Pandemics By Delafuente Roselo

Pandemics A Report by Franz Jonathan de la Fuente and Aleli Roselo for Envi Sci 1 WFV-2 • Dr. Armador C. Argete • 1st Sem, AY ‘07-’08

Definition pan = all demos = people Epidemic: a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time (Oxford American Dictionary, 2008) Pandemic: an epidemic of infectious disease that spreads through human populations across a large region, for example a continent, or even worldwide (Wikipedia, 2008)

To become a Pandemic, satisfy these conditions first: (WHO) New the disease is new to the population

Infectious the agent infects humans, causing serious illness

Contagious the agent spreads easily and sustainably among humans

“Efficient and sustained human-to-human transmission”

The Life of a Pandemic Birth Life Death

Birth: The ordinary virus mutates! Beginnings of a Pandemic: Type A influenza virus acquires new proteins Because this virus is "new" to humans, no one has the natural antibodies/immunity system to fight them off No antibodies... lagot! Pandemic outbreak!

Life: Party like a Pandemic

Travel!

through droplets that come from an infected person (sneezing, coughing, spitting, etc) Body to body: physical contact with an infected life form human to human; animal to animal; human to animal; animal to human

Life: Party like a Pandemic Mutate, outbreak! Multiply Benefit from human’s technology and Globalization trends – travel free, easily Mutate and Multiply

Death Anticipate defeat by our “life “saviors: Antibodies Brought by technology Needs dedicated time, money, resources – something not all nations can readily afford

Influenza Virus Types Influenzavirus A Main cause of influenza pandemics Two surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) Type A virus makes a dramatic "shift” and acquires a new H or H+N, causes a pandemic Virus target birds, also other animals such as pigs and horses, and even humans

Influenzavirus B lack of Influenzavirus B cause influenza pandemics

Influenzavirus C - Causes only mild disease

Impact to Our Lives Social Consequences Roles in society will be disrupted

Financial Damage Hospital bills, vaccinations, allocation of resources of institutions, etc

Hassle to life, as victims First-world country approximations: 134-233 million outpatient visits and 1.5-5.2 million hospital admissions

“Unfair” loss of lives 2 to 7.4 million deaths, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) USA

…Imagine its impact on third-world countries like ours

Past Pandemics

1918 Spanish Influenza killed more Americans than all the wars of the 20th century Infected 20 - 40% of world population (more than 20 M people) rapid, deadly spread: within 24 hours, victim could be dead common victims: 20-50 year old high-risk victims: children, young adults, elderly

Black Death 1300s, Europe Victimized a quarter of their population said to have come from China, brought by shipping/trading industry Spread by fleas carried by rodents, which were common as Europe was unhygeinic before Wrecked European economy

Past Pandemics •

Asian Influenza –

1975 threat

Hong Kong Influenza –

similar to Asian Influenza 1968, returned 1970, 1972 Highest mortality among elderly victims People were more prepared; attack spread near school holidays with most people safely isolated in their own homes 33,000 deaths – mildest pandemic in 20th century

Past Pandemics •

Bird Flu – Avian Influenza (A/H5N1) –

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1997 and 1999 scare from Hong Kong infected a hundred people, 18 were hospitalized, 6 died acquired from chickens to prevent

Past Pandemics

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SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) –

2003, mainland China spread through breathing; international travel caused 800 deaths; no

How the World Addresses the Pandemic Scare •

Organization share expertise, monitor world health, spread awareness, preparedness, and support about it: –

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World Health Organization (WHO) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 Contains standard framework of management of events and responses in

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How the World Addresses the Pandemic Scare Spread awareness through campaigns Planning and Preparedness for communities

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WHO: Global Influenza Preparedness Plan Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Checklist Open source databases for strategists

Prevention –

Vaccines (but expensive) Better hygiene, surroundings Research undertakings

WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan Inter-pandemic phase Low risk of human cases New viruses in animals, no human cases

Higher risk of human cases

Pandemic alert

No or very limited humanto-human transmission

New virus causes human Evidence of increased cases human-to-human transmission New virus causes human Evidence of significant cases human-to-human transmission Pandemic Efficient and sustained human-to-human transmission

Stag es 1–2 3 4 5 6

WHO states that we are now closer to an influenza pandemic than ever before.

Epidemic and Pandemic Alert & Response (EPR) Program Diseases covered (WHO, 2008): – –

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Anthrax Avian influenza Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever Ebola haemorrhagic fever Hepatitis Influenza Lassa Fever

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Marburg haemorrhagic fever Meningococcal disease Plague Rift Valley fever SARS Smallpox Tularaemia Yellow fever

Conclusion •

We now have what it takes to fight it off or delay its effects. Support research As students: Awareness is key to survival! Pandemics are a threat, but we can keep it at that, and hopefully nothing more.