Pawan Final 69.docx

University Of Mumbai “A STUDY ON DIGITAL INDIA” Bachelor of Management Studies Semester VI (2018-2019)

Submitted by PAWANKUMAR SINGH

Cosmopolitans’s ValiaC.L.College of Commerce &Valia L.C. College of Arts D.N.Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400053.

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University Of Mumbai “A STUDY ON DIGITAL INDIA”

Bachelor of Management Studies Semester VI

Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the requirements For the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Management Studies

By PAWANKUMAR SINGH

Cosmopolitans’s ValiaC.L.College of Commerce & Valia L.C. College of Arts D.N.Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400053.

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DECLARATION I, PAWANKUMAR SINGH the student of T.Y.B.M.S. Semester VI (2018-2019) hereby declare that I have completed the project on “A STUDY ON DIGITAL INDIA” ”.The information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

_____________________ (Signature of Student) RAHUL PUJARI ROLL NO 46

Cosmopolitans’s ValiaC.L.College of Commerce &Valia L.C. College of Arts D.N.Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai - 400053.

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CERTIFICATE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous and the depth is so enormous. I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh dimensions in the completion of this project. I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me chance to do this project. I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. SHOBHA MENON for providing the necessary facilities required for completion of this project. I take this opportunity to thank our Chief Co-ordinator PROF. RAJLAXMI NAYAK and our Course Coordinator PROF. SIDDHITA WALAVALKAR, for their moral support and guidance. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide PROF.VIMARSHINI SANTOSH whose guidance and care made the project successful. I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books and magazines related to my project. Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported me throughout my project.

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INDEX

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TABLE OF CONTENT

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1.

INTRODUCTION

7

2.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

42

3.

LITERATURE REVIEW

48

4.

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENATION

64

5.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

74

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CHAPTER 1

on to

1.1 INTRODUCTION Shri Narendra Modi gave its approval for Digital India – A programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy. This is a follow up to the key decisions taken on the design of the programme during the meeting of the Prime Minister on Digital India Programme on August 7, 2014, and to sensitize all ministries to this vast programme touching every corner of the government. This programme has been envisaged by Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Deity.

The programme will be implemented in phases from the current year till 2019. The Digital India is transformational in nature and would ensure that Indian Government services are available to every citizen electronically. It would also bring in public accountability through mandated delivery of government’s services electronically; a Unique ID and e-Pramaan based on authentic and standard based interoperable and integrated government applications and data basis The source of funding for most of the e-Governance projects at present is through budgetary provisions of respective Ministries/ Departments in the Central or State governments. Requirements of funds for individual projects for Digital India will be worked out by respective Nodal Ministries/ Departments.

Digital India is a Programme to prepare India for a knowledge future. Hon'ble Shri Narender Modi, Prime Minister of India has laid emphasis on National e- governance plan and has gave its approval for Digital India – A programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy.

Digital India is an ambitious programme of Government of India projected at Rs 1,1,13,000 crores. This will going be for preparing the India for the knowledge based transformation and delivering good governance to citizens by synchronized and coordinated engagement with both Central Government and State Government.

This programme has been envisaged by Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Deity) and will impact ministry of communications & IT, ministry of rural development, ministry of human resource development, ministry of health and others. This programme will also benefit all states and union territories. The existing/ ongoing e-Governance initiatives would be revamped to align them with the principles of Digital India. The vision of Digital India is to transform the country

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into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. It would ensure that government services are available to citizens electronically. It would also bring in public accountability through mandated delivery of the Indian government’s services electronically.Digital infrastructure will focus on providing high speed secure Internet. Governance and services on demand will stress on integrating services across departments and jurisdictions and making services available in real time for both online and mobile platform.

Digital empowerment of citizens will going to deliver universal digital literacy and availability of digital resources/services in Indian languages. The programme will be implemented in phases from 2014 till 2018. The source Of funding for most of the e-Governance projects at present is through budgetary

provisions

of

respective

ministries/departments

in

the

central

or

state

governments.Requirements of funds for individual project(s) for Digital India will be worked out by respective nodal ministries/departments but according to government estimate it will cost Rs 113,000 crore.

To implement this the government is planning to strengthen National Informatics Center (NIC) by restructuring it to support all central government departments and state governments. Positions of chief information officers (CIO) would be created in at least 10 key ministries so that e-Governance projects could be designed, developed and implemented faster

The year 2014 is a watershed year in the history of the Indian republic. This is significant as the said year has heralded the beginning of a new era. This is the era of Digital India.The Narendra Modi led Government of India has come up with a detailed comprehensive vision of India which is digital in all aspects. The said vi sion is encompassed in the programme entitled “Digital India”.

The Government of India envisages Digital India to be a programme that will prepare India for a knowledge future.Given the ubiquitous use of technology in various sectors of human life, the focus of the Digital India programme of Government of India is to make technology central to enabling change.

The perspective of the programme is transformative in nature in as much as it seeks to relies IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology) = IT (India Tomorrow) For the last few decades since India got its independence, India has been struggling despite its huge capabilities. Never before since the dawn of Indian independence, has the focus of the Indian Government being on knowledge built future. Digital India programme seeks to prepare India for a knowledge future economy. 8|Page

This programme ‘Digital India’ further seeks to be an umbrella programme which will cover many departments of the Government of India. The focus of the programme is that it brings together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision so that each of them is seen as part of a larger goal.Digital India programme is coordinated in India by the Department of Electronics & Information Technology, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Government of India and is implemented by the entire Government.

Right from the day of assuming power, Digital India and Make in India have been two big USPs of taken with the launch of MyGov.in portal. Narendra Modi launched his mobile app to connect further with the netizens. Over the last one year, several initiatives have been taken for introduction of Information Technology to empower people in areas relating to health, education, labor and employment, commerce etc. Digital India Week has been launched with an aim to impart knowledge to people and to empower themselves through the Digital India Programme of Government of India.

Digital India comprises of various initiatives under the single programme each targeted to prepare India for becoming a knowledge economy and for bringing good governance to every citizens through synchronized and co-ordinated engagement of the entire Government.

This programme has been envisaged and coordinated by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Deity) in collaboration with various Central Ministries/Departments and State Governments. The Prime Minister as the Chairman of Monitoring Committee on Digital India, activities under the Digital India initiative is being carefully monitored. All the existing and ongoing e-Governance initiatives have which been revamped to align them with the principles of Digital India.

Digital India is a programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy. The Digital India is transformational in nature and would ensure that the Government services are available to every citizens electronically. It would also bring in public accountability through mandated delivery of government’s services electronically, a Unique ID and e-Pramaan based on the authentic and the standard based interoperable and integrated government applications and data basis. The programme will be implemented in phases from the current year till 2018.

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Digital India is an initiative of Government of India to integrate the government departments and the people of India. It aims at ensuring that the government services are made available to citizens electronically by reducing paperwork. The initiative also includes plan to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks.

Digital India has three core components. These include:  The creation of digital infrastructure  Delivering services digitally  Digital literacy

The information is taken by the official website of Digital India project. According to the team, the project is slated for completion by 2019. A two-way platform will be created where both the service providers and the consumers stand to benefit. The scheme will be monitored and controlled by the Digital India Advisory group which will be chaired by the Ministry of Communications and IT. It will be an interministerial initiative where all ministries and departments shall offer their own services to the public Healthcare, Education, Judicial services etc.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKROUND OF DIGITAL INDIA Digital India was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 1 July 2015 with an objective of connecting rural areas with high-speed Internet networks and improving digital literacy. The vision of Digital India programme is inclusive growth in areas of electronic services, products, manufacturing and job opportunities. It is centred on three key areas – digital infrastructure as a utility to every citizen, governance and services on demand, and digital empowerment of citizens.

Since its inception, mankind has evolved on a huge scale. From communication to governance, every single element has witnessed noticeable advancement. A lot has been said about e-governance in recent years, and the latest ‘Digital India’ initiative by the Indian government seems to have initiated this very notion. The official website summarizes the concept as follows: “Digital India is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.” India has been a constant mess when we consider its governance. Ways and methods used for governance have not advanced with time and act as dead weight on the march to progress. Corruption and unreliability are crippling governance on a daily basis. A clear need for governance was seen, 10 | P a g e

which could be reliable, transparent and upgraded as per modern technology. An E-governance plan was initiated in 2006 by the UPA government, trying to connect government services to the public via telecom services. This did not meet expectations, and was soon let go of. Carrying the idea, if not the implementation, onwards, Pm Narendra Modi launched the Digital India programme in September 2015. His trying to regain people’s confidence in reliable governance, and the progress in this direction till now cannot go unseen. The major objective of Digital India is to equip rural areas of the country with paramount digital infrastructure, digital delivery of services, and digital literacy. The responsibility of handling the working of the project has been delegated to the Digital India Advisory group, chaired by the Ministry of Communications and IT. Services relevant to Healthcare, Education and Judicial services are all subsets of the assignment. Additional support was acquired by the campaign after the Prime Minister’s recent visit to Silicon Valley. “We must ensure that technology is accessible, affordable, and adds value.” he said at a conference. Microsoft’s Satya Nadella, Google’s Sundar Pichai and Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg were few amongst those big names who emphasized on the scheme’ importance. After plans like ‘Make In India’ and ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’, the ‘Digital India’ initiative is another prioritized projectadministered by the Modi government and has also been recognized, globally. Its goal to digitally connect the nation’s population is unquestionably appealing and definitely qualifies as another step forward towards a developed India.

1.4 PROFILE OF DIGITAL INDIA

The journey of e-Governance initiatives in India took a broader dimension in mid 90s for wider sectoral applications with emphasis on citizen-centric services. Later on, many States/UTs started various e-Governance projects. Though these e-Governance projects were citizen-centric, they could make lesser than the desired impact. Government of India launched National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006. 31 Mission Mode Projects covering various domains were initiated. Despite the successful implementation of many e-Governance projects across the country, e-Governance as a whole has not been able to make the desired impact and fulfil all its objectives. It has been felt that a lot more thrust is required to ensure e-Governance in the country promote inclusive growth that covers electronic services, products, devices and job opportunities. Moreover, electronic manufacturing in the country needs to be strengthened. In order to transform the entire 11 | P a g e

ecosystem of public services through the use of information technology, the Government of India has launched the Digital India programme with the vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.

1.4 DEFINITION OF RELATED ASPECTS Digitization: Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital format . In this format, information is organized into discrete units of data (called bit s) that can be separately addressed (usually in multiple-bit groups called byte s). This is the binary data that computers and many devices with computing capacity (such as digital camera s and digital hearing aid s) can process.Text and images can be digitized similarly: DIGI LOCKER: The service was launched as an important facility to store crucial documents like Voter ID Card, Pan Card, BPL Card, Driving License, education certificates, etc. in the cloud MYGOV.IN: MyGov.in is a platform to share inputs and ideas on matters of policy and governance. It is a platform for citizen engagement in governance, through a "Discuss", "Do" and "Disseminate" approach ESIGN FRAMEWORK: This initiative would enable users to digitally sign a document online using Aadhaar authentication. SWACH BHARAT MISSION MOBILE APP: The app will enable organizations and citizens to access information regarding the cleanliness drive and achieve the goals of the mission. EHOSPITAL: Online registration System under this initiative enables people to avail services like online registration, payment of fees and appointment, online diagnostic reports, checking on the availability of blood online, etc

DIGITIZE INDIA PLATFORM: Ihis initiative will involve digitization of data and records on a large scale in the country to make easy and quick access possible

BHARAT NET: Under this initiative, a high-speed digital highway will connect all 250,000 gram panchayats of the country. This is the world’s largest rural broadband project using optical fibre.

WI-FI HOTSPOTS: Development of high speed BSNL wi-fi hotspots throughout the country is yet another initiative to improve digital connectivity in the country 12 | P a g e

1.5CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL INDIA

1. Broadband Highways:

This covers three sub components, namely Broadband for all Rural, Broadband for all Urban and National Information Infrastructure. Under Broadband for all Rural, 250 thousand village Panchayats would be covered by December, 2016. DoT will be the Nodal Department and the project cost is estimated to be approximately Rs. 32,000 Crores. Under Broadband for all Urban, Virtual Network Operators would be leveraged for service delivery and communication infrastructure in new urban development and buildings would be mandated. National Information Infrastructure would integrate the networks like SWAN, NKN and NOFN along with cloud enabled National and State Data Centres. It will also have provision for horizontal connectivity to 100, 50, 20 and 5 government offices/ service outlets at state, district, block and panchayat levels respectively.

2. Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity:

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The initiative is to focus on network penetration and fill the gaps in connectivity in the country. All together 42,300 uncovered villages in India will be covered for providing universal mobile connectivity in the country. DoT will be the nodal department and project cost will be around Rs 16,000 Cr during FY 2014-18.

2. Public Internet Access Programme:

The two sub components of the Public Internet Access Programme are Common Service Centres and Post Offices as multi-service centres. Common Service Centres would be strengthened and its number would be increased from approximately 135,000 operational at present to 250,000 i.e. one CSC in each Gram Panchayat.CSCs would be made viable, multi-functional end-points for delivery of government and business services. DeitY would be the nodal department to implement the scheme. A total of 150,000 Post Offices are proposed to be converted into multi service centres. Department of Posts would be the nodal department to implement this scheme.

4. e-Governance: Reforming Government through Technology:

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Government Business Process Re-engineering using IT to improve transactions is the most critical for transformation across government and therefore needs to be implemented by all ministries/ departments. The guiding principles for reforming government through technology. Form simplification and field reduction, forms should be made simple and user friendly and only minimum and necessary information should be collected.

Online applications, tracking of their status and interface between departments should be provided. Use of online repositories e.g.school certificates, voter ID cards, etc. should be mandated so that citizens are not required to submit these documents in physical form. Integration of services and platforms, For example UIDAI, Payment Gateway, Mobile Platform, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) etc. should be mandated to facilitate integrated and interoperable service delivery to citizens and businesses. Workflow Automation Inside Government

The workflow inside government departments and agencies should be automated to enable efficient government processes and also to allow visibility of these processes to the citizens. Public Grievance Redressal, IT should be used to automate, respond and analyze data to identify and resolve persistent problems. These would be largely process improvements.

5. e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services:

There are 31 Mission Mode Projects under different stages of e-governance project lifecycle. Further, 10 new MMPs have been added to the e-Kranti by the Apex Committee on National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) headed by the Cabinet Secretary in its meeting held on 18th March 2014. 15 | P a g e

Technology for Education – e-Education- All Schools will be connected with broadband. Free wife will be provided in all secondary and higher secondary schools (coverage would be around 250,000 schools). A programme on digital literacy would be taken up at the national level.MOOCs (Massive Online Open Courses shall be developed and leveraged for e- Education.) Technology for Health – e-Healthcare- E-Healthcare would cover online medical consultation, online medical records, online medicine supply, pan-India exchange for patient information. Pilots shall be undertaken in 2015 and full coverage would be provided in 3 years.Technology for Farmers-

This would facilitate farmers to get real time price information, online ordering of inputs and online cash, loan and relief payment with mobile banking. Technology for SecurityMobile based emergency services and disaster related services would be provided to citizens on real time basis so as to take precautionary measures well in time and minimize loss of lives and properties.

Technology for Financial Inclusion- Financial Inclusion shall be strengthened using Mobile Banking, Micro-ATM program and CSCs/ Post Offices. Technology for Justice-Interoperable Criminal Justice System shall be strengthened by leveraging e-Courts, e-Police, e-Jails and e-Prosecution.

Technology for Planning- National GIS Mission Mode Project would be implemented to facilitate GIS based decision making for project planning, conceptualization, design and development. Technology for Cyber Security- National Cyber Security Co-ordination Center would be set up to ensure safe and secure cyber-space within the country.

6. Information for All:

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Open Data platform and online hosting of information & documents would facilitate open and easy access to information for citizens. Government shall pro-actively engage through social media and web based platforms to inform citizens. MyGov.in has already been launched as a medium to exchange ideas/ suggestions with Government. It will facilitate 2-way communication between citizens and government.Online messaging to citizens on special occasions/programs would be facilitated through emails and SMSes. The above would largely utilize existing infrastructure and would need limited additional resources.

7. Electronics Manufacturing:

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Target NET ZERO Imports is a striking demonstration of intent.

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This ambitious goal requires coordinated action on many fronts.

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Taxation, incentives.

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Economies of scale, eliminate cost disadvantages

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Focus areas – Big Ticket Items FABS, Fab-less design, Set top boxes, VSATs, Mobiles, Consumer & Medical Electronics, Smart Energy Smart cards, micro-ATMs.

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Incubators, clusters.

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Skill development.

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Government procurement.

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There are many ongoing programs which will be fine-tuned.

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Existing structures are inadequate to handle this goal and need strengthening

8. IT for Jobs:

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1 Cr students from smaller towns & villages will be trained for IT sector jobsover 5 years. DeitY would be the nodal department for this scheme.

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BPOs would be set up in every north-eastern state to facilitate ICT enabled growth in these states. DeitY would be the nodal department for this scheme.

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lakhs service delivery agents would be trained as part of skill development to run viable businesses delivering IT services. DeitY would be the nodal department for this scheme.

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5 lakhs rural workforce would be trained by the Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to cater to their own needs. Department of Telecom (DoT) would be the nodal department for this scheme.

9. Early Harvest Programmes:

IT Platform for MessagesA Mass Messaging Application has been developed by DeitY that will cover elected representatives and all Government employees. 1.36 Crores mobiles and 22 Lakhs emails are part of the database. Government Greetings to be e-Greetings- Basket of e-Greetings templates have been made available now. Crowd sourcing of e-Greetings through MyGov platform has been ensured. E-Greetings portal has been made live on 14th August 2014.

Biometric attendance-It will cover all Central Govt. Offices in Delhi and is already operational in Dei tY and has been initiated in the Department of Urban Development. On-boarding has also started in other departments.

Wi-Fi in All Universities- All universities on the National Knowledge Network (NKN) shall be covered under this scheme. Ministry of HRD is the nodal ministry for implementing this scheme.Secure Email within Government-Email would be the primary mode of communication. 18 | P a g e

1.6 ACHEIVEMENTS OF DIGITAL INDIA The ambitious ‘Digital India’ program was started with the basic idea of empowering the poor and the underprivileged. In the right direction revival of MTNL and BSNL is certainly a big step. Digital India program has exceeded all expectations and impact of the Department of Telecommunications is the perfect example in the lives of the common man. Digital India has certainly helped in increasing the awareness level about internet and employment in rural areas of the country. Majority of Indians live in rural areas and therefore the initiative will serve as a backbone for transforming India into a digitally empowered knowledge economy, by ensuring internet service to one and all.

This program will enable citizens to easily access wireless internet, promote the use of digital platforms, and make e-Services available to people in the effective manner. This innovative idea will be helpful in bringing down the use of paper and will provide Internet services to the rural areas. This will ensure the remotest communities of India are included in the digital transformation process. Information is key to development. Internet and mobile connectivity in all communities will enable them to elevate their knowledge level, awareness level and finally socio-economic status.

It will also ensure the easy access of various services offered by Government & private sectors in the paper-less environment and fair and speedy delivery mode to save time and money of the citizens of the country. Central government has decided to provide the benefits of the 'Digital India' program to the country's farmers, for which a virtual platform of a national agricultural market is in the process in addition to the idea of connecting 550 farmer markets in the country through the use of technology.

The 'Digital India' initiative would also help the farmers by giving them access to information on the best price offered for farm produce on their mobile phones in an instant. On being transformative, the idea is to realize IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology) = IT (India Tomorrow). The program weaves together a large number of thoughts and ideas into a single, extensive vision, and making the mission transformative in totality. The Digital India Program will pull together various existing schemes which would be re-focused, restructured and implemented in a synchronized manner for their major transformative impact.

According to analysts, the Digital India plan could boost GDP up to $1 trillion by 2025. It can play a key role in macro-economic factors such as GDP growth, productivity of the workers, growth in

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number of businesses and employment generation. As per the World Bank report, a 10% increase in mobile and broadband penetration increases the per capita GDP by 0.81% and 1.38% respectively in the developing countries. India is the 2nd largest telecom market in the world with 1.16 billion wireless subscribers and world’s 3rd largest Internet market with almost 259 million broadband users. There is still a huge economic opportunity in India as the teledensity in rural India is only 45% where more than 65% of the population lives. Future growth of telecommunication industry in terms of number of subscribers is expected to come from rural areas as urban areas are saturated with a tele-density of more than 160%. The digital India project will be helpful in providing real-time education and partly address the challenge of lack of teachers in education system through smart and virtual classrooms.

Education to farmers and fishermen can be provided through mobile devices. The high speed network can provide the adequate infrastructure for online education platforms for example Massive Open Online Courses. The GST Network, which is in charge of the technological infrastructure for the Goods and Services Tax i.e. biggest tax reform in India, is ready for translating nearly two billion invoices into digital formats from July1,2017. Services for example Aadhaar, refers to platforms designed to move India towards a paperless environment, cashless economy and a queue-less future.

The government is leveraging technologies in mobile, analytics, Internet of Things and cloud technology to ensure effective implementation of the Digital India program, which is in turn associated with program such as Smart Cities and Make in India. India has made a few achievements in e-governance projects such as Digital Locker, ebasta, the linking of Aadhaar to bank accounts to disburse subsidies. Bharat Net (erstwhile National Optical Fiber Network), the country’s digital infrastructure, has created a common service centre for each panchayat.Considering the broadband technology, India is better placed. According to a report by Akamai (a US-based content delivery and cloud service provider), India’s average broadband speed is 23.5 Mbps and maximum speed is 25.5Mbps. Top executives of Tech Companies are in agreement with the vision of Digital India and are willing to invest resources for the same purpose.

1.7 DIGITAL INDIA CHALLENGES Many people in rural areas have no Internet connection, and also the content in regional languages is not sufficient to keep the readers engaged. Only 15% of the households can access the Internet, and 20 | P a g e

few people can access mobile broadband. This scenario is despite the increasing affordability of ICT environment in the country. According to World Economic Forum (WEF) 2016 report, nearly 33% of Indian population is functionally illiterate, one-third of youth do not attend secondary education. There are vast differences in urban centers such as metropolitan cities and remote rural areas, where an even basic service for example electricity is unavailable to run the Digital India program. India’s growing economy and digital push have caught the attention of hackers and an increasing wave of cyber attacks could soon badly impact the country.

India and other South Asian countries are now on the radar of cyber attackers. The government and corporate world need to procure state-of-the-art, New Age security solutions to thwart their plans. It is not only a technological question but also deals with the question of privacy and security. The biggest challenge faced by ‘Digital India’ is the slow and delayed infrastructure development. Spectrum availability in Indian metros is about a tenth of the same in cities in developed countries

Challenges are in every area right from policy making, changing the work flow up to changing the mentality of the government officers. It is technological change within the most diversified nation. Within the government there are various departments which should be integrated. There is an active involvement of various departments such as telecommunication, justice, finance and planning, health department etc.Without a smooth teamwork between them, this mission would never be implemented to its full strength.

For digital technology to be accessible to every citizen, significant efforts are needed to customise apps and services to cater to local needs. Finding vendors who can provide such applications has become a challenge. Though there are resources with India but there is a huge capital cost which is to be invested and the fruits of the investment will be received after few years. Net neutrality is must and it is important to understand that digital India without net neutrality would be a great blow to entrepreneurs and citizens of India. India is a diversified country, in terms of language, culture, laws which vary from states to states. Complete integration, that is integration of technology and language, is one of the main challenges.

The Centre's ambitious Digital India program is facing multiple challenges in successful implementation due to lack of clarity in policies and infrastructural bottlenecks, according to a joint report by AssochamDeloitte. For Digital India to have a large scale impact on citizens across the nation, the digital divide needs to be addressed, considering the importance of connectivity issue in remote rural areas, as currently over 55,000 villages remain deprived of mobile connectivity. This is 21 | P a g e

largely due to the fact that providing mobile connectivity in such locations is not commercially viable for service providers.

