Passive
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PASSIVE VOICE It is used- when the person doing the action is unknown or unimportant. We don’t mention the person (agent): - when the action is more important than the agent. - after IT with verbs like: say- consider- believe- think- know-find- expect - feel. STRUCTURE: TO BE ( in the corresponding tense) + Past participle ( 3rd column/ed)
Active voice
Passive voice
1. Present Simple(do/does) The Company builds cheap houses
Is/ are/ am + Past Participle Cheap houses are built by the Company.
2. Present Continuous (is/are/am + ing) A man is watching our house
Is/are/am BEING + Past.Part Our House is being watched.
3. Present Perfect (has/have + Past.Part ) The police have caught the thief
Has/have BEEN + Past.Part The thief has been caught (by the Police)
4. Past Simple (did) The Thief stole her money
Was/ were + Past.Part Her money was stolen (by the thief)
5. Continuous Past Tense (was/were +ing) Was/were BEING + P.P. The Police weren’t watching the house when the The house wasn’t being watched when the burglar escaped burglar escaped. 6. Past Perfect (had + Past.Part) The woman had cooked the cake before...
Had BEEN + Past.Part The cake had been cooked before...
7. Future Simple (will) Parliament will pass a new law
Will BE + Past.Part A new law will be passed (by Parliament)
8. Is/are/am going to The old man is going to sell the house
Is/are/am going to + Past.Part. The house is going to be sold (by the old man)
9. Future Perfect (will have + Past. Part ) We will have finished the book by November
Will have BEEN + Past.Part The book will have been finished by November.
10.Must/can/could/may/should/ought to/might /+ Inf. You mustn’t park your car here Violence can cause many problems The police couldn’t catch the thief The bad weather may delay the train You should obey laws You ought to obey laws The pupils might pass the exam
Must/can/could/may/should/ought to/might + BE +pp Your car mustn’t be parked here Many problems can be caused by violence The thief couldn’t be caught (by the Police) The train may be delayed by bad weather Laws should be obeyed Laws ought to be obeyed The exam might be passed
11. Have to// Has to Parents have to control children
Have to// Has to be + Past.Part Children have to be controlled
12. IMPERSONAL STYLE People say/ believe he’s a thief
IT IS SAID/ BELIEVED he’s a thief.
Exercise : Turn these sentences into the passive
1
1. Someone stole twenty bottles of whisky from this supermarket last week. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Someone turned on a light in the hall and opened a door. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. We’ve never seen him in the dining room. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. We build over 1000 new houses a year. Last year we built 1500. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. The watchman called the police. The police arrested the man. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. They waste a lot of time discussing unimportant things. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. They are repairing my piano at the moment.
Conditionals .Read the uses and formation of Conditionals . Examples
Usage
Conditional 0
Situations that are always true if something happens.
If I am late, my father takes me to school.
NOTE
She doesn't worry if Julian stays out after school. Conditional 1 If it rains, we will stay at home. He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.) Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. NOTE
In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, Simon will buy a new car, if he '...if he doesn't hurry up.'. gets his raise. Conditional 2 If he studied more, he would pass the exam. I would lower taxes if I were the Prime Minister. They would buy a new house if they won the lottery.
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. NOTE The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.
Conditional 3 If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
Joanna would have found a new job if she had stayed in Gorzów.
2
Structure Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma + the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he comes to town, we have dinner We have dinner
if he comes to town.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma + will + verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he finishes on time, we will go to the cinema. We will go to the cinema
if he finishes on time.
Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma + would + verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If they won the lottery, they would buy a new house. They would buy a new house
if they won the lottery.
Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma + would have + past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If Hania had won the competition, life would have changed. Life would have changed
if Hania had won the competition.
Exercise : Choose the correct conditional form to complete the sentences below. Once you have decided on your answer, click on the arrow to check your answer.
1. If I ____________(stay) in Barlinek, I would have found a new girlfriend. 2. He would do more to help the poor if he _______________(be) the Pope. 3. If he goes to London on a business trip, he often ______________(visit) Soho. 4. We won't go to the film unless they ______________(arrive) in the next 5 minutes. 5. She ______________________(buy) a new car if she had had the money. 6. If Yoko were me, she __________________(go) to Manchester immediately. 7. They will talk to Jacek if he ____________________(come). 8. Bożena comes to work 30 minutes late if her child ________________(miss) the bus to school. 9. If Peter _______________________(think) twice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake. 10. Kasia ___________________(become) a university lecturer if she studies hard. 11. If they __________________(know) all the facts, they would have found the defendant guilty. 12. Unless you _______________(hurry up), we will never arrive on time. 13. If I were in charge, I _____________________(change) the standard business routines. 14. He takes his daughter out to dinner, if she ___________________(come) to town. 3
15. If I hadn't known better, I ______________________(trust) him.
4
Active voice
Passive voice
1. Present Simple(do/does) The Company builds cheap houses
Is/ are/ am + Past Participle Cheap houses are built by the Company.
