Pediatric G.i Disorders Final
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PRESENTATION CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF G.I SYSTEM
BY RASHID HUSSAIN Post R.N B.Sc Nursing SUBJECT : ADVANCE NURSING CONCEPTS-II
Khyber Medical University Post Graduate College of Nursing Peshawar 10-11-2009
Introduction
Birth defect is a widely-used term for a congenital malformation, i.e. a congenital, physical anomaly which is recognizable at birth, and which is significant enough to be considered a problem. According to the (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) most birth defects are believed to be caused by a complex mix of factors including genetics, environment, and behaviors, though many birth defects have no known cause. 2
AIM: To share the knowledge among the participants about the Cogenital disorders of G.I system. OBJECTIVES: At the end of presentation the participants will be able to:
Describe the normal characteristics of pediatric G.I system.
Define congenital disorder.
Enlist the congenital disorders of G.I system.
Explain different congenital abnormalities of G.I system with causes, pathophysiology and signs & symptoms.
Describe the nursing care plan for each disorder.
3
Characteristics of the pediatric GI System
Peristalsis occurs within 2 ½ to 3 hours in the neonate and extends to 3 to 6 hours in older infants and children.
The stomach capacity of the neonate is 30 to 60 ml, which gradually increases to 200 to 350 ml by age 12 months and 1,500 ml in the adolescent. 4
Up until 4 to 8 weeks, the neonatal abdomen is larger than the chest and the musculature is poorly developed.
The sucking and extrusion reflexes persist until 3 to 4 months.
Saliva production begins at age 4 months and aids in the process of digestion. 5
Spit-ups are frequent in the neonate because of the immature muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the low volume capacity of the stomach.
Increased myelination of nerves to the anal sphincter allows for physiologic control of bowel function, usually at about age of 2 years. 6
The
liver’s
slow
development
of
glycogen storage capacity makes the infant prone to hypoglycemia.
From ages 1 to 3 years, the composition of
intestinal
flora
becomes
more
adultlike and stomach acidity increases, reducing the number of GI infections. 7
What is congenital disorder?
Congenital disorder involves defects in or damage to a developing fetus. It may be the result of genetic abnormalities, the intrauterine (uterus) environment, errors of morphogenesis, or a chromosomal abnormality.
Any condition acquired during development in the uterus and not through heredity.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorders
www.nasdha.net/LearningCenter/glossary.htm
Describes a disease or condition with which someone is born.
www.organtransplants.org/glossary.html
8
Congenital G.I Disorders
Cleft lip & cleft palate. Esophageal atresia or transesophageal fistula. Gastroesophageal Reflux. Omphalocele. Hirschprung’s Disease. Intussusception. Pyloric Stenosis. Diaphragmatic Hernia. Celiac Disease. Imparforate anus. 9
Cleft Lip
Cleft lip and palate results when fusion involving the first brachial arch faills to to take place uring embryonic devellopment. failure of fusion of maxillary and median nasal process
hereditary
unilateral/bilateral
males
Tx: surgery –
Cheiloplasty; usually 1-3 mos
Rule of 10’s10 wks, 10 lbs, Hgb 10 gm/dl
10
Cleft Palate
midline opening of palate
usually with Cleft lip
Female
surgery 6-18 mos - allows anatomic changes;
(ie, formation of palatine arch and tooth buds)
11
Pathophysiology of cleft lip & palate
Cleft lip
Varies from a notch in the lip to complete separation of the lip into the nose.
Failure of maxillary process to fuse with nasal elevations on frontal prominence; normally occurs during 5th and 6th week of gestation.
Merge of upper lip at midline complete b/w 7th and 8th week of gestation.
Cleft palate
Failure of mesodermal masses of lateral palatine process to meet and fuse; normally occurs b/w 7th and 12th week of gestatioon.