1.8 Digital India – A plethora of opportunities for the IT sector : Today, we are in the midst of a third industrial revolution powered by digitization, the first two being driven by steam engine and electricity. Digital transformation is causing massive upheaval across industries and societies. When it comes to pace of technology advancement, we are firmly in the second half of the chess board where each subsequent advancement is massively more impactful than all previous advancements.

For the past four years, we along with MIT Center for Digital Business are studying to understand digital transformation, its benefits and challenges, and industry leaders globally. We found that almost no business is sheltered from the competitive disruption wrought by the widespread adoption of digital technologies.Traditionally, Indian companies have been slow to adopt technology. However in recent months, companies across sectors are expressing interest in going ‘digital’. This trend has been further encouraged by the Government’s ‘Digital India’ program. A key area of investment under this initiative is to improve the government to citizen interface for various service deliveries.

The government is serious about automated delivery of services and we can see it in the JAM paradigm – Jan Dhan Yojana for direct benefit transfers based on Aadhaar infrastructure and mobile interface for banking. The government has saved Rs 13,000 crores in cooking gas subsidies last fiscal putting technology to use and now proposes to extend technology to delivering MNREGS subsidies. For technology companies, Digital India opens up a plethora of opportunities such as building the broadband infrastructure; creating identity solutions, payment systems, web or mobile based delivery structures and so on. Cybersecurity is another key

area of focus. As commerce and banking go online and mobile, the threat of data leaks and hacks will only increase. It is imperative that organizations of all sizes invest significantly in securing their products and services. Healthcare is undergoing its own digital transformation globally, and in a 22 | P a g e

country like India, telemedicine and remote health will likely play a huge role in driving universal accessibility to quality healthcare. Smart Cities are another big area of opportunity for technology companies as part of Digital India. Building out the infrastructure, getting various public sector departments online, providing a bouquet of services to citizens, all hold out significant potential for technology companies to work closely with the Government. As newer technologies like 3D Printing, robotics, artificial intelligence come to fore, the Digital India initiative offers a solid platform for preparing citizens, companies and the country as a whole to be prepared to benefit from them. Closely tied to the Digital India program is the ‘Make in India’ initiative. For India to transition to a digital future, it is very imperative that a greater proportion of its consumption is serviced locally. The initiative can act as a significant push towards doing so. Early results are very positive, given the recent announcement of a USD 5 billion investment from electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn in Maharashtra and the new mobile phone assembly plant for Redmi in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh. However, success of the Digital India will be closely tied to the regulatory framework that accompanies it.

The Government should ensure that these regulations create an enabling environment where private players come in, work with one another and create successful ecosystems. The role of the Government should accordingly be in line with the maxim of the current administration - Minimum Government, Maximum Governance.

After digital infrastructure, the second priority has to be training. Developing and installing software for a national digital infrastructure can be done with relatively little labour, but maintenance, repair and technical support for the hardware and software of digital infrastructure are skills which are already in short supply, even without extensive coverage. It is not clear that the government’s vision fully realizes this need, even within the “pillar” of “IT for jobs”, but implementing Digital India will require both public and private effort for this dimension of skilling.

A related aspect of training is imparting skills in using various kinds of application software, including more generic examples such as word processing, spreadsheets and presentations, but also more specialized software for accounting, website design, graphic design and more. The government’s own documents speak of skilling in the context of the IT or ITeS, but they do not seem to realize the potential scope of IT for all aspects of the economy: Even a cloth merchant can use 23 | P a g e

accounting software. Educational content also needs to be available in major Indian languages. Health applications, information for farmers and financial services, to be truly accessible to the masses, ought to have local language versions. One can think of this as an aspect of infrastructure, something that does not matter for a country like the US, but is taken for granted across Europe, where each country uses its own language. The final aspect of implementing a vision of Digital India should be digitizing the internal workings of government, not just at the national and state levels, but all the way down to local governments. This is obviously a huge undertaking, when even basic aspects of operations such as accrual accounting are absent from sub-national tiers of government.

It is not clear that the existing vision acknowledges the enormity of the implementation task, blithely listing a wide range of government services to be provided by digital means. As in the case of cybersecurity, the experience ofdeveloped countries is a reminder of the potential difficulties of building IT systems. If Digital India is to be achieved, there needs to be a clear prioritization of goals. The most fundamental goal should be to create a robust and secure infrastructure.

The second priority is to make sure that there is enough expertise to maintain this infrastructure. Third, basic software applications and educational content should be made available in multiple Indian languages. These three goals are not specific to the workings of government. The fourth implementation goal should be to digitize the internal operations of government at all levels. This task alone is an enormous one,even before citizen-facing IT-enabled government services can be provided. Many of the specific activities and services listed in Digital India documents are miscellaneous in nature, and of secondary importance.

They illustrate the laundry-list approach to government, which spreads attention and effort in ways that can prevent almost anything specific or substantial being accomplished. For example, progress on the national fibre optic network has been pitifully slow. The entire Digital India vision as publicized is very government-centric, rather than focusing on the wider potential importance of IT in India’s economy. A truly Digital India will need to be developed in a manner that is quite different from what is implicit in the government’s current vision. It is not too late to rethink the vision and create a sensible action plan for implementation.  Digital India is a Programmeto prepare India for a knowledge future.  The focus is on being transformative–to realize IT + IT = IT.  The focus is on making technology central to enabling change.  It is an Umbrella Programme–covering many departments. 24 | P a g e

 It weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision so that each of them is seen as part of a larger goal. Each individual element stands on its own. But is also part of the larger picture. It is coordinated by DeitY, implemented by the entire government. The weaving together makes the Mission transformative in totality.

The Programme:  Pulls together many existing schemes.  These schemes will be restructured and re-focused.  They will be implemented in a synchronized manner.  Many elements are only process improvements with minimal cost. The common branding of programmesas Digital India highlights their transformative impact. The Digital India programme is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy

The journey of e-Governance initiatives in India took a broader dimension in mid 90s for wider sectoral applications with emphasis on citizen-centric services. Later on, many States/UTs started various e-Governance projects. Though these e-Governance projects were citizen-centric, they could make lesser than the desired impact. Government of India launched National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006.

31 Mission Mode Projects covering various domains were initiated. Despite the successful implementation of many e-Governance projects across the country, e-Governance as a whole has not been able to make the desired impact and fulfill all its objectives.It has been felt that a lot more thrust is required to ensure e-Governance in the country promote inclusive growth that covers electronic services, products, devices and job opportunities. Moreover, electronic manufacturing in the country needs to be strengthened.

In order to transform the entire ecosystem of public services through the use of information technology, the Government of India has launched the Digital India programme with the vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.

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\E-governance initiatives in India took a broader dimension in the mid 1990s for wider sectoral applications with emphasis on citizen-centric services. The major ICT initiatives of the Government included, inter alia, some major projects such as railway computerization, land record computerization, etc. which focused mainly on the development of information systems. Later on, many states started ambitious individual e-governance projects aimed at providing electronic services to citizens.

Though these e-governance projects were citizen-centric, they could make less than the desired impact due to their limited features. The isolated and less interactive systems revealed major gaps that were thwarting the successful adoption of egovernance along the entire spectrum of governance. They clearly pointed towards the need for a more comprehensive planning and implementation for the infrastructure required to be put in place, interoperability issues to be addressed, etc. to establish a more connected government

Digital India will deliver a real improvement in the quality of life of every citizen. President Barack Obama's just concluded historic visit to India has laid the foundation for a relationship of hope and promise between India and the US. Among other areas, i believe this relationship has immense potential in the field of ICT and digital connectivity. Already 60% of India's IT exports, worth $50 billion, cater to the US market. US companies, many of which already have backend operations in India, have continually expressed interest in expanding. Digital India, a flagship programme, conceived within 100 days of the Modi government assuming office, has the potential to propel digital connectivity to new heights and reinforce Indo-US ties.

What is Digital India? It is an obligation we owe to India and a gift which we must offer to posterity. It aims to tap and channelise the vast potential of India's fondness for technology, coupled with soaring aspirations of a young India. Digital India is designed to bridge the divide between the digital haves and digital havenots, between the poor and the affluent, rural and urban, literate and illiterate, employed and unemployed, and between the empowered and the disempowered. Digital India weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single comprehensive vision.

This vision is centred on three key areas: creation of digital infrastructure, delivery of governance and services on demand, and digital empowerment of citizens. It includes the ambitious programme National Optic Fibre Network (NOFN), aiming to link India's 2.5 lakhs gram panchayats through over 70,000 km of high speed optic fibre in the next three years thereby enabling over 600 million Indians to harness the benefits of modern communication. NOFN has to be executed with the active 26 | P a g e

partnership of state governments. I recently inaugurated our country's first high speed rural broadband network in Idukki district of Kerala. If 900 million mobile phones and 300 million internet connectivity can spring up in India without active government patronage, imagine what a far reaching impact a government backed programme would have if executed in a mission mode. A noteworthy feature of Digital India is that it is envisaged as a national nondiscriminatory infrastructure available to all categories of service providers for wholesale bandwidth. Telcos, ISPs, virtual network operators and cable TV providers can all plug into this network for offering next generation services to citizens. Indians keenly observe the arrival of a technology and once they recognize its worth, they adopt it with enthusiasm.

Digital India is designed to empower Indians with the power of technology. Digital India architecture would compel change in governance processes for delivery of services. Along with the need for faster and timely service delivery, it is important to ensure that benefits of development reach each and every citizen of the country in equal measure.

I believe that broadband access to all will open a new world of economic opportunities for rural Indians in areas such as ecommerce, outsourcing and back offices, marketing of agricultural products and traditional handicrafts, amongst others. Domestically, India consumes up to $100 billion in electronics every year, most of which are imported, including products like mobile phones, computers, SIM cards, smart cards, set top boxes, LED lights, cameras, televisions, medical electronics and the massive electronic segment in defence manufacturing.

There is a need for manufacturing electronics in India for the growing Indian market. Government has announced the Make in India programme, which complements Digital India by encouraging local and foreign manufacturers to manufacture in India for the domestic market and for exports. Foreign companies should not restrict themselves to back office operations but instead look to manufacturing their high-end products in India. Make in India has conveyed to the companies that this scheme is more than a slogan ¬ it is a commitment.

Government is backing the Make in India proposal with financial incentives. Catering to the necessity of expanding the talent pool of IT professionals the Cabinet has already approved setting up an Electronics Development Fund to encourage innovation, research and startups. Backing up this innovation is the government's programme DISHA, which focuses on the critical aspect of digital literacy so that even the poorest Indian can participate and contribute to this digital expansion. Floodgates of possibilities will open for the selfemployed as well as small and medium enterprises. 27 | P a g e

I imagine a scenario where gardeners, plumbers, drivers, shopkeepers, tutors, tailors can all find new markets through their mobile phones. We are in the process of finalizing a policy on setting up BPOs in small and mofussil towns which will leverage digital connectivity and digital literacy to encourage employment and foster entrepreneurship.

Empowered citizens will have the power to make choices, to save time, lower their costs, add convenience to their days and improve their health. The potential payoffs through this revolution can certainly be measured in numbers connections, devices,subscribers, downloads and so on but the improvement in the quality of life of every Indian is the real change our government wants to bring. This task is enormous, challenges are onerous yet we shall overcome, as India after May 2014 is a different country. The writer is the Union Minister of Communications and Information Technology. All digital resources universally accessible; All government documents/certificates to be available on the Cloud; Availability of digital resources/services in Indian languages; Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance; Portability of all entitlements for individuals through the cloud.

1.9 Approaching India’s digital transformation: The announcements of the Digital India and Skill India missions are the prime minister’s twin promises to the youth of India for a better future. Both recognize the role technology must play—the Skill India initiative that targets to skill over 400 million youth by 2022 gives a computer-screen the pride of place in its logo.Technology is permeating our lives and changing how we live and work. An outstanding example of this is the mobile phone (in all its varied sophistication levels and incarnations). As mobile operators vie to acquire the billionth subscriber in India, telephone connections are no longer the privilege of a select few, but a nearlyubiquitous accessory that in numerous cases pays for itself. The JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobile technology) trinity described expressively in this year’s Economic Survey is also built on the foundation of a fully-digitized economy, the ramp up to which will not be easy. Policy challenges such as the hotly contested debate on the disruption of legacy communications services by over the top (OTT) applications and ambitions of net neutrality demand attention but elude instant resolution, and require nuanced and contextual thinking.

