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! "! "! " . "! – ! ) ! - # ! . "! " !"! # ! - #3 ! .2 "! «! "! "! " » - # " #" " ( #.") ! "), " " " * "" *" ", % % ! * # ( ! "!, + " % (flex-binning) ! '! '). !! "! ! # " ). ! –3 ! * #+ &# ) ! (! .2.7). " ! "" ! , " " " " " 2.3, " ,* # " ,"" ! ! ! "! !" #" ) !" ' *" ( .". *" !" ' *" " * . ), 2 (2.24) = SD × NC × B

3 . " #" , » « ! "!,

!" % " !

"

,

!

*

*

"

)+ ! ) # #" # ! # # *"! # !" " " * ", " !" " # ! !", -. # *" # !" " ) ! !", -.")

. !# ' %"

" ' 3 "! % -

% % *"

30

Arbeit macht frei

!

"

. ! "

% , !"

) ! " # %! & % # ! ! " ). % ! " # - ! # " " " # ") ! " , ! " *" # "! " ; " " , ! "! " " # #. " ! ' * #', !# % " % ! " , " ,"" *" "!" ) ! " ) ! %! * " ! !"," " %" % *" '3 " " 3 ! " . ,

" % ! *"

) !"

2.9.1

"

#

! ! * '

"

!" " , ! # ! + ! :! "! - " "! -* , " - ! !", -. . 0 " , )! "! , " , "!" # *" " ! " % ! " ! .

"!

$, -

#&

." * ", " ! ! , ! " " ! , * ! ' *"!" " , ) $" , % ! ! - , * 3 $" " " !"' "! ) ! " , 3 *" , * !" " !" " "!" -."% % ! , $" " # *" !"' " # ! . 0 ! "!, " $" !" #" ) " , )! + "! , " " " , * ,* " "* ! ' " " *"!" $" " " "" ' ( *," !"') ! . " !" " " "! * - ( * , , -) &" ! "! : "!

≤ (!

"!

)/3

$"

! "!, % " !"' "! # $" (1/5 ) (Cordsen, 1993b), . ! 3 % % ! (! .2.8) " + &! -, ! ! # " " , ! " % . (78 ) " ! × 768 !"' ! ', "!" " -. ' ! . *" , ! ) " ' # ! # "! !" ! .( " * ! "! , " ). , !

! ) 300 "!

.2.8

(2.25)

"! " "!" " ! ! " !" ", !"' "! ' ' ) 100 (1/16 ), ! ! "! 24 × 24 " *"!"' ! ' # #" # $" , # " #

#

#&

.

31

Arbeit macht frei

!"' "! " !"! "! " 3 "

! + " ! " ! ! ! !"

' "!"*

' ! + ! "

" " " " ) " * ) "+ # '

! $" ; .

,* "

"! !" ! " " -. "!"* ") *" " ' " !"' "! ' '

#.

2.9.2 , "! !

# -* , " * .2.9a, 3 !

# + "" f "!" %! & "), ! # %" % *" % " # θ ! "! " ! # " -. ! : sin θ =

"

"

*

, # "! :

"

)*

∆t =

"

, * ∆t !" " !" # ! "% , - # " !

λ 4 ×V

=

- "$" %

(2.26)

#" #

1 4× f

"

1/4 # ! . "

-

(2.27)

∆t : V 4× B × f

(2.28)

f =

V 4 × B × sin θ

(2.29)

B=

V 4 × f × sin θ

(2.30)

sin θ =

"

B.

V × ∆t B

+ "!#" # !"

!

"

,

3 ' ! " θ . !" " !" ,"% ! "!

#' " ) ,

" % " # ! + ! ! " *" ! ) " ! !

-.") "!' , " *" # # - "! )

32

Arbeit macht frei

* %! ! Vave

,

./ ) 90 3 ! *" . ) # ! *" ! "! . " # !" ## ! 2.9b):

#

) " "! )* " ,"" %! *" " -* " # !" ! ") * * # ! !" # ) ! !" -. # * fdom ( ! .2.9a

f dom =

Vave 4 × B × sin θ

(2.31)

.2.9.