• s/s:
????? 12
13
Nursing Dx:
Risk for imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements R/T feeding problems
Risk for ineffective airway clearance R/T oral surgery
Risk for infection during post op period
14
Nursing Care
Preop
Adequate nutrition; sips of fluid btw feeding in upright position; use rubber tipped syringe; Burp
Prevent ear and upper respiratory tract infection
Address body image and speech concerns
Reassurance to parents
Postop
monitor respiratory distress d/t edema, hemorrhage
Suction mucus and blood gently
dropper feeding 1st 3 weeks; regular feeding after
Anticipate needs and position to prevent tension on sutures •
Position side lying in cleft lip; prone in cleft palate 15
16
Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Esophgeal atresia is a failure of the esophagus to form a continuous passage from the pharynx to the stomach during embryonic development, Tracheo-esophageal fistula is the abnormal sinous connection b/w the trachea and esophagus.
maternal hydramnios and prematurity
S/S:
coughing, choking, cyanosis, dyspnea, excessive secretion, abdominal distention
Dx:
Ba swallow 17
18
Nursing Dx:
Risk for imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements R/T inability for oral intake
Risk for infection R/T aspiration or seepage of stomach contents into lungs
Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T gastrostomy tube insertion site 19
Nursing care Preop
Suction regularly
Elevate the head
Gastrostomy feeding
hydration
O2
Postop 1.
Observe for respiratory distress
2.
Proper positioning –avoid hyperextension of neck
3.
Continue suction
4.
Prevent wound infection
5.
Provide pacifier 20
Post Gastrostomy
21
Hirschprung’s Disease
Aganglionic megacolon. Absence of parasympathetic ganglionic cells in a segment of the colon (usually at the distal end of the large intestine: rectosigmoid colon) Lack of innervation to a bowel segment causes a lack of, or alteration in, peristalsis in the affected part
Male predominance
22
Causes Familial, congenital defect Commonly exists with other congenital anomalies, particularly Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) and anomalies of the urinary tract
Pathophysiology
Absence of or reduce number of ganglion cells in the intetinal muscle wall, distal end of colon.
No paristalsis in the affected portion.
Affected portion is narrow > proximal end dialated.
Abddominal ddistention & constpation results.
23
S/S:
Constipation Ribbonlike stools Failure to pass meconium or stool abdominal distention Bile stained or fecal vomiting
Complications Severe Constipation Enterocolitis – severe diarrhea, Hypovolemic shock, Death
24
Dx: Rectal biopsy provides definitive diagnosis by showing the absence of ganglion cells Ba enema – shows distention of the colon; spasm and a narrowed lumen in the affected bowel Abdominal X-rays show distention of the colon and air-fluid levels; No air is seen in the rectum
Tx: 1: primary resection of aganglionic segment. 2: colostomy, surgery: To decompress the colon, a temporary colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary
25
26
Nursing Dx:
Constipation R/T reduced bowel function
Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements R/T reduced bowel function
Nursing Care Preop 1. Administer isotonic enemas: Normal saline solution or mineral oil to evacuate the bowel Daily enemas with 0.9% NaCl Don’t administer tap water. * Tap/hypotonic water will cause cardiac congestion or cerebral edema 2. Minimal residue diet with vitamin supplementation 3. Position semi fowlers to relieve dyspnea from distended abdomen 4. pacifier 27
After colostomy or Ileostomy 1.
Monitor fluid intake and output (ileostomy will likely cause excessive electrolyte loss)
2.
Keep the area around the stoma clean and dry; use colostomy or ileostomy appliances to collect drainage
3.
Monitor for return of bowel sounds to begin diet
Postop 1.
Observe for abdominal distention
2.
Small frequent feedings after NGT removal
3.
Colostomy care
4.
Assist parents to cope with children’s feeding problems 28
Intussusception
Is the invagination or telescoping of the portion of the intestine into an ajucent, more distal section of the intestine.410 months
S/S: Intense abdominal pain, vomiting, blood in stool “currant jelly”, abdominal distention (sausage shaped mass)
Dx: sonogram “coiled spring”
Tx: Ba enema (reduction by hydrostatic pressure), surgery
29
Nursing Dx:
Pain R/T abnormal abdominal peristalsis
Risk for deficient fluid volume R/T bowel obstruction
30
Nursing Care 1.
