Particles That Modify Nouns And Verbs In Classical Diun

12.13.08

Classical Diūn Postpositions and Verbal Prepositions In ClDi there are two types of postpositional particles, those that modify nouns and those that modify verbs.

I. Postpositional particles that modify nouns Na In an object At a place In a certain time, on a certain date On a journey In an idea Bhe/Ve Used to express the partitive He Used to show possession or where someone hails from Bahl/Bā To a person To a place Toward a person/place Nahida Amongst, within something Into something Phīnbā Distant to a person, place or object Ciīs Down a tunnel, tube, hole Down in an object

Ved For a person, thing(s) Between Ta From Out of a place Ċū In front of Die Out Out of an object Hū Over an object Above an object Tehrata Behind/in the rear of an object Hida With Bē Upon an object On an object About Dūh Against something Mōm/Ċim Beside something Near a place

Voh (All) around an object, person, place Via Under an object

II. Postpositional Particles that modify verbs The list of postpositional particles that modify verbs is a short one. They deal exclusively with tense and in the case of one particle to emphasize the present. Mo - Indicates that the action happened in the past, or in other words, the past tense. It can also be used as a noun to mean “the past.” Hiācom nōcī gin nomi mo, vis cīdii mo ga. Eng. Hiaco was not the name that he had. Mu - Indicates a future action. It can also be expressed as a noun meaning “the future.” Tia nōcī Hiāco he ga bā dasi mu. Eng. I will give him the name Hiaco. Mi – Used to emphasize that an action is happening in the present Tia pōv nomo mi. Eng. I am now there

Verbal Prepostions In Classical Diūn there are a number of prepositional particles that modify verbs. These are the only kinds of prepositions in Classical Diūn. Ce/Nū - Emphasizes that the speaker is energetic about what he/she is saying. Tia pōv ce nomo mo. Eng. I was certainly there Nū can also function as the interjection, yes.

Nū, tia pōv nomo mo. Eng. Yes, I was there Using both Nū as an interjection and ce to emphasize that the speaker is energetic gives the effect of a double positive. Nū, tia pōv ce nomo mo. Eng. Yes, I was certainly there. Gin – Negates a statement, can also be used as an interjection as the opposite of nū. Tia pōv gin nomo mo. Eng. I was not there Tās – “please”, indicates a polite request in the case of the Interrogative or Imperative and in the case of the Indicative to shed polite overtones on what is being said. Tās nomenim hani vo. Eng. Please be here Tās noma mu hani vo? Eng. Will you be here please? Vo māga du tās nazada. You look like a princess.