# ; a.

, c.

0

!

, b.

"!:

f dom =

f dom =

",

"

"

!

B=

%

/ = 88 × sin 15 ο

#!

"

B:

"!

V ave 4 × f dom × sin θ

* 1&:

7 , #* %" !" # ) " # ") ) +

2500 / = 97 4 × 25 × sin 15 ο

7500 4 × 82.5

!

B=

B=

.

-

(2.32) #*

60

2500 / = 40 4 × 60 × sin 15 ο

7500 / = 121 4 × 60 × sin 15 ο

% *" ' &" ! " ! -. %' & ") % :

" " ") ',

!

# !" *,"

"%

33

Arbeit macht frei

(2.33)

V z = V 0 + kZ % " Vz –

, " #-. # # % ), V0 – ! "!' , * ," 0), Z – % . Margrave (1997) ! , " #-. - # % ), # !" " " # ! "! . 2 " , "% %! *" # ! "! , " ' % " * (Bee !., 1994). ! "! % # * ! .2.9c ( Liner Gobeli, 1997). ! " ! ! " # ! " ! p, ! " ! # "!' " - " %" ! -.") "!' ! " ! * p !" #" ) # -, !# " % !" " #" # (

!

p= % " θ0 – % # " -.

' " !

:

!

0

!

# ! *" ! "! $" # ! Vint " !" " %! " !" ## ! . ) !! "! #* $" fmax " " "! -.") "!' θ. " " ,

f max =

0

!

*

. -

Vint 4 × B × sin θ

" "

"

". !

"! *

(2.35)

# ( Vz ! " %! !" ,* ) ! %" "

#

(2.36)

"!:

f max =

",

% *" ),

Vz 4 × f max × sin θ

f max =

*-

(2.34)

(take-off angle) * , " %" ! , " #-.") # %

B=

"! (2.35)),

sin θ 0 Vz

k– 3

!

"!, "

"

"

#!

fmax=80 1&,

3000 / = 116 4 × 25 × sin 15 ο

10000 4 × 82.5

/ = 118 × sin 15 ο

"!

B:

B=

Vint 4 × f max × sin θ *" :

(2.37)

34

Arbeit macht frei

!

B=

"!

B=

"

30000 / = 36 4 × 80 × sin 15 ο

10000 / = 120 4 × 80 × sin 15 ο

"!" -.") ", ! " ," fmax, "! "!" %! & "). ! % , ) + " "! # * ', ! " " ," 3 ) " * . " -. ' " #' - # #* "! # ! $" . ! " " " ," ! " # - # !"% ! & ' ! )* . / %" ! % " !" #, % ! *" ! " * " # !"'-*" !"' !" -.") * ( % 3 " * " ! ), ! "!, 2.8), * * " " , " ! "! , " . " , * ! &" %! & " * "' ' #' + ; " " , *" ," % " #, " "* " %! & . 4- " # " " "! '* "!" %! & ") " %# " * # "! # " %! & " % %! %! & . ! ) !! "! " '! " !" " ) )* %! & . # " ! "! B * ) fmax " %! & !" " #" # ! ! " # ,"), % " sin θ " #" # tan θ (! .2.9b). ( . 4-

!

"!

" * *

!

" "

# ! !

"

*

-. ' !"'

'"

&:

" f max =

( %!

5 20 35

"

" B=

! 0

" ! *"

Vint , ! 4 × B × sin θ (Vint=3000 / ):

"

0

# !

"

" ( %!

15 25 40

')

B(

*

" ! ')

')

fmax

#

*

"

!

"!

