Manual on the cultivation of the oyster mushroom
(Pluerotus ostreatus) BY T. Mugadza (BSc, Grad Dip)
The production process of Pluerotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom can be conveniently summarized into a number of stages which are to be strictly followed in order to achieve higher biological efficiencies (B.E)*. The stages are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Mushroom growing house disinfection Substrate preparation Spawning Primordial formation/ shocking Maturation Harvesting Post ‐harvest handling
Mushroom growing house disinfection The mushroom growing house (MGH) is a very selective environment for the growing of the oyster mushroom. This means that it must not give a chance for the growing of other competitor organisms which will compete for nutrients with our mushrooms e.g. bacteria, other fungi, viruses and pests – flies, rodents etc Since chemicals are not encouraged because of their bioaccumulation in food chains, cultivators are encouraged to practice organic farming which involves the non chemical production of mushrooms by using biological control methods. However, chemicals like hypochloride (jik), dettol, formaldehyde or hydrogen peroxide can be used for initially disinfecting the MGH or between cycles. Steaming can also be done for 12 hours to ‘cook out’ the MGH and most contaminants are destroyed by the heat from the steam. Procedure 1. Clean the room thoroughly by brushing the walls and floor with a hard broom and water 2. Make up a dilute disinfection solution by putting a lid full of jik into a bucket full of water (20 liters) and stir. 3. Clean the walls and floor again with the jik solution 4. Place a foot bath of the jik solution outside the door by putting a blanket impregnated with the solution inside a tray. 5. Close and lock the door and start preparing the substrate.
Substrate preparation and spawning Substrate is a material in which the mushroom is selectively grown. It provides the growing mushroom mycelia (moulds‐ a reproductive stage) with the necessary growth nutrients while discouraging other competitor organisms. There are various substrate formulations that can be used to grow mushrooms including paper, grass, rice straw, banana leaves, vegetable waste, saw dust, corn waste, sorghum waste and many other agricultural wastes. However the choice depends on availability of the waste material and equipment to prepare them e.g. shredders, autoclaves etc. the formulation has to make up the required carbon to nitrogen ratio (C: N ratio). The following formula for producing 600kg – 1000kg fresh mushroom in 2 months has been suggested after considering the above mentioned factors, especially costs. Grass (hay)
522kg
Spent brewers grain
54kg
Gypsum (CaSO4)
24kg
Lime (CaCO3)
6kg
Water up to 65 – 70 % by weight Procedure 1. Mount the oil drum pasteurizer with water at almost 70% depth and heat to 70 degrees Celsius using the gas burner 2. Obtain the dried grass (if not dry leave it in the sun to dry over some days and chop it down into small pieces of equal length 10 – 15 cm) 3. Mix the grass with spent brewers grain thoroughly using shovels 4. Load the mixture into the mesh basket 5. Submerge the basket loaded with the mixture into the heated water and maintain the temperature at 70 degrees Celsius for an hour. 6. After an hour, take out the basket by hand or by use of a chain block if there is no labour and drain off excess water from the mixture through a sieve (take a sample and squeeze it between your hands, a good moisture content will not drip continuous drops of water from the substrate) 7. Let it cool preferably inside the MGH on a plastic sheet laid on the floor 8. Add gypsum and lime and mix thoroughly using clean shovels 9. Add spawn at 8% of the dry substrate mass using gloved/ clean hands and mix thoroughly after the temperature of the mixture has cooled down to around 30 degrees otherwise if it is too hot the spawn will be killed by the heat (use a thermometer or feel by clean hands washed with
soap, human body temperature is around 36.5 deg so if it feels hot it is high definitely let it cool down). Make sure you a putting clean clothes. 10. Put the spawned mixture using gloved / clean hands in plastic bags preferably transparent ones so that you can see what is happening inside the bags (roughly 10 ‐ 15kgs per bag). 11. Make it a bit pressed but not too much and tie up the open end with string and hang it. 12. Puncture some few holes on the plastic bag for aeration and draining excess water. The holes are the size of roofing nails approximately and must not be big enough to loose a lot of moisture. 13. Clean the punching nails in jik solution first and then water and dry with a cloth each time before you punch another different bag to avoid contamination. 14. Clean up the floor the floor and leave the windows and entrance closed making sure that no insects or pests enter the MGH. Light should be vey minimal, in fact dark conditions must prevail. Leave the floor wet with water and put some 3 – 4 buckets full of water in the room Spawn run For 2 to 3 weeks make sure that you check temperatures and moisture levels inside the MGH by using a thermometer. Temperatures can be brought down by spraying water on the floor, walls and roof and may be putting ice packs in the room. Procedure 1. Maintain temperature between 25‐ 30 deg max by employing the above mentioned methods. 2. If possible read and record daily temperature readings on a chart with day, min and max temperatures for future reference. 3. Make sure the room is moist every time and hygiene is maintained every time in the MGH by limiting the number of people entering the room. 4. After 2‐ 3 weeks depending on conditions, the whole mass in the bags should turn into a whitish moldy mass and this marks the end of spawn run period and it is time for primordial formation. Primordial formation/ shocking The mycelia must now be triggered to turn into mushrooms by employing the following steps. 1. Open the windows though ensuring the nets/ sieves are there to prevent insects from entering since most are vectors of diseases and some directly feed on the mushrooms. This will allow fresh air to enter since mushrooms need oxygen for respiration hence growth. It will also lower temperatures 2. Let the light fall in the room during the day time. It must be adequate for a person to at least read a newspaper. Mushrooms are photo sensitive and they grow towards a light source if it is not enough they won’t come out.
3. Humidity must be increased to 100% otherwise mushrooms will desiccate (they are 90% water). This is done by daily misting (2 – 3 times a day depending on atmospheric conditions) with a knapsack sprayer around the bags. 4. After about 4‐ 5 days small pinheads of mushrooms (primordial) are seen on the bag and they keep on increasing in size every day. Humidity should now be slightly reduced to 85‐ 90%. Harvesting In a few more days mushrooms are ready for harvesting. They are normally harvested young before the veil opens to increase shelve life. Harvesting is done by a twisting motion from left to right then pulling the stipe out of the bag gently without disturbing or pulling out the substrate. The stipes are trimmed using knives and sold separately from the ‘umbrellas’ (pileus). Wear face musk when harvesting as spores released by the mushrooms may cause allergic reactions e.g. asthma attacks since the spores are allergens. Normally harvesting is done in the mornings every day for about for 4 ‐7 days followed by a dry period of about a week during which humidification will continue until the second flush up to the fourth flush when the bags must now be removed and discarded away from the growing house since they attract flies. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has plenty of uses as an animal feed, soil conditioner for landscapers etc and the markets for it can be explored also generating extra income. The SMS has increased protein content and other nutrients to the animal as compared to grass alone for example. Fly traps are also placed in the growing room and outside to trap flies. Post harvest handling Mushrooms are perishables like any other vegetables hence they need to be pushed fast. This must ideally be arranged prior to harvesting between the cultivator and buyer. Their shelve life is around 5 days at 4 deg (never freeze them). Again they must not be washed before packaging and then they are wrapped in trays and plastic and stored at 4 degrees Celsius. Drying and blanching are also other options. *B.E = (fresh weight mushroom/ dry weight of substrate) x100%