Provide comfort measures - pacifier for infants.
2.
NPO.
3.
Adequate hydration via IV therapy.
4.
Insertion of N.G tube to deflate stomach.
5.
Observe patient regularly for any complication.
6.
Promote parent-infant bonding.
7.
Post op nursing care.
31
Pyloric Stenosis
Hypertophy/hyperplasia of pyloric sphincter
Males
S/S: nonbillous vomiting, s/s of dehydration and wt loss, abdominal distention, “olive” sized mass RUQ, visible peristalsis
Dx: xray-”string sign”, USG, endoscopy
Tx: surgery 32
Nursing Dx:
Risk for deficient fluid volume R/T inability to retain food
Risk for infection at site of surgical incision R/T danger of contamination from feces R/T proximity of incision to diaper area
33
Nursing care
Hydration
Pacifier
may give thickened feedings on upright position then NPO just before surgery
Monitor I and O, weight, and vomiting
Postop 1.
Dropper feeding 4-6 hrs after surgery 45 min- 1 hr duration; oral rehydration soln then half strength breastmilk/formula at 24 hr interval
2.
Side lying position
3.
Monitor weight and return of peristalsis
4.
Wound care
5.
Pacifier for oral needs
34
Hiatal or Diaphragmatic Hernia
Part of stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into thoracic cavity. OR Herniation of intestinal content into the thoracic cavity.
Predisposing factors include: • • • • •
Congenital weakness Increased intra-abdominal pressure Increased age Trauma Forced recumbent position
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Left side
S/S: respiratory difficulty, cyanosis, retractions, (-) breath sounds affected side, scaphoid abdomen
Dx: CXR, Upper endoscopy
Tx: Diaphragmatic Hernia repair
36
37
Nursing Dx: Risk for ineffective airway clearance R/T displaced bowel Risk for imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, R/T NPO status
38
Nursing Care Preop
Mechanical ventilation
Elevate head
Low intermittent suction
Postop 1.
NICU care.
2.
Semi-fowlers
3.
Wound care
4.
Maintain warm, humidified environment– lung fluid drainage
5.
Suction prn
6.
Chest physio
7.
NPO – prevent pressure on diaphragm
39
Celiac Disease/Gluten sensitive enteropathy/Celiac sprue
Celiac disease also called gluten-induced enteropathy, is an inborn error of metabolism Characterized by poor food absorption and sensitivity or intolerance to gluten (a protein found in grains : wheat, rye, oats, barley)
Usually becomes apparent between ages 6-18 months
Causes: Gluten intolerance Immunoglobulin deficiency 40
Pathophysiology
A decrease in the amount and activity of enzymes in the intestinal mucosal cells causes the villi of the proximal small intestine to atrophy and decreases intestinal absorption.
Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (????), minirals & some protiens & carbohydrates. Complications
Lymphoma of the small intestine
Impair growth, succeptibility
41
S/sx:
steatorrhea (????) because of inability to absorb ____?
chronic diarrhea
anorexia
malnutrition; weight loss
failure to thrive
coagulation difficulty from the malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins
irritability
anemic (Fe deficiency)
abdominal pain and distention 42
CELIAC CRISIS: constitutes acute medical emergency and threat to life
acute vomiting and diarrhea,dehydration & acidosis
Dx:clinical; IgA antigliadin Ab ↑↑, gluten free diet
Mx: gluten free diet, vitamin & Fe supplementation
NDx: Imbalance nutrition: Less than body requirements R/T impaired absorption 43
Nursing Intervention:
nutrition counseling
Eliminate gluten from the diet:
avoid cereals, bread, cake, cookies, spaghetti, pizza, instant soup, some chocolates
Give the child: corn and rice products, soy and potato flour, breast milk or soy- based formula, and fresh fruits.
Replace vitamins and calories; give small, frequent meals.
Monitor for steatorrhea- its disappearance is a good indicator that the child’s ability to absorb nutrients is improving. 44
Imperforate Anus
Is the congenital presence of an intact anal membrane or internal blind pouch of the bowel.