B(

" ! ')

(Vint=3000 / ): fmax ( %"!& ')

100 60 40

%:

"

-. ' !"'

fmax ( %"!& ')

100 25 15

V int , ! 4 × f max × sin θ *

"

B

#

"-

35

Arbeit macht frei

)

Vint , 4 × B × sin θ (Vint=10000 / ): f max =

"

(

)

5 20 45

)

B=

"

B(

fmax

440 110 55

)

)

15 20 30

fmax (

% )

B

"

(Vint=10000 (

fmax (

V int , 4 × f max × sin θ

#

#

80 60 40

-

/ ): % )

B(

)

:

% #

Vint=3000 /

fmax

2.2

% #

Vint 4 × B × sin θ # " " !

f max = 0

( %!

')

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

% #

10 861 432 290 219 177 150 131 117 106

( %! 5 10 15 20 25

')

40 215 108 72 55 44

!

20 430 216 145 110 89 75 65 58 53

2.3

B= 0

15 574 288 193 146 118 100 87 78 71

25 344 173 116 88 71 60 52 47 42

#

!" " (

" ! ')

30 287 144 97 73 59 50 44 39 35

50 172 86 58 44 35 30 26 23 21

90 96 48 32 24 20

100 86 43 29 22 18

B.

V int 4 × f max × sin θ 50 172 86 58 44 35

60 143 72 48 37 30

fmax ( %"!& ') 70 123 62 41 31 25

80 108 54 36 27 22

100 86 43 29 22 18 15 13 12 11 %"!& '

36

Arbeit macht frei

30 35 40 45

* % " Vint=10000

38 33 29 27

30 26 23 21

% 2.4. !

f max = ( %!

')

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

*

(

) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

'

19 16 15 13

17 15 13 12

15 13 12 11 " ! '

& !

"! ") Vint

fmax

Vint 4 × B × sin θ

# " " 41 700 351 236 178 144 122 106 95 86

55 522 262 176 133 108 91 79 71 64

fmax ( 40 717 360 241 183 148 125 109 97 88

! 82.5 348 175 117 89 72 61 53 47 43

% 2.5 !

B=

"

21 19 17 15

/ *

0

25 22 19 18

! 110 261 131 88 66 54 45 40 35 32

!" " ( +

')

165 174 87 59 44 36 30 26 24 21

220 130 65 44 33 27 23 20 18 16

440 65 33 22 17 13 11 10 9 8 %

80 359 180 121 91 74 63 54 49 44

90 319 160 107 81 66 56 48 43 39

100 287 144 97 73 59 50 44 39 35

B.

"

V int 4 × f max × sin θ % 50 574 288 193 146 118 100 87 78 71

'* "!" -.")

)

60 478 240 161 122 99 83 73 65 59

"%

70 410 206 138 104 85 71 62 56 51

! .

* .

# ! %'

"!-

37

Arbeit macht frei

2.9.3

! "

"!" ! # " " * !" * ' , % -.") " # !

#

%! & "),

" +! % ! " ," " ! #" ) , - " , " , "! , ! ." . " %! )* . 0" " # #% ! )!

"

" " ! "! ) 8!" " * (500 ! " & , %! , ! # ! ! !", -.")

!", - #, " #. 9 " ! "") *" , " ! %# ! !", -. # " # "!"* " !" ".

Denham (1980): RH =

%" θ – .

) % !", -. #

#!

*,

RV sin θ

! ) , RV – "!

%! & -, RH – % ! # ! !", -. # -

Claerbout (1985): «

!", -. # …»

*

!" " #" #

3++"

)

Embree (1985):

dX r = Freedland

0.3 × V f max × sin θ

Hogg (1990): RL = RV =

% " RL – % ! !", -. # Ebrom

# ! !", -. # ,B–, !

.

, RV – "!

!. (1995):

RL = % " λ min =

V 2B

1 f max

, θ = arctan

L – 2

Vermeer (1997):

L 2Z

! +

#, Z – %

λmin

4 × sin θ

$"

.

#!