2. Present Continuous (is/are/am + ing) A man is watching our house
Is/are/am BEING + Past.Part Our House is being watched.
3. Present Perfect (has/have + Past.Part ) The police have caught the thief
Has/have BEEN + Past.Part The thief has been caught (by the Police)
4. Past Simple (did) The Thief stole her money
Was/ were + Past.Part Her money was stolen (by the thief)
5. Continuous Past Tense (was/were +ing) Was/were BEING + P.P. The Police weren’t watching the house when the The house wasn’t being watched when the burglar escaped burglar escaped. 6. Past Perfect (had + Past.Part) The woman had cooked the cake before...
Had BEEN + Past.Part The cake had been cooked before...
7. Future Simple (will) Parliament will pass a new law
Will BE + Past.Part A new law will be passed (by Parliament)
8. Is/are/am going to The old man is going to sell the house
Is/are/am going to + Past.Part. The house is going to be sold (by the old man)
9. Future Perfect (will have + Past. Part ) We will have finished the book by November
Will have BEEN + Past.Part The book will have been finished by November.
10.Must/can/could/may/should/ought to/might /+ Inf. You mustn’t park your car here Violence can cause many problems The police couldn’t catch the thief The bad weather may delay the train You should obey laws You ought to obey laws The pupils might pass the exam
Must/can/could/may/should/ought to/might + BE +pp Your car mustn’t be parked here Many problems can be caused by violence The thief couldn’t be caught (by the Police) The train may be delayed by bad weather Laws should be obeyed Laws ought to be obeyed The exam might be passed
11. Have to// Has to Parents have to control children
Have to// Has to be + Past.Part Children have to be controlled
12. IMPERSONAL STYLE People say/ believe he’s a thief
IT IS SAID/ BELIEVED he’s a thief.
Exercise : Turn these sentences into the passive
1
1. Someone stole twenty bottles of whisky from this supermarket last week. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Someone turned on a light in the hall and opened a door. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. We’ve never seen him in the dining room. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. We build over 1000 new houses a year. Last year we built 1500. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. The watchman called the police. The police arrested the man. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. They waste a lot of time discussing unimportant things. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. They are repairing my piano at the moment.
Conditionals .Read the uses and formation of Conditionals . Examples
Usage
Conditional 0
Situations that are always true if something happens.
If I am late, my father takes me to school.
NOTE
She doesn't worry if Julian stays out after school. Conditional 1 If it rains, we will stay at home. He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.) Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. NOTE
In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, Simon will buy a new car, if he '...if he doesn't hurry up.'. gets his raise. Conditional 2 If he studied more, he would pass the exam. I would lower taxes if I were the Prime Minister. They would buy a new house if they won the lottery.
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. NOTE The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.
Conditional 3 If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
Joanna would have found a new job if she had stayed in Gorzów.
2
Structure Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma + the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he comes to town, we have dinner We have dinner
if he comes to town.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma + will + verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he finishes on time, we will go to the cinema. We will go to the cinema
if he finishes on time.
Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma + would + verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If they won the lottery, they would buy a new house. They would buy a new house
if they won the lottery.
Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma + would have + past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If Hania had won the competition, life would have changed. Life would have changed
if Hania had won the competition.
Exercise : Choose the correct conditional form to complete the sentences below. Once you have decided on your answer, click on the arrow to check your answer.
1. If I ____________(stay) in Barlinek, I would have found a new girlfriend. 2. He would do more to help the poor if he _______________(be) the Pope. 3. If he goes to London on a business trip, he often ______________(visit) Soho. 4. We won't go to the film unless they ______________(arrive) in the next 5 minutes. 5. She ______________________(buy) a new car if she had had the money. 6. If Yoko were me, she __________________(go) to Manchester immediately. 7. They will talk to Jacek if he ____________________(come). 8. Bożena comes to work 30 minutes late if her child ________________(miss) the bus to school. 9. If Peter _______________________(think) twice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake. 10. Kasia ___________________(become) a university lecturer if she studies hard. 11. If they __________________(know) all the facts, they would have found the defendant guilty. 12. Unless you _______________(hurry up), we will never arrive on time. 13. If I were in charge, I _____________________(change) the standard business routines. 14. He takes his daughter out to dinner, if she ___________________(come) to town. 3
15. If I hadn't known better, I ______________________(trust) him.
4