Pathophysiolog:
An arrest in embryonic development of the anus, lower rectum and urogenital tract at the 8th week of embryonic life. Fistula is more likely to be formed. Others anomalies likely, especially TEF. Cause unknown. 45
Types ano-rectal malformations
Anal stenosis. Imperforate anal membrane. Anal agenesis. Rectal agenesis.
S/S:
No anal opening. Absence of meconium stool. Green-tinged urine---if fistula is present. Progressive abdominal distention. 46
47
Treatment for
Low-type imperforate anus. • Local dilatation of fistula. • Definitive repair. • Anoplasty.
High-type imperforate anus. • Colostomy for decompression. • Definitive pull-through surgery, deferred untill 1 year of age.
Complications: before & after surgery ???? 48
Nursing Assessment
Physical examination of newborn. No anal opening. Presence of perinial fistula. Presence of meconium-stained urine.
Pre-op nursing care:
With-hold feeding, note any vomiting (COCA). N.G intubation. Measure abdoominal girth. Keep the baby warm. Keep fistula area clean. Observe for any compliction.
49
Post-op nursing diagnosis
Risk for infection R/T surgical incision of anoplasty
Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T ostomy
Risk for fluid volume deficit R/T restricted intake
50
Poost-op nursing care Depending on the location, type of imperforate anus, sex of child. Prevent infection of suture line. Expose perinium to air. Proper positioning, prone or side to side. Observe for redness, drainage, poor healing. Preventing skin breakdown, (ostomy care). Maintaining fluid & electrolyte balance. Start oral feed as ordered (usually within hours after of anoplasty). Moniter for return of paristalsis. Parentral fluids untill oral feed not started. Observe for abdominal distetion, bleedding from 51 perinium
References:
Sandra Nettina: The Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice, 6th edition, 1996 Lipponcott –Raven Publishers
http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/6663904/Pediatric-Disorders
http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/6685930/Nursing-Care-of-ClientsWith-Upper-Gastrointestinal-Disorder
52
Thank you! 53
BY RASHID HUSSAIN Post R.N B.Sc Nursing SUBJECT : ADVANCE NURSING CONCEPTS-II
Khyber Medical University Post Graduate College of Nursing Peshawar 10-11-2009
Introduction
Birth defect is a widely-used term for a congenital malformation, i.e. a congenital, physical anomaly which is recognizable at birth, and which is significant enough to be considered a problem. According to the (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) most birth defects are believed to be caused by a complex mix of factors including genetics, environment, and behaviors, though many birth defects have no known cause. 2
AIM: To share the knowledge among the participants about the Cogenital disorders of G.I system. OBJECTIVES: At the end of presentation the participants will be able to:
Describe the normal characteristics of pediatric G.I system.
Define congenital disorder.
Enlist the congenital disorders of G.I system.
Explain different congenital abnormalities of G.I system with causes, pathophysiology and signs & symptoms.
Describe the nursing care plan for each disorder.
3
Characteristics of the pediatric GI System
Peristalsis occurs within 2 ½ to 3 hours in the neonate and extends to 3 to 6 hours in older infants and children.
The stomach capacity of the neonate is 30 to 60 ml, which gradually increases to 200 to 350 ml by age 12 months and 1,500 ml in the adolescent. 4
Up until 4 to 8 weeks, the neonatal abdomen is larger than the chest and the musculature is poorly developed.
The sucking and extrusion reflexes persist until 3 to 4 months.
Saliva production begins at age 4 months and aids in the process of digestion. 5
Spit-ups are frequent in the neonate because of the immature muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the low volume capacity of the stomach.
Increased myelination of nerves to the anal sphincter allows for physiologic control of bowel function, usually at about age of 2 years. 6
The
liver’s
slow
development
of
glycogen storage capacity makes the infant prone to hypoglycemia.
From ages 1 to 3 years, the composition of
intestinal
flora
becomes
more
adultlike and stomach acidity increases, reducing the number of GI infections. 7
What is congenital disorder?