-

38

Arbeit macht frei

V 4 × f max × sin θ x , max

Rx =

Vermeer

"! !" P-

!

Vmin , % " Vmin – 4 × f max

! " 3

θ x , max

,

– %

!

"

#,

#

" %

"

#

. ## !

-.")

. * "

"!'

" "! ! !"% ! & (finite recording apertures) ! ! " !" " ) "* " % ! ! " - !" " % " " # " ! % %! ! % ! !" (Margrave, 1997). 0" ) % # !" " " " ! !", -.") : 3 !" -.") (Claerbout, 1985; Freeland Hogg, 1990), *" "! ) (Ebrom !., 1995; Vermeer, 1997), * !" "" (Embree, 1985)? -*"' ! , #. ' # ! !", -.") –3 "! !" ! ! ! !", " ) 3 " " . "! !" ! * # ! !" ! "! . !"' "! ' $" ' "! ! %! & " #" # ! # " $" ! " ' 3++" . " " , "" % "! ! %! & 30 %! ( + ! " Vermeer). ! " % , "" " " # ! !", -.") 2! ! " . "" &" ! . ." " "' ( "!' ) , ! ' ) " "), "!- ! !", -.") " * , ! # * " #« ) ! !", -.") -» (achievable resolution). 0 ! ", « ") " # ! !", -. # » " " ," « ) ! !", -.") » , ! ", ' " " ! ) ! ) " , " % ! #+ . . # &" ") #."% " # !" % " #, * % ! # ! !", -. # " ' # " ) *" "! ) ! ) !" -.") . !" -. # " "!" " !" " ") *" ! !" "; ! "! !" ! ! " " :

%" N ! !" #

2

" #" # % $" " 3

"

"!

!" !

λ dom = !

4.

$" ! !" " "

3000 / = 60 50

," #

B=

Vint N × f dom , * !" 50 1&. ( "! 3000 / (10 000 B=

"!

10000 50 3000 / = 30 2 × 50

/ (

= 200 15

(2.38) -. # * # ! / ), ! !

, ! N=4),

fdom " " -

39

Arbeit macht frei

B=

"

10000 2 × 50

/

= 100

(

50

N=4).

( ! "! " ' " ' ! &, % ! # ! !", -. # !" " #" '! "! ,! % 15 (50 ) !" " % 30 (100 ) ( & 2.6). 1 !# !" ! "! , ! ) " ,", *" !" " # # % ! ) ! !", -.") , " " ", * " ,"% ! "! " " " ) + ! & . " " , ! " *" ." " , * " ! " + " ! !"," %! ! " . "! " "" ) *" "! !" -.") !* ) !" & " " " ) + ! & .( ! "! !" , " !" -.") , # #- # ! ! " " "! "* ! + ! & . 2.6. $ #

% # !

" ! "! $"

/ 1! %

!

"!

!

!

2.9.3.1 $# * "." # ! " -. ":

" ! # "

!

-

" +

%

% " # % .

%! "

+ %! &

) , " , " "" * # % (dc bias).

" %! & !" + f-k -* " # ! !" " " ' " * ". " * "!"% * k. 9 3++" ") " " ! "! , "*" " %! & -,

*"

: 9 "!% # * . / %! & # "

" : ! !" ! - # ."" " "* :

'

#

- ! !", -. # ! .2.10. %! & . 9++" %! & "* ! ! " ," " % ! " %! & . -*"

" +

)

30 .

"!

! " 1! , "

.

"! ) 33 (100 36 (120 ) 15-30 (50-100

# " "! #* # ! !", -. #

#

+

#

# "' % ! %! * " # " # #

%! & , + ", % # %! !

+ "

!

"" , -, !

