Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Educació Escola Oficial d’Idiomes Reus
Professor: Guillermo Morató Aracil
Passeig Boca de la Mina, 35 43206 REUS
Past Tenses Present perfect: forms STATEMENT: SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE 1 I have eaten my lunch. 2 The students have finished the reading exercise. 3 Roger has done his homework 4 I’ve/You’ve/We’ve (I have/ you have/we have) done the reading exercise 5 She’s /He’s (She has / he has )finished reading the book. 6 It’s been warm for the past week.
With pronouns, have is normally used in the contracted form, ‘ve and ‘s:
oI’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve, she’s, he’s it’s oNEGATIVE: SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE 1 I have not (haven’t) eaten my lunch. 2 Roger has not (hasn’t) done his homework. QUESTION:
HAVE/HAS
+
1
Have
you
2
Has
Roger
SUBJECT eaten eaten
+
PAST
PARTICIPLE
your
lunch?
his
lunch?
3 How long have you lived here?
oIn the question form, the auxiliary verb (have or has) goes before the subject. oA: Have you eaten lunch yet? oB: Yes, I have. or: No, I haven’t oA: Has Roger done his homework? o
B: Yes, he has. OR: No, he hasn’t.
Present perfect: uses
1. Roger has already eaten his lunch.
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Educació Escola Oficial d’Idiomes Reus
Professor: Guillermo Morató Aracil
Passeig Boca de la Mina, 35 43206 REUS
2. Patricia hasn’t eaten lunch yet.
3. Have you ever eaten at that restaurant? 4. I’ve never eaten there. oThe present perfect expresses activities or situations that occurred (or did not
occur) “before now”, at some time in the past. (*If the exact time is mentioned, can be considered “a point in time”, then the simple past tense is used: e.g. yesterday,
two days ago, last Friday night, last month, at 4:00) In the example sentences above, 1,2,3,4, no exact time is indicated: the time is only “some nonspecific time before now”.
nMelanie has eaten at that restaurant many times before. nI’ve been to that restaurant four or five times. nWe’ve had three exams so far this week. nThe present perfect expresses activities that were repeated several or many times in the past, but the exact times are not specified.
1. Elizabeth has lived in this town since 1995.
2. I have known Carol for seven years. 3. We’ve been at the university since 9:00 this morning.
oWhen the present perfect is used with since or for, it expresses situations that began in the past and continue to the present.
The
present
perfect
vs.
the
simple
past:
use
oSIMPLE PAST:
1. Helen finished her homework two hours ago. oPRESENT PERFECT:
2. Helen has already finished her homework. oSIMPLE PAST:
3. I was in California last year/ three years ago/ in 1995/ when I was 14 years old.
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Educació Escola Oficial d’Idiomes Reus
Professor: Guillermo Morató Aracil
Passeig Boca de la Mina, 35 43206 REUS
oPRESENT PERFECT:
4. I have been in California many times/ several times/a couple of times/ once.(no exact time is mentioned) oThe present perfect expresses an activity
or action that occurred at an unspecified time (or times) in the past, as in examples (2) and (4).
oIn example (1) Helen finished her homework at some specific point in time, i.e. two hours ago.
oIn example (2) Helen finished her homework at an unspecified time in the past (sometime before now)
oThe simple past therefore expresses an activity or action that occurred at a specific time (or times) in the past, as in examples (1) and (3).
already, yet, still: use ALREADY 1. The cleaning lady came an hour ago. The cleaning lady is already here. 2. The postman came a little while ago. The mail is already here. The idea of already :something that happened before now, before this time.
Position: midsentence. YET 1. I expected the postman to come an hour ago, but he hasn’t come yet. 2. I have been waiting here for an hour, but Sophie hasn’t arrived yet. oThe idea of yet : something did not happen before now (up to this time), but it
may happen in the future. oPosition: end of the sentence
STILL 1. My bicycle was broken yesterday. It is still broken today . 2 I could play the guitar when I was a little girl I can still play the guitar. 3. The cleaning lady didn’t come an hour ago. She still hasn’t come.
Past continuous
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Educació Escola Oficial d’Idiomes Reus
Professor: Guillermo Morató Aracil
Passeig Boca de la Mina, 35 43206 REUS
Whereas the simple past is used to talk about activities that began and ended at t particular time in the past, the past continuous expresses an activity that was
continuing (or was in progress, happening, occurring ) at a particular moment or point of time in the past (e.g. at 5:00, yesterday, last night….etc.) or at the time of another action (e.g. when Bill arrived; when Marsha called; when the program started….) oFORM:
was, were + ing.
oContinuous forms
of verbs are used in spoken, conversational English and in
informal notes and letters, but they are rarely used in scientific texts or in formal writing. o Examples: oYesterday morning I was sitting in my office when the phone rang. oLast night it was raining while we were eating dinner. oWe were watching a TV program when you called. oWere you listening to the news at 3:00 yesterday afternoon? oI wasn’t paying attention to what she was saying.
Past perfect simple: oFORM: SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE oThe past perfect simple tense expresses an activity that was completed before
another activity or time in the past. oElizabeth had already finished her homework by the time I arrived home. oUntil last week, I had never understood the importance of her job. oShe said she had talked to him on the phone before he left his office. oIf you had arrived earlier, you could have met my partner. He left 15 minutes
ago. oHis business partner had already left when we arrived.(First, his business partner
left, then we arrived: when we got there, his partner was not there.)) oHis business partner left when we arrived.(When we arrived, his partner was still
there. He had not left yet.)
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Educació Escola Oficial d’Idiomes Reus
Professor: Guillermo Morató Aracil
Passeig Boca de la Mina, 35 43206 REUS
oNote the difference in meaning between sentence example 5 and example 6.
If either before or after is used in the sentence, however, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may then be used, as in sentence examples 7 and 8, and 9 and 10. Sentences 7and 8, and sentences 9 and 10 have the same meaning. 7. His business partner had left before we arrived. 8. His business partner left before we arrived.
9. After our friends had left , we went to bed. 10. After our friends left, we went to bed