Congenital disorder involves defects in or damage to a developing fetus. It may be the result of genetic abnormalities, the intrauterine (uterus) environment, errors of morphogenesis, or a chromosomal abnormality.
Any condition acquired during development in the uterus and not through heredity.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorders
www.nasdha.net/LearningCenter/glossary.htm
Describes a disease or condition with which someone is born.
www.organtransplants.org/glossary.html
8
Congenital G.I Disorders
Cleft lip & cleft palate. Esophageal atresia or transesophageal fistula. Gastroesophageal Reflux. Omphalocele. Hirschprung’s Disease. Intussusception. Pyloric Stenosis. Diaphragmatic Hernia. Celiac Disease. Imparforate anus. 9
Cleft Lip
Cleft lip and palate results when fusion involving the first brachial arch faills to to take place uring embryonic devellopment. failure of fusion of maxillary and median nasal process
hereditary
unilateral/bilateral
males
Tx: surgery –
Cheiloplasty; usually 1-3 mos
Rule of 10’s10 wks, 10 lbs, Hgb 10 gm/dl
10
Cleft Palate
midline opening of palate
usually with Cleft lip
Female
surgery 6-18 mos - allows anatomic changes;
(ie, formation of palatine arch and tooth buds)
11
Pathophysiology of cleft lip & palate
Cleft lip
Varies from a notch in the lip to complete separation of the lip into the nose.
Failure of maxillary process to fuse with nasal elevations on frontal prominence; normally occurs during 5th and 6th week of gestation.
Merge of upper lip at midline complete b/w 7th and 8th week of gestation.
Cleft palate
Failure of mesodermal masses of lateral palatine process to meet and fuse; normally occurs b/w 7th and 12th week of gestatioon.
• s/s:
????? 12
13
Nursing Dx:
Risk for imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements R/T feeding problems
Risk for ineffective airway clearance R/T oral surgery
Risk for infection during post op period
14
Nursing Care
Preop
Adequate nutrition; sips of fluid btw feeding in upright position; use rubber tipped syringe; Burp
Prevent ear and upper respiratory tract infection
Address body image and speech concerns
Reassurance to parents
Postop
monitor respiratory distress d/t edema, hemorrhage
Suction mucus and blood gently
dropper feeding 1st 3 weeks; regular feeding after
Anticipate needs and position to prevent tension on sutures •
Position side lying in cleft lip; prone in cleft palate 15
16
Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Esophgeal atresia is a failure of the esophagus to form a continuous passage from the pharynx to the stomach during embryonic development, Tracheo-esophageal fistula is the abnormal sinous connection b/w the trachea and esophagus.
maternal hydramnios and prematurity
S/S:
coughing, choking, cyanosis, dyspnea, excessive secretion, abdominal distention
Dx:
Ba swallow 17
18
Nursing Dx:
Risk for imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements R/T inability for oral intake
Risk for infection R/T aspiration or seepage of stomach contents into lungs
Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T gastrostomy tube insertion site 19
Nursing care Preop
Suction regularly
Elevate the head
Gastrostomy feeding
hydration
O2
Postop 1.
Observe for respiratory distress
2.
Proper positioning –avoid hyperextension of neck
3.
Continue suction
4.
Prevent wound infection
5.
Provide pacifier 20
Post Gastrostomy
21
Hirschprung’s Disease
Aganglionic megacolon. Absence of parasympathetic ganglionic cells in a segment of the colon (usually at the distal end of the large intestine: rectosigmoid colon) Lack of innervation to a bowel segment causes a lack of, or alteration in, peristalsis in the affected part
Male predominance
22
Causes Familial, congenital defect Commonly exists with other congenital anomalies, particularly Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) and anomalies of the urinary tract
Pathophysiology
Absence of or reduce number of ganglion cells in the intetinal muscle wall, distal end of colon.
No paristalsis in the affected portion.
Affected portion is narrow > proximal end dialated.
Abddominal ddistention & constpation results.