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But even as policy makers wrestle with such conundrums, they must not lose sight of the numerous other opportunities for development that may be forged with technology. Apps—the innovative bitesized applications that are resident on smartphones—are one. Palpably richer in content than the traditional “value-added services” of old (SMS, MMS, call related services, etc), apps are a whole new breed as they augment devices and revolutionize what phones can do, including (but by no means limited to) gaming, social networking, navigation, shopping, utilities, health and even education

. As long as they are armed with a data connection and a smartphone to run on, the functions that apps can perform are growing every day—their variety seemingly limited only by imagination and skill. Given the app revolution gripping India and indeed the rest of the smartphone world, we at ICRIER decided that, in collaboration with IAMAI, to inquire into the “Impact of India’s App Economy”. The results are heartening and encouraging. We estimate that app developer jobs will double by 2016 from the current level of 75,000. As one would expect, the impacts go beyond merely jobs for coders—developing an app requires skills beyond IT, involving sales and marketing, customer relationship management and finance and accounts. Jobs for people that can fulfill those requirements thus contribute to indirect employment in the industry. In addition, the increased income of those directly or indirectly engaged in the app economy can then result in demand spilling over outside the industry, creating opportunities for induced employment.

The inquiry therefore also estimates the indirect and induced employment multipliers under different business and regulatory conditions. In the most optimistic scenario, total employment could increase up to eight times. If direct employment increases at a faster rate, the multiplier effects will result in massive benefits to overall employment in the economy.

There is no doubt that apps are fundamental to the paradigm shift in adoption of technology in India. The innovation in app development now enables a mobile device to function as a navigator, a health monitor, a remote control and even a gaming console.

Now Apps can get smartphone components such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and numerous other sensors to innovatively act in concert and allow for functionality previously absent in the same device. With over 200 million mobile internet users in India, app purchases are not only increasing in number but also in sophistication. 29 | P a g e

A study on digitization and mobility by ASSOCHAM and Deloitte estimated app downloads in India to touch 9 billion by 2015 with the entertainment and social networking will dominating use over utility, health or education apps. Unfortunately, the number of apps originating in India is only a tiny fraction of the total demand as even those built to be locally-relevant are often developed abroad.

The lethargic uptake of app development in India can be attributed to the absence of several elements in the ecosystem, of which one is inadequate skilling. The app economy exists as part of the internet ecosystem, which consists of network infrastructure, devices, content and users. In a pyramidal framework, the core activities of the app ecosystem are identified as development, distribution and demand.

At the turn of the century, Indian software developers acquired a formidable global reputation that has only enhanced since as Indians today constitute the second most prominent group of app developers in the world, exceeded only by the Americans. But while Indians comprise the secondlargest community of app developers, almost half of them are based outside India. Of those who operate within India, it is unclear how many create apps that are ‘local’ (in terms of language and target markets).

The local market for apps thus becomes subject to a somewhat vicious cycle as inadequate local content leads domestic users to consume international apps, which in turn discourages Indian developers to create and market local content. International app stores continue to dominate app distribution in India as a consequence

In the early days of app development, telecom operators controlled distribution and strong-armed developers into accepting less than favorable terms. Operators pocketed over 70% of app-generated revenue while developers needing access to markets did so at the mercy of operators within their “walled gardens”.

These skewed initial arrangements thus deterred local app development.Competition since has eroded the market power that operators wielded and technological advancements such as the development of Wi-Fi-enabled smartphones allow consumers to bypass operators’ networks and directly access apps from the internet. But where apps are to permeate to peri-urban and rural users, operators will remain important if not key to unlocking the local potential of the app economy.

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Their unmatched reach makes them ideal for distribution and their established and familiar payment channels make monetization easier to achieve. India is a promising marketplace for apps. The rapidly expanding middle-class and increasing affordability of devices and data will create massive demand. In addition,quality of service and relevant content will matter and will be determined by operator investments in spectrum and physical infrastructure.

Network congestion is a worry, especially in spectrum-starved urban markets. On the supply side, the final wedge is a staring skill gap. Generations of computer and software engineers are a readymade base for the app industry. The quality of developers must be improved along with increase in the quantity.

Training in product development and creative designing will enhance the growth of this industry in India.The new government has enthusiastically endorsed the idea of apps for India. Social networks were a vibrant platform for user-generated content especially by young Indian voters in the 16th Lok Sabha elections held last year.

The PMO App Contest and the eGov App store also signal government intention to leverage technology to enhance efficiency, transparency and effectiveness of public services. Some state governments have already embraced m-governance to improve public service delivery.

Single window access to all persons by seamlessly integrating departments or jurisdictions; availability of government services in online and mobile platforms; All citizen entitlements to be available on the Cloud to ensure easy access; Government services to be digitally transformed for improving ease of doing business; Making financial transactions above a threshold, electronic and cashless; and Leveraging GIS for decision support systems and development.

1.10Benefits of Digital India:  The Government of India has initiated a giant leap forward to transform the country into a digitally empowered knowledge economy. DI will help in leveraging India's globally acclaimed IT competence for the benefit of 120 Crores Indians. 

It will help in reducing corruption, getting things done quickly and will help in reducing paper work.

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Some of the facilities which would be available through this initiative are Digital Locker, eeduction, e-health, Digital Signature and national scholarship portal

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Digital inclusion integrated in Social services

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The imperative comprehensive digital inclusion strategies is not solely tried to economic issues but also government agency their own e-govt initiative to improve citizen services and optimized operational efficiency. As a result a growing number of services are being offered to the public online these include:

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Food assistance.

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Training opportunities.

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Recreational facilities and programme.

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Financial assistance.

1.11 Vision of Digital India: Shri Narendra Modi’s vision of digital IndiaI dream of a India where: 

High speed digital highways unit the nation.

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connected Indians drive innovation.

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Access to information no barriers.

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Technology ensures the citizen- government interface is incorruptible.

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Government services are easily and insufficiently available to every citizen’s mobile devices.

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Government proactively engages with the people through social media.

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Quality education reaches the most inaccessible corners driven by digital learning.

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Quality healthcare percolates right up to the remotest regions powered by ehealthcare.

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Farmers are empowered by real-time information to be connected by the global markets.

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Mobile enable emergency services ensure personal security.

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Mobile and e-banking ensures financial inclusion.

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E-commerce drives entrepreneurshi

Centered on 3 Key Areas: 1) Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen. 2) Governance & Services on Demand. 3) Digital Empowerment of Citizens. 32 | P a g e

Vision Area 1: Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen: 

High speed internet as a core utility.

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Cradle to grave digital identity -unique, lifelong, online, and authenticable.

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Mobile phone & Bank account enabling participation in digital & financial space.

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Easy access to a Common Service Centre.

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Shareable private space on a public cloud.

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Safe and secure Cyber-space.

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High speed internet shall be made available in all gram panchayats; Cradle to grave digital identity; Mobile and Bank account would enable participation in digital and financial space at individual level; Easy access to common service centre within their locality; Shareable private space on a public cloud; and Safe and secure cyber space in the country.

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The Digital India vision provides the intensified impetus for further momentum and progress for e-Governance and would promote inclusive growth that covers electronic services, products, devices, manufacturing and job opportunities.

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Availability of high speed internet as a core utility for delivery of services to citizens.

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Cradle to grave digital identity that is unique, lifelong, online and authenticable to every citizen.

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Mobile phone & bank account enabling citizen participation in digital & financial space.

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Easy access to a Common Service Centre.

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Shareable private space on a public cloud.

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Safe and secure cyber-space.

Vision Area 2: Governance & Services on Demand:

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Seamlessly integrated across departments or jurisdictions.

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Services available in real time from online &mobile platform.

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All citizen entitlements to be available on the cloud.

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Services digitally transformed for improving Ease of Doing Business.

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Making financial transactions electronic & cashless.

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Leveraging GIS for decision support systems & development.

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One major goal that flows from DEF's Vision and Mission statements is to ensure

Vision Area 3: Digital Empowerment of Citizens: 

Universal Digital Literacy.

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`Universally accessible digital resources

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All documents/ certificates to be available on cloud.

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Availability of digital resources / services in Indian languages.

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Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance.

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Portability of all entitlements through cloud.

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Universal digital literacy.

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Universally accessible digital resources.

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Availability of digital resources / services in Indian languages.

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Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance.

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Citizens not required to physically submit Govt. documents / certificates.

Digital-Panchayat:

On its own initiative, DEF is convincing and helping Gram Panchayats or Village Councils to take the digital route for better governance, set up their own websites and facilitate elected Panchayat representatives to become digitally literate. Focus Area: Empower panchayats digitally.

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On its own initiative, DEF is convincing and helping gram panchayats or village councils to take the digital route for better governance, to set up their own websites and to facilitate elected panchayat representatives to become digitally literate.In 2010, DEF in partnership with the National

Information Exchange of India (NIXI), an autonomous body of the Ministry of Communication & IT, started convincing gram panchayats to set up their own websites and go online The vision is that if the lowest tier of the governance can able to adopt digitisation then a grassroots-level transformation can take place in governance and in participatory democracy. Moreover, Gram Panchayats themselves can become big change agents by promoting, encouraging and facilitating digital literacy and access to the Internet. So far, DEF has helped over 500 gram panchayats to create their own websites and go online while making over 5,000 GP members digitally literate.

Now, with emphasis on the Digital India programme and related programmes such as the Sansad Aadarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) and the ongoing NOFN (National Optic Fibre Network) project to provide broadband connection to all 2,50,000 gram panchayats, DEF's pioneering effort not only stands validated but is also likely to get a major boost in the coming days. DEF is now pushing ahead to help many more Panchayats become digitally inclusive.

DEF initiated and rolled out the Digital Panchayat programme in collaboration with the National Internet Exchange of India in 2010. The programme was launched keeping in mind that ICT usage is largely missing among elected representatives at the parliamentary, state and panchayat level.

The Digital Panchayat programme was designed to revolutionise information sharing, good governance, transparency and publishing information on development indicators through a web portal for every panchayat. The web-based dynamic digital interface at the all panchayat level connected to the electorate and citizens has tremendous relevance and utility in overall governance and development of our grassroots constituencies.

It facilitates and improves the day-to-day functioning of panchayats through two-way flow of information and content. Moreover, information on decisions taken at Gram Sabha meetings gets recorded and shared through panchayat websites. This enhances transparency as higher level officials and bureaucrats cannot change decisions at will.

Soochna-seva :

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Facilitating citizens to take full advantage of all welfare schemes of the central and state governments by aggregating information on all such schemes and spreading awareness to ensure that people avail these schemes appropriately. The Soochna Seva project is a joint initiative of the Digital Empowerment Foundation and the European Union. Launched in 2014, objectives are to aggregate information on all kinds of central and state government schemes and entitlements to improve access to information for people and communities living in backward districts of India. The project involves setting up 1,200 public scheme information delivery and access points (Panchayat Soochna Seva Kendras) over the next five years for final gains in entitlements in five identified backward districts in six key areas of education, health, livelihood, employment, financial inclusion and social security.

PRODUCTS AND PROJECTS OF DIGITAL INDIA Digital locker system to minimise usage of physical documents and enable their e-sharing via registered repositories.

MyGov.in as an online platform to engage citizens in governance through a "Discuss, Do and Disseminate"approach.

Swachh Bharat Mission Mobile app to achieve the goals set by this mission. e-Sign framework to allow citizens to digitally sign documents online using

Aadhaar. e-Hospital system for important healthcare services such as online registration, fee payment, fixing doctors' appointments, online diagnostics and checking blood availability online.

National Scholarship Portal for beneficiaries from submission of application to verification, sanction and disbursal.

Digitise India Platform for large-scale digitisation of records in the country to facilitate efficient delivery of services to the citizens.