! # "!" '

' ") ) ! % ! -

%! & ") " # ' % #

" . "" %

*, 90 "."-

40

Arbeit macht frei

:

"!" %! & "), +! % ! # " - ! ," %! *" ), ! ) . " %! & , +! % ! # ! ! , " # " - ! ," ! ) * ! .2.10. / %! & # ! !" " #" * f-k ! % " * ! " , '* '. ")* +! % ! # "" * # )* "!" %! & "), " * # ) ! ! " )* . +! % ! # !" ! " # " * ) %! *" ) ", * '* " . (% !" " # ! !", -. # ( )* )! ! ! " ) ! !", -.") ( ) " )* , ! " ) ! ! " '" & ').

.2.10.

! " #. (1- 1 ! # ! -. # "!' ; 20 # ! -. # "!' ; 3- / ) ; 4+! % ! ' ; 5- "!" %! & "); 6" %! & )

2.9.3.2 ) ! " " " " *" !" +! % ! -. ' $" , . # " " ! / ); " " , *

.2.11a. ; 30 (100

100

).

,

!

" # " *" ' ' ! " ! " " # ! " * – 10 (33 ), ! – 3000 +! & ! " " 30 (100

-

.2.11b. '

;

100

! / (10 000 ).

.

"! ) !" ! (! .2.11a – "!" %! & "), ! .2.11b – %! & ), #* 100 1&, " %! & ' ! *- # ! " #. 8 *" ,3 * ) # #" # !" " !", -.") # )* ! # # " ! " ! ! " # ! 30 (100 ), * " "

" !, ! # . + -

41

Arbeit macht frei

,* ", *

) " !

*

+! % ! -. ) $" ! " # "- # , # ! "

" " ! ":

%! & (

'

Vint = f max × λ max

λ max =

(2.39)

Vimt f max

(2.40)

V int ≅ 2λ max f dom % " Vint – ! " !" " $" 1 * , fdom – !" -. # * ≅ f max , 2 λ dom – ! fdom. 3 ! "!":

λ dom =

!

!

"

-

# ).

(2.41) , fmax –

λ max

=

#

=

10000 100

–

# ! fmax,

3000 / = 30 100

/

= 100

! ! " # ! !", -. # " ! 30 (100 ), .". ) " )* , " !" -.") * . 3 * " # ! *" #* . " !" * , # !" -.") * 50 1&. ! # !! (! .2.12a "!" %! & "), ! .2.12b " %! & ) " 3++" " # )* " 50 1&, * " " ! ! " ) " 60 (200 ). 3 * ", +! % ! -. ' $" ' # # " % % " « ! ! " % », %! # ! !", -. # "!#" #. !

!

"

=

#

=

3000 / = 60 50

10000 50

/

= 200

42

Arbeit macht frei

.2.12a. ; 50 (100 ).

,

30

2.9.4 $

! "

.2.12.b. '

;

50

.

#

# "! ) ( !" " )) ! !", -.") Kallweit Wood (1982). - ! * " ! "! ( 3 "#, "! Widess), % # #, ! "! !" " ) ! !", -.") . Ver, * + % ! & # 3-D * ") ! " meer (1999a) ! ." " ! * - " "! ) %! ) ! !", -.") -. *" " ! *" ) "! "" * + ! , " " # ! % " # ! "! " Widess (Rz=1/4fmax), Vermeer !" %" " -."" ! " ": *"

#

(2.42)

R z = cV /( 2 f max cos i )

% " Rz – "! # ! !", -. # ! ! " '" & ', c – # #, ! # " ' ! "! " ( 3 "# . .), V– # "! # ! + *" ! "! !" " % (temporal wavelet), fmax – #* , !"% ! ! # $" , cos i – % i, ! ) !" #" ) % , ! % # , " #-. * ") ! " * ) % "; cos i "! !" ! ! # " " ! % f max × cos i . ! ! ." #, ! " " , " fmax !

"!:

V=2500 / c=0.715 ( ! "! ) 3 "#) cos i=0.9, fmax=40 1& Rz=0.715 × 2500/2 × 40 × 0.9=25 , " * " , *," c=0.25 ( ! "! ) 1/4 % %! ( -*" " .

c=0.715. % ), " " ! " ! ) "" " ""

#

! % .