23
S/S:
Constipation Ribbonlike stools Failure to pass meconium or stool abdominal distention Bile stained or fecal vomiting
Complications Severe Constipation Enterocolitis – severe diarrhea, Hypovolemic shock, Death
24
Dx: Rectal biopsy provides definitive diagnosis by showing the absence of ganglion cells Ba enema – shows distention of the colon; spasm and a narrowed lumen in the affected bowel Abdominal X-rays show distention of the colon and air-fluid levels; No air is seen in the rectum
Tx: 1: primary resection of aganglionic segment. 2: colostomy, surgery: To decompress the colon, a temporary colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary
25
26
Nursing Dx:
Constipation R/T reduced bowel function
Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements R/T reduced bowel function
Nursing Care Preop 1. Administer isotonic enemas: Normal saline solution or mineral oil to evacuate the bowel Daily enemas with 0.9% NaCl Don’t administer tap water. * Tap/hypotonic water will cause cardiac congestion or cerebral edema 2. Minimal residue diet with vitamin supplementation 3. Position semi fowlers to relieve dyspnea from distended abdomen 4. pacifier 27
After colostomy or Ileostomy 1.
Monitor fluid intake and output (ileostomy will likely cause excessive electrolyte loss)
2.
Keep the area around the stoma clean and dry; use colostomy or ileostomy appliances to collect drainage
3.
Monitor for return of bowel sounds to begin diet
Postop 1.
Observe for abdominal distention
2.
Small frequent feedings after NGT removal
3.
Colostomy care
4.
Assist parents to cope with children’s feeding problems 28
Intussusception
Is the invagination or telescoping of the portion of the intestine into an ajucent, more distal section of the intestine.410 months
S/S: Intense abdominal pain, vomiting, blood in stool “currant jelly”, abdominal distention (sausage shaped mass)
Dx: sonogram “coiled spring”
Tx: Ba enema (reduction by hydrostatic pressure), surgery
29
Nursing Dx:
Pain R/T abnormal abdominal peristalsis
Risk for deficient fluid volume R/T bowel obstruction
30
Nursing Care 1.
Provide comfort measures - pacifier for infants.
2.
NPO.
3.
Adequate hydration via IV therapy.
4.
Insertion of N.G tube to deflate stomach.
5.
Observe patient regularly for any complication.
6.
Promote parent-infant bonding.
7.
Post op nursing care.
31
Pyloric Stenosis
Hypertophy/hyperplasia of pyloric sphincter
Males
S/S: nonbillous vomiting, s/s of dehydration and wt loss, abdominal distention, “olive” sized mass RUQ, visible peristalsis
Dx: xray-”string sign”, USG, endoscopy
Tx: surgery 32
Nursing Dx:
Risk for deficient fluid volume R/T inability to retain food
Risk for infection at site of surgical incision R/T danger of contamination from feces R/T proximity of incision to diaper area
33
Nursing care
Hydration
Pacifier
may give thickened feedings on upright position then NPO just before surgery
Monitor I and O, weight, and vomiting
Postop 1.
Dropper feeding 4-6 hrs after surgery 45 min- 1 hr duration; oral rehydration soln then half strength breastmilk/formula at 24 hr interval
2.
Side lying position
3.
Monitor weight and return of peristalsis
4.
Wound care
5.
Pacifier for oral needs
34
Hiatal or Diaphragmatic Hernia
Part of stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into thoracic cavity. OR Herniation of intestinal content into the thoracic cavity.
Predisposing factors include: • • • • •
Congenital weakness Increased intra-abdominal pressure Increased age Trauma Forced recumbent position
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Left side
S/S: respiratory difficulty, cyanosis, retractions, (-) breath sounds affected side, scaphoid abdomen
Dx: CXR, Upper endoscopy
Tx: Diaphragmatic Hernia repair
36
37
Nursing Dx: Risk for ineffective airway clearance R/T displaced bowel Risk for imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, R/T NPO status
38
Nursing Care Preop
Mechanical ventilation
Elevate head
Low intermittent suction
Postop 1.
NICU care.
2.
Semi-fowlers
3.