Bharat Net programe as a high-speed digital highway to connect all 250,000 gram panchayats of country -- the world's largest rural broadband project using optical fibre.’

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BSNL's Next Generation Network to replace 30-year old telephone exchanges to manage all types of services like voice, data, multimedia and other types of communication services.BSNL's large scale deployment of wi-fi hotspots throughout the country.

'Broadband Highways' as one of the pillars of Digital India to address the connectivity issue while enabling and providing technologies to facilitate delivery of services to citizens. Outsourcing Policy to create such centres in different north-eastern states and in smaller towns across the country.

Electronics Development Fund to promote innovation, research and product development to create a resource pool within the country as also a self-sustaining eco-system of venture funds.

National Centre for Flexible Electronics to promote research and innovation in the emerging area of flexible electronics.

Centre of Excellence on Internet on Things (IoT) as a joint initiative of the government agencies and private institutions such as Nasscom. To make Post Offices multi-service centres. To connect all schools with broadband and free wi-fi

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1.10 BEST 4 SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE FOR DIGITAL INDIA

1:Official website of digital india project (www.digitalIndia.gov.co.in)

This official website provides all the latest updation and information about digital India project. People will also get all the details about the project in this official website.

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2:Official twitter account of digital India (@_DigitalIndia)

Through this official twitter account we can stay connected with every latest tweets about the Digital India project”.

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3:Official facebook account of “Digital india project”

This official facebook page provides information about service availability,events activities and official statistics related to Digital India.

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4:Official linkedin account of “Digital India”

This official linkedin account is also very useful to stay connected with latest news and changes in digital India project.

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CHAPTE

R-

CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

mpa

A research methodology defines the purpose of the research, how it proceeds How to measure progress and what constitute success with respect to the objectives determined for carrying research study The appropriate research design formulated is detailed below  Exploratary research : this kind of research has the primary objective of development of insights into the problem. It studies the main areas where the problem lies and also tries to evaluate some appropriate courses of action.  The research methodology for the present study has been adopted to reflect these realities and help reach the logical conclusion in an objective and scientific manner.

Reasearch methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially the procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing explaning and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is gained. It aims to give the work plan of research.

TYPES OF RESEARCH Research is broadly classified:

1.Basic Research Basic research is an investigation on basic principles and reasons for occurrence of a particular event or process or phenomenon. It is also called theoretical research. Study or investigation of some natural phenomenon or relating to pure science are termed as basic research. Basic researches some times may not lead to immediate use or application. It is not concerned with solving any practical problems of immediate interest. But it is original or basic in character. It provides a systematic and deep insight into a problem and facilitates extraction of scientific and logical explanation and conclusion on it. It helps build new frontiers of knowledge. The outcomes of basic research form the basis for many applied research. Researchers working on applied research have to make use of the outcomes of basic research and explore the utility of them.

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2. Applied Research In an applied research one solves certain problems employing well known and accepted theories and principles. Most of the experimental research, case studies and inter-disciplinary research are essentially applied research. Applied research is helpful for basic research. A research, the outcome of which has immediate application is also termed as applied research. Such a research is of practical use to current activity. For example, research on social problems have immediate use. Applied research is concerned with actual life research such as research on increasing efficiency of a machine, increasing gain factor of production of a material, pollution control, preparing vaccination for a disease, etc. Obviously, they have immediate potential applications.

3. Normal and Revolutionary Researches Basic and applied researches are generally of two kinds: normal research and revolutionary research. In any particular field, normal research is performed in accordance with a set of rules, concepts and procedures called a paradigm, which is well accepted by the scientists working in that field. Normal research is something like puzzle-solving: interesting, even beautiful, solutions are found but the rules are remain same. In this normal research sometimes unexpected novel results and discoveries are realized which are inconsistent with the 8 existing paradigm. Among the scientist, a tense situation then ensues, which increases in intensity until a scientific revolution is reached. This is marked by a paradigm shift and a new paradigm emerges under which normal scientific activity can be resumed.

4. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods The basic and applied researches can be quantitative or qualitative or even both. Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Here a process is expressed or described in terms of one or more quantities. The result of this research is essentially a number or a set of numbers. Some of the characteristics of qualitative research/method are: • It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies statistics or mathematics and uses numbers. • It is an iterative process whereby evidence is evaluated. • The results are often presented in tables and graphs. • It is conclusive. • It investigates the what, where and when of decision making. 43 | P a g e

Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in quantitative research. It finds applications not only in physical sciences but also in economics, social sciences and biology. Quantitative research using statistical methods often begins with the collection of data based on a theory or hypothesis or experiment followed by the application of descriptive or inferential statistical methods. Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon involving quality. Some of the characteristics of qualitative research/method are: • It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning and uses words. • Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and describe the situation. • Qualitative data cannot be graphed. • It is exploratory. • It investigates the why and how of decision making

5. Other Types of Research Other types of research include action research (fact findings to improve the quality of action in the social world), explanatory research (searching explanations for events and phenomena, for example finding answer to the question why are the things like what they are?), exploratory research (getting more information on a topic) and comparative research (obtaining similarities and differences between events, methods, techniques, etc.)

2.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.

To create awareness about digital services among the young generation

2. .To know about the digital services which india is going to adapt soon 3. To empower every citizen with access to digital services., 4. To come out with the knowledge of innovative ideas and practical solutions 5. To see where India will stand after 5-10 years digitally.

2.2 HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis 1  44 | P a g e

HO: Digital india will not empower citizens with digital services .

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H1: Digital india will empower citizens with digital services.

Hypothesis 2 

HO :Digital india will not help in rural development .

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H1: Digital idia will help in rural development.

2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The overall scope of study is to prepare & make Indians aware for a knowledge future. On being transformative that is to realize IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology) = IT (India Tomorrow). To know about the making technology central to enabling change. We can see the changing and developing technology of India in a digital way.As digital India is being an Umbrella Programme, that is covering many departments.The programme weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision, so that each of them is seen as part of a larger goal.Each individual element stands on its own, but is also part of the larger picture. The weaving together makes the Mission transformative in totality. Now we can also see the scope of digital development in rural areas. To make Panchayats more efficient, transparent and symbols of modernity by leveraging ICT at the cutting edge level to ensure transparency and accountability in their functioning through disclosure of information, social audit, efficient delivery of services and improving internal processes and management of Panchayats.

2.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY It is for sure that your research will have some limitations and it is normal. However, it is critically important for you to be striving to minimize the range of scope of limitations throughout the research process. Also, you need to provide the acknowledgement of your research limitations in conclusions chapter honestly.

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Many people were not providing proper feedback

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Some people were not having internet access

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As this is a college project research was conducted on a small scale



Possibility of error as some people may have given wrong information



Less capital was used to conduct research



Limitation of time

2.5 SAMPLE SIZE I took 50 respondents they were selected by random sampling method because in this case systematic Sampling is not possible since one cannot say weather a person is aware about digital india campaign or not.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE Simple random sampling technique is used in this research.

REASERCH INSTRUMENT For doing the survey research structured questionaries with both open ended and close ended questions were used.

2.6 DATA COLLECTION

Primary data: 

Consumer survey on Digital India. Secondary data:



Study reports from internet.



Articles in newspaper and internet.

Data collection tools: 

Questionnaire survey.



Internet.



Newspapers.



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2.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

Make people aware of Digital India Project by government of India



Effectively deliver the message of Digital India.



The core philosophy of Digital India Project is to give all citizens of the country access to the internet as a way to interact with their government and avail of public services.



Analyze the growth in areas of electronic services, products, manufacturing and job opportunities etc after digitalizatiun



Analysis the digital effects in the country after completion of the project by 2020. See the expand visibility of Digital India by way of effective branding across various platforms with special focus on new media and public interface touch points.



Increase the demand for e-services among people.



Analyzing the future advance technology and make people aware of it.To establish credibility of message by ensuring value proposition in terms of demonstration of service delivery to citizens by converging existing and new services, usage of digital infrastructure under Digital India.



Identify the digital benefits of future to the country and the success rate of the project.

2.8 RESEARCH PROBLEM To understand wheather digital India campaign will help in development of the country To understand wheather digital india is actually needed in our country or not

2.9 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF THE STUDY A researcher requires many data – gathering tools or techniques. Tests are the tools of measurement and it guides the researcher in data collection and also in evaluation. Tools may vary in complexity, interpretation, design and administration. Each tool is suitable for the collection of certain type of information. One has to select from the available tools those which will provide data he seeks for testing hypothesis. It may happen that existing research tools do not suit the purpose in some situation, so researcher should modify them or construct his own. Different tools used for data collection may be; Interviews Questionnaires Schedules Graphs Observation technique 47 | P a g e

CHAPTER 3 3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand. A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full understanding of the developments in the field. This landscape informs the reader that the author has indeed assimilated all (or the vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his research. Why IT Firms are Shying Away from Govt. Projects: (BUREAU, 2016) BUREU highlights even though government spending is expected to grow at 10.5 percent which is same as domestic market growth IT companies showing lack of enthusiasm to government projects. The main reasons are payment issues and litigation. The companies facing challenges because it is observed change in requirement during implementation of a project, but contact and the system don’t accommodate such things and it becomes a problem.

Digital India is Achievable but it has its Setoff Challenges: (Aruna Sundararajan, 2016) Aruna Sundararajan explained on the achievements and concerns around digital India.

Making Digital India a Reality: (Chowdhary, 2016) Sudhir Chowdhary wrote about the views of Debjani Ghosh vice president, sales & marketing group & MD, Intel South about digital India

Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella, Elon Musk researched about Digital India and its preparedness to create jobs opportunities in the information sector. He concluded that creating new jobs should be continued with shifting more workers into high productivity jobs in order to provide long term push to the technological sector in India.

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Microsoft CEO, Satya Nadella intends to become India’s partner in Digital India program. He said that his company will set up low cost broadband technology services to 5lakhs villages across the country

Prof. Singh began with the basic overview of what Digital India entails and led a discussion of conceptual structure of the program and examined the impact of “Digital India” initiative on the technological

sector of India. He concluded that this initiative has to be supplemented with

amendments in labor laws of India to make it a successful campaign.

Arvind Gupta intends to say that Digital India movement will play an important role in effective delivery of services, monitoring performance, managing projects and improving governance. sector of India..

An Integrated Office of Innovation & Technology to achieve the same, for problem solving, sharing applications and knowledge management will be the key to rapid results, given that most departments work on their own silos. Tracking and managing the projects assumes significance because India has been busy spending money in buying technology that we have not used effectively or in some cases not even reached implementation stage. Sharing learning’s and best practices across departments needs to be driven by this Office of Technology. Gupta and Arora (2015) studied the impact Gupta and Arora (2015) studied the impact of digital India project on India’s rural sector. The study found that many schemes have been (2015) studied the impact of digital India project on India’s rural sector launched in digital India to boost agriculture sector and entrepreneurship development in rural are Digital India programme has also set the stage for empowerment of rural Indian women

Rani (2016) concluded that the digital India project provides a huge opportunity to use the latest technology to redefine India the paradigms of service industry. It also pointed out that many projects

may require some transformational process, reengineering, refinements to achieve the desired service level objectives

Midha (2016) concluded that digital India is a great plan to develop India for knowledge future but its improper implementation due to inaccessibility and inflexibility to requisite can lead to its failure. Though digital India programme is facing number of challenges yet if properly implemented it can

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make the best future of every citizen. So we Indians should work together to shape the knowledge economy.is generally accepted that many digital library initiatives in India began in the 90s. One of the earliest articles giving an over view of digital libraries in India was by Rajashekar T.B. (1977); this lucid article discusses many advantages of digital libraries and issues involved in the creation of digital libraries.

Srivastava R. and Saxena S. (2004) have also written an overview of digital libraries. Sharma P.C and Arora I.P. (2005) highlighted the need for digital libraries along with requirements, digitalization process and future of digital libraries.

Sadagopan S. (2000) discussed the challenges of digital libraries and highlighted the opportunities available for library research scholars for creating and assessing content in Indian languages. Mohapatra P.K. (2000) discussed future programmes which include plans for large scale digitization.

