Peresentation On Resource Economics

GROUP 2: PRESENTATION PARTICIPANTS

1.FRANCIS HIZA 2.DAVID J.PWELE 3.MARWA NYAHENDE 4.YASINTA ABEL 5.EDWIN MASHALA 6.IRENE MPESA 7.NICODEMUS BEI 8.JUMA KASABAJE

OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF TERMS CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES OF BIODIVIVERSITY IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

OVERVIEW CONT’  EFFECTS OF NON – USE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY  PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY  RECOMMENDATION  CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION Environment is very crucial to living organisms and enable ecosystems to exist. Recognizing this importance both use value and non-use value have to be attached with biodiversity for the purpose of protecting it.

DEFINITION OF TERMS  Mansfield (1986) defines resources as things or services used to produce goods which then can be used to satisfy wants  Use value is the value of the resources to the public attributable to the direct use of the services provided by the natural resources.  non-use value refers to the value that people derive from economic goods (including public goods or natural resources) independent of any use, present or future that people might make of those goods. These are generally differentiated from use value, which people derive from direct use of the good.

DEFINITION OF TERMS CONT’  Is a short form of biological diversity which means the variety of life that is the variety and variability among living organisms and ecological complexes in which they occur (FAO, 1993).

MEASUREMENTS OF BIODIVIVERSITY

 Ecosystem diversity – is the variety of ecosystem which is ecological units in landscape such as woodlands and swamps.  Species diversity - is the variety of species in terms of numbers and relative abundance of individuals of different species.  Genetic diversity – is the variation in genes among individuals within species.  Landscape diversity-Is a spatial heterogeneity of various land uses and ecosystems within a lager region measuring ranging from 100 to 10,000,000 km.

CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES OF BIODIVIVERSITY  The value of biodiversity can be classified into two major categories. These are:• Direct values -Under direct value it includes consumptive use values and productive use values. Consumptive use values consists of products used directly such as food, drugs and recreation while productive use value entails commercial use of consumptive use value as well as commercial use of wild gene resources and pollinators. • Indirect values -Indirect use values compose of non consumptive use values, option values and existence values.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY  Unlike goods bought and sold on markets, many ecosystem services do not have markets or readily observable prices. This means that the importance of biodiversity and natural processes in producing ecosystem services that people depend on is not reflected in markets.  A way of assigning monetary values to them is to rely on non-market valuation methods. These methods have been applied to clean drinking water, recreation, or commercially harvested species are valued with methods including most prominently contingent valuation methods (CVM).

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY CONT’  There are many reasons that biodiversity is important to human society as included below; • It facilitates ecosystem functions that are vital for the continued habitability of planet – carbon exchange, water shade flows of surface and ground water, the protection and enrichment of soil, the regulation of surface temperature and local climate. • It offers aesthetic scientific, cultural and other values which are intangible and non-monetary but which are nonetheless almost universary recognized. • Biodiversity is a source of foodstuffs, fibres, pharmaceutical inputs and chemicals and is a fundamental source of information for and input to biotechnology.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY CONT’

• It allows the improvement of existing varieties of crop and livestock and development of new ones. • The uniqueness and beauty of diverse ecological systems provides a wide range of recreational uses.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY CONT’

Therefore, due to the above mentioned roles of biodiversity, it is important for the government by Promoting community, civil society, with other interested parties and participation in planning, promoting equity and tenure to resources to attach it to conserving diverse biological resources and using them sustainably in order to ratify the convention on biological diversity.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION  The interplay of market forces does not secure the economically correct balance of habitant conversion and its conservation. Such market failure can arise from ill-defined, disputed or non existent property rights, from missing or incomplete market of biological resources, or from externalities which fail to capture the environmental benefits of resource

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION CONT’  Another source of biodiversity loss can be ignorance of the functions and structure of ecosystems, coupled with lack of hard data to demonstrate their importance. As a result, policy decisions may not be environmentally sound, offering ‘perverse incentives’ which encourage behavior that depletes natural resources.  Environmental degradation also affect biodiversity e.g. pollution, soil erosion and fertility loss, desertification, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, lack of knowledge and awareness.