-

43

Arbeit macht frei

* " "!" cos i " ! "! - ! " ! % ! ! ." #). ! , !

) 0.9, * ! % % *"

" !

"

) 3++" . " " # (!

!" " #

"» "

" * " « ! # " "

:

""

R z = 0.715V /( 2 f max 0.9) = 0.4V / f max !

% 2/5 ! )

,

3

!

"

!

"

-, "! )* !"," .

,

(2.43)

# ! !", -. # ! " )

–.

" & " !

" !

-." "

! "

,

" !

"

# !

!

Rz $" -

1

*"

":

sin ( % 0

%

#) ≅

"

60

"!: sin 6 ο ≅ 0.1 sin 12 ο ≅ 0.2 sin 18 ο ≅ 0.3

9

! 3

"

"

! & '):

"

"!"

'!

"- #

." -. " "- …

"!

, " %

"

"!' " ! "

"

!" " -. "

!"

# %

"

" ' ! ,"%

"

" !

," 45 %! (

" !

*" 20 %!

# ,

"

'

"

#

"%

. 500

1.5

$"

3000

" "

%!

4200 /

fdom

% %!

50 1&

fmax

% %!

70 1&

" ! *"

30

2000

$"

+

'6%

!

" !" # !

Vint "

"

! ! -. " % ! # '! "- …

%

%

#" #

. '

44

Arbeit macht frei

!

"!

"

%

$"

300

%!

"

!

%

- '"

.

:

#

) !

: B=! "! $" ÷ 3= : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )= !", -.") : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom),

#! "! $" # "! )* #% ! )! (N=2-4)=___-___ ! "! B= RI= SI=

– , #

'=

'

:

# a) b) c)

"!

#

1(

% ) :

" -

# …

30 20

#

,

" …

"

. 1500

6000

$

1.5

$

10 000 Vint

14 000

"

fdom

"

50 +%

fmax

"

70 +%

" -

*

$

1000

" .

" :

/

45

Arbeit macht frei

= :

! " d) e) f)

"

: B= " $ ÷ 3= : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )= " # : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom),

$

" " (N=2-4)=___-___ " B= RI= SI=

2.10 XMIN 7 +

# )

# !" " « ! # " #

) # " #- # * # " ! "

&" !" " , ! ) # " ! !+ "' ! " . !" #" ) % !" ! !+ !" " ) " * ) Xmin. ! » « % %» ( . 1 5), !" " SLI RLI. # ! % " :

!"" , ) " , , ) 3 ) " (! .2.13a). # * " ) "!" % ) '" " '" ' , ) ) ' $" , Xmin !" " #-

# # "

"

(2.44)

X min = ( RLI 2 + SLI 2 )1 / 2 ,* " *" " RLI Xmin. " ! % ) '" ", !" & Xmin. "! " # ! "! ! : Xmin=(3602+3602)1/2 =509 " *" " ,

Xmin=(13202+13202)1/2

!"

SLI !

! )

" ' # " # #" # " -

=1867

." * ", ! + ". - # ' " # " # * " "!" "*" # ! "! (! .2.13b) &" " ," # *" !#-. ' # *"). ! 3 + ! # Xmin " * " " #" #:

[

X min = (RLI − 0.5 × SI ) + (SLI − 0.5 × RI ) ! &" !" " ) , )

2

"." "-

Xmin.

! !

' " #

]

2 1/ 2

!" ' !+ Xmin, " &" ! ! "! ! :

Xmin=[(360–30)2+(360–30)2]1/2 =467

(2.45) "), *" !" ) ""

-

46

Arbeit macht frei

Xmin=[(1320–55)2+(1320–55)2]1/2

.2.13a. ) / .

Xmin

-

=1789

Xmin

.2.13b. ) /

.2.14. #

.

# "

!

-

#

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