The article reaffirmed the evolutionary position of electronic library as the predecessor of digital libraries by is Deb S. and Kar D.C. (2005). The phenomenon of information hidden in the traditional library set-up being a barrier to communication, and the potential of digitization as a means to overcome this phenomenon was discussed by Giri B.

In recent years there have been a number of digital library initiatives in India and there are several papers that have attempted to study these initiatives. Bhattacharya P. (2004) traced the development of digital libraries with respect to India and concluded that India’s attempt towards digital library development has been sporadic and partial.

Similarly Jain P.K. and Babbar P. (2006) have categorized the different Indian digital library initiatives that fall under three categories viz., government-level, academic institutes and society organizations. India is rich in various kinds of traditional knowledge that is documented in various forms and available in some libraries.

Rao A.K. (2005) discusses two such digital library projects viz., Digital Library of Indian Heritage and Indian Art Preservation Research Project. Balakrishnan (2005) discusses the technological challenges with regard to the Indian languages and future directions including the possibility of creating a 21st century equivalent of the public library and that PBS and All India Radio might create Web contents.

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Krishnamurthy (2005) gives an overview of digital libraries describing the Digital Library Initiatives- Phase I Digital Library Initiative- Phase II Projects. He touches upon research initiatives involved in digital libraries such as interoperability, collection development and management, preservation, cataloguing and indexing and reference services.

Padmavathi and Mahakuteshwar (2005) worked on Central Food Technological Research Institute’s (CFTRI) efforts to create a digital library of theses and dissertations. A brief on the digital library initiatives at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore is discussed by Vagiswari and Birdie (2003). Kalra (2001) mentions a few digital library initiatives that began in the 1990s but discusses mostly Web-based searchable databases, bulletin board, list servers and OPACS.

Efforts at The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) to create an integrated digital library have been discussed by Deb S. (2006). The concept of hybrid digital library and the steps involved in its creation are also discussed. The hybrid digital library is a digital library that holds the Meta data for accessing 30 resources available in cyberspace and in the organization’s library. Deb also discussed the physical digital library for born-digital documents by TERI and explains integrated digital library that provides a single window that provides access to both born digital resources and digitized documents.

Urs and Raghavan (2001) highlighted about the project Vidyanidhi, the Indian Digital Library of Electronic theses initiative. They mentioned that Vidyanidhi is a direct consequence of government policy initiatives and is intended to demonstrate the utility of digital technologies.

Jose A. and Raina R.L. (2005) have drawn up a conceptual model of Networked Digital Libraries (NDL) for IIMs based on National Digital Library (NDL) programmes initiated in the US. Like the Networking Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) and Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library (NCSTRL).

Malathy S.A. (2005) described creation of digital libraries using satellite technologies and the Green Stone Digital Library (GSDL) software. Sharma A.and Yurcik W. (2001) has discussed the Gyandoot Digital Library Intranet, highlighting the challenges and prospects of the rural digital library.

Ghosh M. (2005) sketches a vision for the public library system based on the concept of ICT for development. Organizing digital information in the corporate sector using GSDL was discussed by 51 | P a g e

Munnolli S.S. (2004). Some interesting research has been taken up in the area of management of digital libraries. These works covered issues and strategies involved in management of digital libraries include hardware

management, software management, collection management, preservation/archiving, financial management and the access system are focused by Gupta S. and Singh G. (2006).

Development of digital libraries involves substantial planning. Lakshmi K. and Suma P. (1998) emphasized on planning digital library development, especially planning for IT infrastructure and financial planning.

Das A.K. and Dutta B. (2004) discussed the need for audit and control of digital library systems. They identified the elements of audit and control that enhances the capabilities and effectiveness of digital libraries.

Pandian and Karisiddappa (2002) have suggested a framework for the design and development of an intranet-based IIM digital system based on a consortia approach. This model proposes digitization of the IIM resources in a cooperative manner with subscriptions to electronic journals and databases through a consortia mode.

Yet another consortium approach to digital libraries, in this case primarily of licensed e-resources, is the INDEST consortium (Arora J. 2001, 2003) development of an institutional repository for the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. While there are about 40 software packages for creating OAI-complaint (Open Archives Initiative) databases, Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL) software has been chosen for developing the IISc institutional repository.

While many papers have cursorily discussed the problems, Jeevan V.K.J. and Dhawan S.M. (2002) focus on the issues in detail. The authors discuss the problems and issues related to integration of information technologies, digital library tools and software, models for resource development, IT training needs, content development and copyright management.

Kaur P. and Singh S. (2005) discuss the transformation of traditional libraries into digital libraries in the Indian context. Another paper on content for digital libraries is by Sreekumar M.G. and Sunitha T. (2005) who share the experience of creating a state-of-the art digital library information

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system by seamlessly integrating and aggregating print as well as the diverse distributed digital content of the Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode knowledge domain.

Shukla V.N. (2005) discusses content creation as a new trend in IT and stresses the need to develop digital libraries and not digital collections. Unicode provides a standard scheme for world’s languages.

Chandrakar R. (2004) discusses Unicode and the related technologies available for localizing Indian language materials. Gaur R.C.’s paper (2003) entitled “Rethinking the Indian Digital Divide: The present state of digitization in Indian management libraries” focuses more on library automation and its facets rather than on digitization or digital libraries. The paper highlights the status of library automation in the Indian management institutes’ libraries and there is only a passing mention of digital library initiatives by these libraries; in fact, the study found these initiatives dismal. Murthy S.S. (2005), however, shares the practical experience of digitization at the National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore.

Libraries provide services. Letha M.M. (2006) has discussed the library portal as a tool for Webenabled information services. Gupta R. S. K. et al. (2004) points out that the library website is by nature a vehicle for delivering digital library services. Another case study describes the building of digital resources at the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi (Munshi U.M. 2003).

Krishnamurthy M. (2005) discusses digital library services in the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Bangalore. According to the author, to create true digital libraries, not just digital collections, will require librarians to work closely together to create open, distributed, publicly accessible resources, as well as to establish a collaborative structure to coordinate and guide implementation.

Das A.K., Dutta C. and Sen B.K. (2007) assess the present situation in the development of indigenous digital libraries focusing on the retrieval features of eight digital libraries in India. This study shows that information retrieval features of digital libraries vary significantly from each other due to the use of different content-organization techniques and differing types of digital content.

Arumugam G., Thangaraj M. and Shanti P. (2005) mining and certain algorithms discuss the concept of data than can mine frequent user access patterns of the library database. Though the title of the article states that it is about discovering frequent access patterns in a digital library using association mining, the study itself is not on digital libraries but pertaining to the circulation or 53 | P a g e

transaction database of an automated library. The implications of copyright in the electronic environment are discussed by Rao S.S. (2003). James T.C. (2005) looks at digital libraries and copyright including various issues with respect to the different aspects of digitization and the copyright laws of India.

Finally, Ravi S., Chandra R. and Sharma R.K. (2000) look at emerging trends and the future of digital libraries in terms of their usefulness and cost effectiveness. As the number of digital libraries grows, the role of the traditional librarian needs to be re-examined in the light of this new environment.

Sreenivasulu V. (2000) authored one of the earliest papers looking at this aspect with particular reference to the emergence of the ‘digital librarian’. The paper describes an array of roles for the digital librarian and discusses the competencies, skills and professional education and training needed by the digital librarians.

Parvathamma .N (2003) discusses the social and economic issues that need to be considered to bridge the digital divide between rural and urban populations in order to ensure sustainable development of India.

These are some of the major research initiatives in digital library area in India. The literature review brings into the light that there are very few research studies pertaining to the attitudes and experiences of digital library service providers and users.

It is also felt that the service providers and users constitute to be two critical stakeholders in the digital library management and hence this topic to understand issues related to management of digital libraries from the perspective of service providers and users.

Digital India: A Study of New-Age e-Entrepreneurship in India (Arjuna Kumar Sahu1, 2015) Arjuna Kumar explore Digital India and other initiative like National Digital Literacy Mission (NDLM) penetration of mobile phone and broadband has raised in significant number and pattern of users has changed. New Urban Utopias of Postcolonial India: ‘Entrepreneurial urbanization’ in Dholera smart city, Gujarat (Datta, 2015) Datta has explored in depth critical analysis on Dholera smart city to suggested

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how state attempt to attract global capital and enhance economic growth through construction of new town ships.

Developing Smart Cities using Internet of Things: An Empirical Study (Sarin, 2016) Sarin explained Digital India program, which aims at setting up e- infrastructure in the nation will enable faster establishment of the IoT industry.

Technological Innovations in Indian Banking Sector: A Trend Analysis (Sarkar, 2016) Sarkar analysis IT & Innovation in banking sector has made it more competitive and delivering better customer services. It has transform banking from cash & paper based to cashless & paperless.

Information Centric Services in Smart Cities: (G.Piro, 2014) G. Piro focus on advance ICT technology support services (i.e. e-government and public administration, intelligent transportation system, public safety social, health care, education, building and urban planning, environment and energy and water management application in Smart cities by upcoming wireless technologies.

Development of Smart Cities in India: Dream to reality (Suresh, 2016) Suresh explores strategies for planned urbanisation, guideline for smart city development and explain thoughts to transform urban India.

Indian Banking Sector-Challenges and Opportunities: (Singh, 2016) Singh reviewed Indian banking sector and analysed the challenges and opportunities in it. Author put his views that Indian Government needs bigger banks to finance, its social projects, infrastructure funds like Digital India, Bullet Train etc.

Uniting Mobile Wallet in the Customer Journey: A stride towards digital India (Joshi, 2016) Joshi analyse the parameters (i.e. understanding and knowledge, legal aspect of mobile wallet) for the use of mobile wallet, Banks providing this service.must focus to provide awareness about it More than 75%(more than 100 core) of population using mobile phone and every one of mobile user must use mobile wallet. Mobile wallet service is important tool of Digital India.

Reviewing Digitization in Health Care Services in India: (Joshi, 2016) Joshi an attempt to understand conceptual understanding and overview with the present trend in digital health care in India and world. This study also address issues and challenges in digitization of health care services in India. 55 | P a g e

A Study on Diffusion of Digital Locker Technology in Vadodara District: (Singh, 2016) Singh focused on the conceptual understanding of digital locker. The suggested an awareness campaign in this country about digital locked is required & digital locker is important part of Digital India.

Digital India: Green Tab knowledge café (Bharat Bhagtani, 2016) Bharat analysis the feasibility of business model of e library through primary research and benefits of it. Author expects it will reach its breakeven point in two years.

E-Governance-Reforming Government through Technology: (Raghavendra Kulkarni, 2016) Raghavendra Kulkarni explains and analysis the characterises, advantages and challenges in the

implementation of E-Governance the two main advantages of E Governance are increased transparency and fast public service delivery.

E-Kranti: Electronic delivery of Services (Sarkar, 2016) Sarkar highlights features & services of E-Kranti. Demand of IT hardware will increase with the evaluation of this program a practical approach based on past experience for Ne GP should be implemented for the E governance.

VLDB Prerequisite for the Success of Digital India (Deloitte, 2016): Deloitte share insight into Indian scale data problems & how technology can be utensil in solving those.

Singapore Payment Roadmaps Enabling the Future of Payments 2020 and Beyond: (KPMG, 2016) KPMG explores the appraisal of the payment ecosystem forms an important component to support Singapore achieve the smart nation vision & uphold its place as the financial heart of Asia.

E-Governance and Digital India Empowering Indian Citizens through Technology: (Deloitte, ASSOCHAM, 2015) Deloitte offers a complete assessment of the Digital India initiative finds gaps and challenges and focus for closing the gaps have been discussed.

Why IT Firms are Shying Away from Govt. Projects: (BUREAU, 2016) BUREU highlights even though government spending is expected to grow at 10.5 percent which is same as domestic market growth IT companies showing lack of enthusiasm to government projects. The main reasons are payment issues and litigation. The companies facing challenges because it is observed change in

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requirement during implementation of a project, but contact and the system don’t accommodate such things and it becomes a problem. Digital India is Achievable but it has its Setoff Challenges: (Aruna Sundararajan, 2016) Aruna Sundararajan explained on the achievements and concerns around digital India.