Wound care
4.
Maintain warm, humidified environment– lung fluid drainage
5.
Suction prn
6.
Chest physio
7.
NPO – prevent pressure on diaphragm
39
Celiac Disease/Gluten sensitive enteropathy/Celiac sprue
Celiac disease also called gluten-induced enteropathy, is an inborn error of metabolism Characterized by poor food absorption and sensitivity or intolerance to gluten (a protein found in grains : wheat, rye, oats, barley)
Usually becomes apparent between ages 6-18 months
Causes: Gluten intolerance Immunoglobulin deficiency 40
Pathophysiology
A decrease in the amount and activity of enzymes in the intestinal mucosal cells causes the villi of the proximal small intestine to atrophy and decreases intestinal absorption.
Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (????), minirals & some protiens & carbohydrates. Complications
Lymphoma of the small intestine
Impair growth, succeptibility
41
S/sx:
steatorrhea (????) because of inability to absorb ____?
chronic diarrhea
anorexia
malnutrition; weight loss
failure to thrive
coagulation difficulty from the malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins
irritability
anemic (Fe deficiency)
abdominal pain and distention 42
CELIAC CRISIS: constitutes acute medical emergency and threat to life
acute vomiting and diarrhea,dehydration & acidosis
Dx:clinical; IgA antigliadin Ab ↑↑, gluten free diet
Mx: gluten free diet, vitamin & Fe supplementation
NDx: Imbalance nutrition: Less than body requirements R/T impaired absorption 43
Nursing Intervention:
nutrition counseling
Eliminate gluten from the diet:
avoid cereals, bread, cake, cookies, spaghetti, pizza, instant soup, some chocolates
Give the child: corn and rice products, soy and potato flour, breast milk or soy- based formula, and fresh fruits.
Replace vitamins and calories; give small, frequent meals.
Monitor for steatorrhea- its disappearance is a good indicator that the child’s ability to absorb nutrients is improving. 44
Imperforate Anus
Is the congenital presence of an intact anal membrane or internal blind pouch of the bowel.
Pathophysiolog:
An arrest in embryonic development of the anus, lower rectum and urogenital tract at the 8th week of embryonic life. Fistula is more likely to be formed. Others anomalies likely, especially TEF. Cause unknown. 45
Types ano-rectal malformations
Anal stenosis. Imperforate anal membrane. Anal agenesis. Rectal agenesis.
S/S:
No anal opening. Absence of meconium stool. Green-tinged urine---if fistula is present. Progressive abdominal distention. 46
47
Treatment for
Low-type imperforate anus. • Local dilatation of fistula. • Definitive repair. • Anoplasty.
High-type imperforate anus. • Colostomy for decompression. • Definitive pull-through surgery, deferred untill 1 year of age.
Complications: before & after surgery ???? 48
Nursing Assessment
Physical examination of newborn. No anal opening. Presence of perinial fistula. Presence of meconium-stained urine.
Pre-op nursing care:
With-hold feeding, note any vomiting (COCA). N.G intubation. Measure abdoominal girth. Keep the baby warm. Keep fistula area clean. Observe for any compliction.
49
Post-op nursing diagnosis
Risk for infection R/T surgical incision of anoplasty
Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T ostomy
Risk for fluid volume deficit R/T restricted intake
50
Poost-op nursing care Depending on the location, type of imperforate anus, sex of child. Prevent infection of suture line. Expose perinium to air. Proper positioning, prone or side to side. Observe for redness, drainage, poor healing. Preventing skin breakdown, (ostomy care). Maintaining fluid & electrolyte balance. Start oral feed as ordered (usually within hours after of anoplasty). Moniter for return of paristalsis. Parentral fluids untill oral feed not started. Observe for abdominal distetion, bleedding from 51 perinium
References:
Sandra Nettina: The Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice, 6th edition, 1996 Lipponcott –Raven Publishers
http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/6663904/Pediatric-Disorders
http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/6685930/Nursing-Care-of-ClientsWith-Upper-Gastrointestinal-Disorder
52
Thank you! 53
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