•
•
Maintain vitality of periodontal ligament
Nociceptors & mechanoreceptors
Most frequent, tree-like configuration
IMMATURE ELASTIN FIBERS o
OXYTALAN FIBERS
o
Acid-resistant
Around root apex
Along collagen fibers, inserted into cementum at cervical region
Mechanoreceptors
o
o
RUFFINI CORPUSCLES
COILED ENDINGS
ELUANIN FIBERS
•
ELASTIC FIBERS o
•
o
ENCAPSULATED SPINDLE-TYPE ENDING
Walls of blood vessels
Lowest frequency
Root apex
Spindle-like endings surrounded by fibrous capsule
RETICULAR FIBERS o
Support of blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
o
Adjust lumen of vessels of alveolar bone wall
•
Mid-region of periodontal ligament
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATICS •
VASCULAR SUPPLY
Leave periodontal ligament through
•
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERIES
o
Gingival tissue
•
Supplied from 3 sources
o
Alveolar mucosa
o
Volkmann’s canals of alveolar bone
o
Branches from DENTAL ARTERIES
o
Branches of INTERALVEOLAR AND INTERRADICULAR ARTERIES
o
Branches of PERIOSTEAL ARTERIES
NERVE SUPPLY •
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
o
afferent nerve fibers reach the periodontal ligament as terminal branches of superior dentinal plexus (NV1) & inferior dental plexus (NV3) before and during eruption
o
-Rosette Go 031909 Notes by: Lee, Sang Hyun
others pass through CANALS OF ZUCKERKANDL & HIRSSCHFELD in cribriform plate
o
•
both groups unite at periodontal space into a nerve plexus
4 NEURAL TERMINATION o
FREE NERVE ENDINGS
3
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