Pd 4 Criteria For Classifying Animals

A. embryology (Natasha Kennis and Cheyanne Burkett): • • •

Embryology is the study of the development of the organism before birth. Its study is the fertilized egg up until birth. They classify what part of the embryo develops first.

An example of embryology is when the embryo goes through a larva stage to see if the embryo resembles adulthood yet, •

like the spider- after the 1st larva stage it has reached adulthood

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Caterpillar to butterfly- the larva stage is when the caterpillar cocoons itself, which then it becomes a butterfly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology#Vertebrate_and_invertebrate_embryology •

Embryology is what is being studied to help genetic control

B. homology (Melissa and Jade): • •

Homology is how animals are related through their ancestry. Through homology, the structures show how the animals are linked to their ancestors. • An example is how birds and bats both have wings, which is homologous.

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It's observed through DNA in genetics • Usually it's based off sequence similarities; if two or more genes are very similar chances are it's homologous.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthologous_gene •

Homology distinguishes the resemblance between animals.

http://books.google.com/books?id=bZw-ntFxpYC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=How+do+we+classify+animals+with+homology%3F&source=web&ots=LJ 9Yf_liPJ&sig=Qf-gA89Nagj7OwFvxPAMynYEU0w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result •

It's described as organisms having the same origin but they developed for different functions. • Another example, the wings of a bat, flippers of a dolphin, and arms of a human are homologous. It's homologous because they all evolved from the paired pectoral fins of the fish ancestor.

http://www.creationengineeringconcepts.org/index.php?p=1_2_HOMOLOGY-PAPER C. analogy (Jenna and Caroline) : • • •

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an analogy is something similar in nature analogies may be due to homologies or homoplasies some analogies are made in classification because parts of an animal may be used for the same things in the animals adaptation • though the parts of an animal are very different and cannot be seen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_analogy http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/animal_2.htm animals are physically and genetically diverse analogy was used to classify butterflies and birds specific characteristics to distinguish it from all other types of organisms

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breeding experiments

D. blood proteins/biochemistry • •

Every animal has particular cytochromes. Then they narrow down the more cytochromes in the creatures

E. DNA/RNA Alex and Marisa • • • • •

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DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA RNA- Ribonucleic acid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA The number of strands in the DNA can be used in classifying different animals. http://ezinearticles.com/?Virus-Classification&id=251837 DNA and RNA are used as a last resort when the organism has no other noticeable characteristic to classify it with DNA and RNA are used to classify Archaea or unusual bacteria because of the differences in RNA from the bacteria and eukaryots http://www2.nemcc.edu/bkirk/Template%201/MICROCHAPTER10NOTES.htm 0.1% of a persons DNA is different from everyone elses DNA. 1% of your DNA is different from every other DNA

F. chromosome structure- Jenna and Sky • • • • •

Chromosome structure is the way the chromosomes are made up in each animal. The structure is made up of two chromatids and is attached by a centromere. Chromatid- Made up of DNA that is wrapped around histones. Chromosomes are numbered differently in each species of animal. For example, gorillas and chimpanzees have the same amount, which is 48. An organized structure os DNA and protein that is found in cells. chromosomes may be duplicated or unduplicated

http://library.thinkquest.org/2875/review/division/1.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome G. adaptations (Meghan Farmery and Lauren McGarvey) •

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physical features help animals • get food • protect themselves • make homes • withstand weather • mate • survive can behavioral or structural do not occur in an animal's lifetime, but over many generations examples: • camouflage • fur color • fur thickness • shape of body parts • migration • moving and living in groups

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animals and how they adapt • chameleons can change the color of their skin to match their surroundings • arctic foxes have a thick white fur coat that helps them blend into their surroundings and protect them from cold weather • some animals grow a thicker coat in the winter to protect them from the cold weather

www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view_activity.cgi?activity_id=4750 www.learninghaven.com/science/articles/animals_and_adaptation.htm H. evolution (marcus bush and devon brooks) • •

the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next generation evolution is the passing of traits, that can effect the next generation and can alter the physical traits

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution • • • • • • •

one of the evolutionary traits for classifying is phenotypic. Phenotypic is when you classify by it's physical characteristics. an example of this is a wolf and a dog. they both have the same genus name and look alike but there are other traits that make them different with the species name another way to classify organisms is by there ancestory organisms with close ancestor could be placed in one group while organism with far ancestor could be in an entirely different group

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/tutorials/Classification_and_evolution4.asp I. geologic evidence-Spencer and Clint •

Digging up dinosaurs has taught us that birds are more related to dinosaurs than modern day lizards

J. behavior (hayden muth and michael gigliotti)

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Behavior or behavior refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. You can classify organisms based on their behavior, for example human behavior, animal behavior, and psychology. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior You can classify animals using behavior by a more general sense, animals are loosely considered carnivores if their feeding behavior consists of preying on other animals answers.yahoo.com/question/preview An example of classifying is three hundred seventy beef steers were used to evaluate the possibility of using individual animal feeding behavior patterns early in the finishing period to classify overall finishing performance, carcass quality, or both. Feeding behavior variables included measures of time spen t feeding (physically consuming feed at the bunk.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4035/is_/ai_n9455175 Any problems in classification (organisms that don't fit)