EFFECTS OF NON – USE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY

 Biodiversity and the many ecosystem services that it provides are a key factor determining human well-being. Biodiversity loss has-direct and indirect negative effects on several factors: • Food security: The availability of biodiversity is often a "safety net" that increases food security and the adaptability of some local communities to external economic and ecological disturbances. Farming practices that maintain and make use of agricultural biodiversity can also improve food security.

CONT’ • Vulnerability: Many communities have experienced more natural disasters over the past several decades. For example, because of the loss of mangroves and coral reefs, which are excellent natural buffers against floods and storms, coastal communities have increasingly suffered from severe floods. • Health: A balanced diet depends on the availability of a wide variety of foods, which in turn depends on the conservation of biodiversity. Moreover, greater wildlife diversity may decrease the spread of many wildlife pathogens to humans.

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CONT’ Energy security: Wood fuel provides more than half

the energy used in developing countries. Shortage of wood fuel occurs in areas with high population density without access to alternative and affordable energy sources. In such areas, people are vulnerable to illness and malnutrition because of the lack of resources to heat homes, cook food, and boil water. • Clean water: The continued loss of forests and the destruction of watersheds reduce the quality and availability of water supplied to household use and agriculture. In the case of New York City, protecting the ecosystem to ensure continued provision of clean drinking water was far more cost-effective than building and operating a water filtration plant.

CONT’ • Social relations: Many cultures attach spiritual, aesthetic, recreational, and religious values to ecosystems or their components. The loss or damage to these components can harm social relations, both by reducing the bonding value of shared experience as well as by causing resentment toward groups that profit from their damage. • Freedom of choice: Loss of biodiversity, which is sometimes irreversible, often means a loss of choices. The notion of having choices available irrespective of whether any of them will be actually picked is an essential constituent of the freedom aspect of well-being. • Basic materials: Biodiversity provides various goods - such as plants and animals - that individuals need in order to earn an income and secure sustainable livelihoods. In addition to agriculture, biodiversity contributes to a range of other sectors, including "ecotourism", pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fisheries. Losses of biodiversity, such as the collapse of the Newfoundland cod fishery can impose substantial costs at local and national level.

PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY

 "Habitats are cut down, ploughed up, paved over, over-grazed and poisoned with radiation. They are being coated with pesticides and cloaked with toxic chemicals, flooded and drained, and drenched with acid rain. Waste is buried in them and oil dumped on them. Wildlife is being hunted down and the seas are being fished out. Even the global climate is being changed..."

CONT’

 Create a wildlife friendly backyard by planting native plants and trees and by attracting birds with feeders. Replacing grass lawns with native wildflowers and shrubs will increase your properties natural beauty while attracting local wildlife.  Reduce the use of pesticides on your lawn and in your garden. Pesticides are designed to kill, repel, or otherwise control perceived pest organisms – they are intentionally toxic substances. It is critical to realize, furthermore, that the vast majority of pesticides are toxic to organisms beyond the targeted pests. Whenever we use insecticides (for insect control), herbicides (for weed control), fungicides (for fungus control), rodenticides (for rodent control), or other pesticides, we must recognize that we are potentially exposing birds, beneficial organisms, pets, and people to risk

CONT’  Involving local people in conservation activities. The alienation of land for national parks, game reserves and forest reserves without involving the local people ,make the local people to feel as been marginalized. The local people became indifferent to conservation activities and went as far as aiding activities that deplete biodiversity.  Designing projects for utilization of the Natural resources. Local people have for a long time been feeling that they are not legally getting material benefits from protected areas because of the strict legal setting that emphasis full protection of the resources within protected areas.

CONT’

 Reduce your home energy consumption and incorporate renewable energy/energy efficiency into your home to reduce your impact on global climate change, which threatens biodiversity.  Expanding or Improving Protected Areas. Protected areas are a proven approach to conserving biodiversity. By restricting harvesting and most land disturbance, protected areas are one of the best ways to ensure that adequate amounts of representative ecosystems are in place to ensure stable biodiversity

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