Making Digital India a Reality: (Chowdhary, 2016) Sudhir Chowdhary wrote about the views of Debjani Ghosh vice president, sales & marketing group & MD, Intel South about digital India.

Jain [1] in his study concluded that some projects are under various stages of implementation which may require some transformational process to achieve desired objectives. Sharma [2] made a study and described that in this project every civilian has a bright prospect to transform the lives in many ways that were hard to envision just a couple of year’s ego. It was concluded that more prospects will open for the youth that will boost the nation’s economy.

Quibria and Tschang [3] in their study states that Governance is well recognized as an area where IT can have a positive impact. There are two broad classes of uses of IT for improved government

functioning. First, back-office procedures can be made more efficient, so that internal recordkeeping, flows of information, and tracking of decisions and performance can be improved. Second, when some basic information is stored in digital form, it provides the opportunity for easier access to that information by citizens. The simplest examples are e-mailing requests or complaints, checking regulations on a web page, or printing out forms from the web so that a trip to pick up the forms from a physical office can be avoided. More complicated possibilities are checking actual records, such as land ownership or transactions.

Still more complicated are cases where information is submitted electronically by the citizen, for government action or response. The use of IT can increase transparency and accountability, simply by requiring information, such as basic complaints, to be logged completely and systematically.

Kapur and Ramamurti [4] in their study argue for even broader impacts, extending to industries such as biotech, chemicals, media and entertainment, and construction all require knowledge services that go beyond the basic definition of IT-enabled services, and have all benefited from the change in management approach wrought first within the IT sector.

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A plethora of sources (Gaikwad & Kate, 2016); Kingsnorth, 2017; Patrutiu Baltes, 2016; PiñeiroOtero & Martínez-Rolán, 2016; Slade, 2016; Vien, 2015; Wienclaw, 2017; Zimmer, 2017) within the body of literature points to Social Media Marketing as being a powerful marketing tool. Social networking through an online community allows users to communicate with each other.

The social networking platform allows marketing between individuals or organizations to be facilitated through online information post and messaging (Zimmer, 2017). Wienclaw (2017) cited Kaplan & Haenlien (2010) definition of social media as “a group of Internetbased applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow creation and exchange of user-generated content (p.4). ” Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán (2016) commented in his work that social media is an amazing method used to establish communication between members through dynamic exchanges. Gaikwad & Kate (2016) elaborated on the importance of social media in marketing by drawing an adjacent link between social media and word of mouth marketing. Patrutiu Baltes (2016) cited Bafton (2012) recollection per Fleishman-Hillard, that 79% of consumers follow or like their brands on social media. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram and Pinterest were named by Patrutiu Baltes (2016), as well-known and regularly-used social media platforms. Slade (2016) gave insight

that companies benefit from setting aside a social media marketing budget, to finance using premium services offered on social media. Smith (2011) cited Internet World Stats (2010), which pointed out that the world’s internet user population was projected to exceed 2 billion by 2010. With the rapid advancement of technology in society, the adoption of digital marketing strategy is more important than ever. Armitage (2015) explained that digital stratagem should be the cornerstone of an organization “go to” market strategy.

These thoughts are echoed by González Romo, García-Medina & Plaza Romero (2017), which explained that new technologies have forced companies to reconsider marketing strategies. The authors continued to explain that the implementation of technology into marketing would help marketing professionals reach a younger audience that heavily use mobile devices on a regular basis. The views of Slade (2016) regarding a link between the implementation of innovative technology and marketing strategy concurred Armitage (2015) and González Romo, García-Medina & Plaza Romero (2017), by proving insight that technology is rapidly developing and will take businesses out of there comfort zone. 58 | P a g e

An overabundance amount of literature supports SEO as being a credible, established strategy in digital marketing (Gaikwad & Kate, 2016; Gifford, 2010; Kingsnorth, 2017; Patrutiu Baltes, 2016; Piñeiro-Otero, Teresa & Martínez-Rolán, Xabier. 2016). Some SEO strategies noted by Weinclaw (2017), include: adjustment of website content, addition of keywords, proper website indexing and ensuring that site content is unique. Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán (2016) indicated that 88% of the worldwide access of the web goes through the Google search engine. Gaikwad & Kate (2016) stated that SEO is a must for online marketing. Search Engine Marketing (SEM)

The Senior Online Marketing Manager of BSkyB and the Internet Advertising Bureau, Helen Southgate, endorsed affiliate marketing as a trustworthy strategy to generate revenue online for a business of any size. (Patrutiu Baltes, 2016). Affiliate marketing is a type of marketing practice in digital marketing, where the affiliates are rewarded by the web-based merchant, via each customer brought through the affiliate’s marketing exertions

(Patrutiu Baltes, 2016 cited Afiliere, 2008). The findings of Patrutiu Baltes (2016), explained that Pay Per Click (PPC) affiliate programs and affiliate networks were ways that affiliate marketing strategies are practiced through the online environment.

Newsletters Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán (2016) pointed to newsletters as being an effective marketing strategy for companies to implement into their marketing efforts. The authors expressed the value of a well-designed newsletter with good content. Gaikwad & Kate (2016) concurred with

the thoughts of Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán (2016), by elaborating on the significance of newsletter being used in digital marketing. The addition of professionally crafted pictures and videos into an electronic newsletter, will result in 50% to 70% more clicks than newsletters constructed purely using text. The literature displayed the importance of adding a website into an organization’s marketing efforts. Peck (2012) noted in an article that an investment in a website for newspaper companies is beneficial. The Newspaper Association of American (NAA) explained that 63% of adult newspaper readers visited a newspaper website. With more than half of the newspaper readers visiting their online site, a report from the company’s 2011 4th quarter, averaged 111 million website visitors. Vien (2015) explained that an organization could build a website as a marketing tool for free or low price.

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The website also needs to have a professional look as explained by Vein (2015), citing statistics from a Hinge survey that 30% of clients ruled out small firms that have poorly constructed websites. Social Media Marketing A plethora of sources (Gaikwad & Kate, 2016); Kingsnorth, 2017; Patrutiu Baltes, 2016; Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán, 2016; Slade, 2016; Vien, 2015; Wienclaw, 2017; Zimmer, 2017) within the body of literature points to Social Media Marketing as being a powerful marketing tool. Social networking through an online community allows users to communicate with each other.

The social networking platform allows marketing between individuals or organizations to be facilitated through online information post and messaging (Zimmer, 2017). Wienclaw (2017) cited Kaplan & Haenlien (2010) definition of social media as “a group of Internetbased applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow creation and exchange of user-generated content (p.4).” Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán (2016) commented in his work that social media is an amazing method used to establish communication between members through dynamic exchanges. Gaikwad & Kate (2016) elaborated on the importance of social media in marketing by drawing an adjacent link between social media and word of mouth marketing.

Patrutiu Baltes (2016) cited Bafton (2012) recollection per Fleishman-Hillard, that 79% of consumers follow or like their brands on social media. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram and Pinterest were named by Patrutiu Baltes (2016), as well-known and regularly-used social media platforms.

Slade (2016) gave insight that companies benefit from setting aside a social media marketing budget, to finance using premium services offered on social media. E-mail Marketing The literature review revealed that a digital marketing strategy called E-mail marketing. Piñeiro-Otero & MartínezRolán (2016) defined E-mail marketing as an online system, using e-mail to distribute announcements and commercial information. E-

mail marketing is a strategy that allows a business or organization to reach a large customer-base through the distribution of messages and information using an electronic messaging tool The literature displayed the importance of adding a website into an organization’s marketing efforts. Peck (2012) noted in an article that an investment in a website for newspaper companies is beneficial. The Newspaper Association of American (NAA) explained that 63% of adult newspaper readers visited a newspaper website. With more than half of the newspaper readers visiting their online site, a report

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from the company’s 2011 4th quarter, averaged 111 million website visitors. Vien (2015) explained that an organization could build a website as a marketing tool for free or low price. The website also needs to have a professional look as explained by Vein (2015), citing statistics from a Hinge survey that 30% of clients ruled out small firms that have poorly constructed websites. Social Media Marketing A plethora of sources (Gaikwad & Kate, 2016); Kingsnorth, 2017; Patrutiu Baltes, 2016; Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán, 2016; Slade, 2016; Vien, 2015; Wienclaw, 2017; Zimmer, 2017) within the body of literature points to Social Media Marketing as being a powerful marketing tool. Social networking through an online community allows users to communicate with each other.

The social networking platform allows marketing between individuals or organizations to be facilitated through online information post and messaging (Zimmer, 2017). Wienclaw (2017) cited Kaplan & Haenlien (2010) definition of social media as “a group of Internetbased applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow creation and exchange of user-generated content (p.4).” Piñeiro-Otero & Martínez-Rolán (2016) commented in his work that social media is an amazing method used to establish communication between members through dynamic exchanges. Gaikwad & Kate (2016) elaborated on the importance of social media in marketing by drawing an adjacent link between social media and word of mouth marketing. Patrutiu Baltes (2016) cited Bafton (2012) recollection per Fleishman-Hillard, that 79% of consumers follow or like their brands on social media. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram and Pinterest were named by Patrutiu Baltes (2016), as well-known and regularly-used social media platforms.

Slade (2016) gave insight that companies benefit from setting aside a social media marketing budget, to finance using premium services offered on social media. E-mail Marketing The literature review revealed that a digital marketing strategy called E-mail marketing. Piñeiro-Otero & MartínezRolán (2016) defined E-mail marketing as an online system, using e-mail to distribute announcements and commercial information. E-

mail marketing is a strategy that allows a business or organization to reach a large customer-base through the distribution of messages and information using an electronic messaging tool (Zimmer, 2017). Weinclaw (2017) pointed out that theoretically, E-mail marketing is a simplistic concept. The distribution of coupons, online newsletters, promotional events and advertising materials are among methods of email marketing. Gaikwad & Kate (2016) brought the term E-mail marketing into focus, by presenting thoughts that every E-mail directed toward a prospective customer could be viewed as

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email marketing. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) The implementation of the websites into an organization’s marketing approach is strategic. There is another layer of innovative strategy that marketers use to enhance the visibility of websites on the internet among search engines called Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Wienclaw (2017) defined SEO as “the process of increasing the probability that a website will be listed in the results of an online search and that it will be placed prominently in the search results (p.4).” Weinclaw (2017) pointed out that theoretically, E-mail marketing is a simplistic concept. The distribution of coupons, online newsletters, promotional events and advertising materials are among methods of email marketing.

Gaikwad & Kate (2016) brought the term E-mail marketing into focus, by presenting thoughts that every E-mail directed toward a prospective customer could be viewed as email marketing. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) The implementation of the websites into an organization’s marketing approach is strategic. There is another layer of innovative strategy that marketers use to enhance the visibility of websites on the internet among search engines called Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Wienclaw (2017) defined SEO as “the process of increasing the probability that a website will be listed in the results of an online search and that it will be placed prominently in the search results (p.4).”

The review of literature suggests that efforts to implement e-governance began in the start of this century in developed countries. For example, Koh, C.E., Prybutok, V.R., Ryan, S. and Ibragimova, B. (2006) discuss the interaction of information technology, strategic planning processes, and employees in USA. To implement e-services IT plans should be properly aligned with business strategies and importance of this aliance should be communicated to employees.

Lam, W. (2005) explores success factors for implementing e-governance in Singapore, among them integration is very important. 17 barriers to integration were identified in the categories of technology, strategy, policy and organization. It highlighted that there is a need to involve stakeholders in change management and strategic planning. It was only a decade ago that the concept of e-governance came into limelight in developing countries. For example, Singh, G., Pathak, R.D., Naz, R. and Belwal, R. (2010) discusses that Egovernance in India, Ethiopia and Fiji can bring in simple, moral, answerable, reactive, and transparent (SMART) governance.

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According to the study, based entirely on citizen perception, Egovernance initiatives can be used as an effective tool to improve policies and processes to increase capability, responsiveness, accountability and transparency and to bring down corruption in the countries. Governments in Ethiopia and Fiji are not interested in government-citizen partnerships and thus are non-transparent. However, for India, government and citizens are awakening to the challenges of e-governance but still service delivery is non-transparent with possibility of corruption.

Tripathi, R., Gupta, M.P., (2014) talks about growth of e-governance in India. It stresses on the need to achieve integration stage before transaction stage for one-stop government portal. Kalsi, N.S. and Kiran, R. (2015) explores the role of ICT in achieving good governance in Punjab, India, the critical success factors responsible for it and barriers to it. People in Punjab trust in delivery of e-services via ICT. However, lack of infrastructure, delay, inconvenience caused by repeated visits are the major factors causing harassment to people.

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CHAPTER 4 4.3: INTERPRETATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

Q-1) Are you aware of Digital India Project? a) yes

70

b) no

12

c) indifference

18

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows the percentage of awareness of ‘Digital India Project’. 70 out of 100 (i.e.70%) respondents are aware about the Digital India Project. 12 out of 100 (i.e12%) respondents have no idea about Digital India Project & 18 out of 100 (i.e.18%) respondents have just heard the name ‘Digital India

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Q-2) Do you think digital India Project will uplift the standard of living?

a)yes

93

b)no

7

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows that ‘Digital India Project’ will uplift the standard of living or not? 93 out f 100 (i.e.93%) respondents think that ‘Digital India Project’ will uplift the standard of living & 7 out of 100 (i.e.7%) respondents think that ‘Digital India Project’ will not able to uplift the standard of living.

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Q-3) Do you want to live in a digitalized city?

a)yes

73

b)no

17

c)indifference

10

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows the percentage between the respondents who want to live in a digitalized, who don’t want to live in a digitalized city & indifference.

73 out of 100 (i.e.73%) respondents want to live in a digitalized city. 17 out of 100 (i.e.17%) respondents don’t want to live in a digitalized city & 10 out of 100 (i.e.10%) respondents are indifference

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Q-4) According to you, what is the most important thing to convert India digitally?

a) Literacy to rural people 20 b) Digital Education 21 c) Both 54 d) Any other 5

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows percentage of the most important thing to convert India Digitally According to 20 out of 100 (i.e.20%) respondents, literacy to rural people is the most important thing to convert India digitally. According to 21 out of 100 (i.e.21) respondents, digital education is the most important thing to convert India digitally & 54 out of 100 (i.e.54) respondents think both the things are equally important to convert India digityally. Whereas, according to 5 out of 100 (i.e.5%) respondents, equal taxation, high investment, digital governance & IT talent are the most important thing to change India digitally.

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Q-5) Do you think rural people can able to adopt the digital change in our country?

a) Yes, they can 65 b) I don’t think so 35

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows that rural people can able to adopt the digital changes or not. According to 65 out of 100 (i.e.65%) respondents, rural people can able to adopt the digital changes in the country & 35 out of 100 (i.e.35%) respondents think that rural people may not able toadopt the digital changes easily.

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Q-6) According to you, which sector will get developed most after digitalization in India?

a) IT Sector 35 b) Educational Sector 18 c) Service Sector 27 d) Rural Sector 20

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows the percentage of the sectors which will get developed most after digitalization in India. According to 35 out of 100 (i.e.35%) respondents, IT sector will get developed most after digitalization in India. 18 out of 100 (i.e.18%) respondents think Education sector will get developed most after digitalization in India. 27 out of 100 (i.e.27%) respondents think Service sector will get developed most after digitalization in India 20 out of 100 (i.e.20%) respondents think rural sector will get developed Most after digitization in india

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Q-7) After digitalization, which area will become more convenient to you as compare to their current services?

a) Reservation 15 b) Banking 11 c) Electricity/Water facilities 17 d) Educational institutes 46 e) Any other 11

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows percentage of the areas which will become more convenient to people as compare to their current services, after digitalization. 1. .According to 15 out of 100 (i.e.15%) respondents, reservation will become more convenient after digitalization. 2. .11 out of 100 (i.e.11%) respondents think banking will become more convenient to them after digitalization. 3. 17 out of 100 (i.e.17%) respondents think electricity/water facilities will become more convenient to them after digitalization, as compare to their current services. 4. 46 out of 100 (i.e.46%) respondents think educational institutes will become more convenient after digitalization, as compare to their current services. 5. Whereas, according to 11 out of 100 (i.e.11%) respondents, all the 4 areas will become equally convenient as compare to their current services. 70 | P a g e

Q-8) What is your idea of ‘Digital India.’?

a) Internet connection in every rural area 23 b) Digitalization of all government work 20 c) Free wifi at all public places 41 d) Digital Literacy 11 e) Any other 5

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows the percentage of respondent’s idea of ‘Digital India’. 

23 out of 100 (i.e.23%) respondent’s idea of a digital India is internet connection in every rural area.



20 out of 100 (i.e.20%) respondent’s idea of a digital India is digitalizatation of

all

government work.

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

41 out f 100 (i.e.41%) respondent’s idea of a digital India is free wifi at all



11 out f 100 (i.e.11%) respondent’s idea of a digital India is digital literacy.



Whereas, 5 out f 100 (i.e.5%) respondents’ idea of a digital india is all of the above options.

public places.

Q-9) What rating would you give to this ‘Digital India Project.’?

a) Excellent 24 b) Good 63 c) Fair 9 d) Poor 4

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows the rating of ‘Digital India Project.’ 

24 out of 100 (i.e.24%) respondents rating for ‘Digital India Project’ is Excellent.

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

63 out of 100 (i.e. 63%) respondents rating for ‘Digital India Project’ is Good.



9 out of 100 (i.e.9%) respondents rating for ‘Digital India Project’ is Fair.



4 out of 100 (i.e. 4%) respondents rating for ‘Digital India Project’ is Poor.

Q-10) Do you think ‘Digital India Project’ will get success?

a) Agree 62 b) Disagree 8 c) Indeiffrence 30

Interpretation: The above pie chart shows success of ‘Digital India Project’ according to respondents. 

62 out of 100(i.e. 62%) respondents agree that ‘Digital India Project’ will be successful.



8 out of 100(i.e. 8% respondents disagree about the success of ‘Digital India Project.’



Remaining 30 out of 100(i.e. 30% respondents are indifference about the success of ‘Digital India Project.’

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CHAPTER 5 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. Most of the people are aware of Digital India Project. 2. Digital India Project will going to uplift the standard of living. 3. People want to live in a city where every work is digitalized. 4. Literacy to every other rural people and providing digital education is very important thing to convert India Digitally. 5. Rural people can able to adopt the digital changes only if they will be given proper guidance of digital literacy & knowledge. 6. IT sector will get employment opportunity because this project requires people with fresh IT skills. There is going to be vast change in development in service sector as well as rural sector. 7. After digitalization, educational institutes will become more convenient as compare to their current services. 8. Availability of free Wi-Fi at all public places is the idea of Digital India according to most of the people. 9. According to most of the people, Digital India Project has been rated ‘good.’ 10. According to people, Digital India Project will get great success.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATION



Indian government need to start providing digital literacy to every other citizen.



To create impact of Digital India to be realized, we have to use technology to solve problems faced by Indians and for that we need a very strong culture of grounds-up frugal innovation in IT.



Our recommendation to the government would be to set up PPP forums in each of these segments to invite industry to participate in areas where they have the domain expertise and interest.



The government has set the stage with a strong vision and an equally strong show of will to make it happen. What we need now is for them to focus on setting the right policy frameworks and processes that make it easy for industry to do business in India and encourage us to participate in India’s journey towards becoming a digital India.



What is needed now is an unprecedented focus and the will to make it happen across both government and industry.



The one area where this kind of a model is needed with a high level of urgency is in developing the culture of innovation in India.



The government must encourage open global standards that will enable India to benefit from the best technology worldwide.



The government should also focus on sustainable development and basic facilities of rural area before providing them digital services. These two have to go hand-in-hand.



The numbers are mind boggling, but they can be achieved, especially as rapid pace of innovation is increasingly making technology more favorable for mass scale adoption, which is a must for the successful realization of Digital India.



It is recommended that every citizen must realize that such an important and enormous vision cannot be the government’s job alone. We have to be an equal partner in this journey.

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5.3 CONCLUSION

Most of the people are aware of Digital India. From the survey, we have concluded that Digital India Project will definitely uplift the standard of living. People want to live in a digitalized city as it will provide better lifestyle through digital services. Rural area people will also be able to adopt the digital changes only if government of India will provide the proper training and digital literacy. Without a proper digital training, it will be difficult for the Indians to get comfortable with digital changes in the country.Digital India will be providing lots of job opportunities and will help in reducing unemployment from the country. Specially IT people will get a good opportunity to showcase their technical skills.

The job will be mostly white collar job which will raise the standard of living in the country. Service sector will also undergo vast change as people will able to get all the work done digitally. The time taken to complete each task will reduce to minimum. It is possible that after digitalization, there will be Net- Zero imports in the economy by 2020. GDP of country will also be effected by this project. This project will definitely bring prosperity & upgradation to country but certain drawbacks are there as it is fully related to technology. Security may become the matter of concern. Other than this, the error in the system may be lead to a serious problem. People have lots of expectations towards this project. Government of India has to stand upon the expectations

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5.4 APPENDIX

I Pawan singh student of valia college of commerce persuing Bachelor of management studies. I would like to take the survey for my project on ‘Digital India’. Thank you for taking the time and effort to respond to this questionnaire. Please give your most candid and thorough response to the questions below. Rest assured that the information you share here is confidential. Name: Age: Gender: Occupation: If student, please mention your stream: (Note: Please mark the suitable option according to you.) Q-1) Are you aware of Digital India Project? a) Yes b) No c) I’ve just heard the name.

Q-2) Do you think digital India Project will uplift the standard of living? a) Yes b) No

Q-3) Do you want to live in a digitalized city? a) Yes b) No c) Indifference.

Q-4) According to you, what is the most important thing to convert India digitally? a) Literacy to rural people. b) Digital education. c) Both. (If any other pleases mention):

Q-5) Do you think rural people can able to adopt the digital change in our country? a) Yes they can. b) I don’t think so.

Q-6) According to you, which sector will get developed most after digitalization in India? a) IT sector. b) Educational sector. c) Service sector. d) Rural sector. 77 | P a g e

Q-7) After digitalization, which area will become more convenient to you as compare to their current services. a) Reservation. b) Banking. c) Electricity/Water facilities. d) Educational institute. (If any other pleases mention): Q-8) What is your idea of ‘Digital India.’? a) Internet connection in every rural area. b) Digitalization of all government work. c) Free Wifi at all public places. d) Digital literacy. (If any other please mention): Q-9) What rating would you give to this ‘Digital India Project.’? a) Excellent. b) Good. c) Fair. d) Poor. Q-10) Do you think ‘Digital India Project’ will get success? a) Agree. b) Disagree. c) Indifference

Thank You.

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5.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Kalsi, N.S. and Kiran, R. (2015), “A strategic framework for good governance through egovernance optimization: A case study of Punjab in India”, Program: electronic library and information systems, 49(2), 170204, DOI 10.1108/PROG-12-2013-0067 Koh, C.E., Prybutok, V.R., Ryan, S. and Ibragimova, B. (2006), “The importance of strategic readiness in an emerging e-government environment”, Business Process Management Journal, 12 (1), 22-33, DOI 10.1108/14637150610643733 Lam, W. (2005), “Barriers to EGovernment Integration”, The Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18 (5), 511-530, DOI 10.1108/17410390510623981 Schware, R. and Deane, A. (2003), “Deploying e-government programs: the strategic importance of 'I' before 'E' ”, Info, The journal of policy, regulation and strategy for telecommunications, information and media, 5(4), 10 – 19. Singh, G., Pathak, R.D., Naz, R. and Belwal, R. (2010), “E-governance for improved public sector service delivery in India, Ethiopia and Fiji”, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 23(3), 254-275. DOI 10.1108/09513551011032473 Tripathi, R., Gupta, M.P., (2014), “Evolution of government portals in India: mapping over stage models”, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(4), 449-474, DOI 10.1108/JEIM-09-

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