Oway No.4 Print Version

32

1

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

2

31

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

30

tdk;a0 *sme,f

rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okYd jyefMum;csuf

&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom? 'Drkdua&pD wjym;om;rSr&Sdaom zufqpfqefonfh ppf tmPm&Sifpepf atmufwGif ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf or*¾\ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&if; tkd;a0*sme,f ukd ykHrSef xkwfa0Ekdif&ef usm;ukwfusm;cJ tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;aeMu&ygonf/ ausmif;om;or*¾\tmabmfukdxif[yfaom? vGwfvyfa&;zcifBuD; AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;ac: ukad tmifqef; wm0efct H ,f'w D mtjzpf wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf ahJ om orkid ;f tpOftvmBuD;rm;onfh tkd;a0*sme,fukd jyefvnfxkwfa0&jcif;vnf;jzpfNyD;? vuf&Sdjzpf ay:aeaom acwftajctaeukv d nf; xif[yfaz:jyEkid &f ef? Armjynfov l x l \ k ppftmPm &SifpepfqefYusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJwGif tkd;a0*sme,frS wwyfwtm; yg0iftm; jznfhEkdif&ef BudK;pm;ae&jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ wenf ; tm;jzif h q k d a omf tvG e f w m0ef B uD ; NyD ; ? ppf t mPm&S i f a tmuf w G i f tkd;a0*sme,fukd vQdKU0Suf xkwfa0&jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf tcuftcJtMuyftwnf; rsdK;pkH&Sdaeygonf/ xkdokdYaom tajctaetaMumif;rsm;aMumifh usaemfwkdY\ tkd;a0*sme,fwGif csdKU,Gif; tm;enf; csufrsm; rvGJra&Smifom yg&SdaerSm aocsmygonf/ usaemfwkdY\ tm;enf;csuf rsm;ukd rnfolrqkd axmufjy a0zefapvkdygonf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjya0zefjcif; rjyKrSmukdyif usaemfwkdY txl;pkd;&drfrdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh csdKU,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd jyifqifEkdif&ef? jznfhqnf;Ekdif&eftwGuf vkdtyfaom orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm;? pmrlrsm;? a0zeftMuHay;pmrsm; ay;ykdYjcif;? tzuf zufrS ukd,fwwfEkdifonfhykHpHESifh ulnDjcif;jzifh tkd;a0*sme,fukd ausmif;om;? jynfolw&yf vk;H u 0kid ;f 0ef;aqmif&u G af eonfh ppftmPm&Sif pepfqefUusiaf &;? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wku d yf 0JG if pmapmifwpfcktjzpf oabmxm;Mu&ef yefMum;tyfygonf/

tdk;a0*sme,f

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

3

2

4? 5? 6? 7? 9? 11? 13? 21? 23? 27? 30?

rmwdum

uAÁn;f opfMu,fpif tk;d a0armfueG ;f t,f'Dwmh toH ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;okdY wifjycsuf rkd;xJ...avxJ...rkefwkdif;xJu...or*¾pdwf"gwfrsm; zdESdyfrIukd MuifemrIvkdY bmomrjyefEkdif 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkrS ausmif;om;xk tcef; ocifA[de;f (1938-39) usaemfjrifwJh Armjynf ppftmPm&Sifpepfqdkwm... 1350jynfh ta&;awmfykH eJY ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okdY jyefMum;csuf

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

vif;opfvl ckid rf mol t,f'Dwm

Zmenf qef;opfnD armifwif&edS f

armifjrwfom

pl;&S

4

&ifvnf;&ifemrdyg&JU *kPv f nf;*kP, f rl yd g&JU/

tzGiu hf Asm

ararcrsm tdraf 0Mu,fEpS pf if;&JUMum; avmif
urÁÁn;f opf Mu,fpif

a[m'DaeYrSmyJ aoG;rwdwfao;wJh rkefwdkif;u eH&Hudk eifhceJaeatmif vmrSefw,f/ aocsmygw,f Mu,fuav;wpfpif; cvkyfuefoif;aygwJh aumif;uifrSm emrnftopfeJY vif;vmwm/ ararh reufjzefawGudk csa&;oGm;wJh Mu,fuav; azazhtawG;pawGukd qGJqefYoGm;wJhMu,fuav;/

/

tdk;a0 *sme,f

olaY zaz&JU xkom;ayom;c&D;xJ Mu,fpifo;D® i,fav; ajcvSrf;&J&JvSrf;aevdkufyHkrsm;.../ &ifvnf;emrdyg&JU *kPv f nf;*kP, f rl yd g&JU/ vif;opfvl 21.6.08 11:50.pm

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

29

Ek;d xvmcJyh gw,f/

1350 jynfhta&;awmfykHtp ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIu ...

1987 ckESpf pufwifbm 5 &ufaeYrSm aiGpuúLawGukd w&m;r0ifaMunmvdkufwmeJY rEÅ a v;? &ef u k e f p uf r I w uú o k d v f e J Y & ef u k e f wuúokdvfawGrSm tkHMuGrIawG jzpfvmcJhygw,f/ nwGi;f csi;f yJ tJ't D csed u f rqvygwD ppftpk;d & [m ausmif;awGyw d yf pfvu dk Nf y;D ? ausmif;om; vIyf &Sm;rIawG ysHUESHUvmrSmukd wm;qD;cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'g[m tcgtcGihfoifhwJh tcgrSm jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufvkdYjzpfvm&wJh b,fausmif;om; vIy&f mS ;rIrsKd ;ukrd S ]]oMum;rif;zsuaf wmif rysuEf idk f bl;&Sif ...}}qkdwJh oDcsif;vkdyJ? oMum;rif; qif; wm;&ifawmif wm;vkdYr&awmhygbl;/ 'DvkdeJY 1988 ckESpfxJrSm rwfv 13-18 ukzd ek ;f armfta&;tcif;? *Rev f 13-20 ukzd ek ;f armf 3 vjynfh &efuek w f uúov dk f ausmif;0if;xJrmS aeY oydwfpcef;zGifhNyD; qifEGJcJhwJh? &efukefNrdKUay:&Sd wuúokdvfrsm;&JU twef;rwufoydwfwkdufyGJ? ZGef v 21 &uf ajreDukef;ta&;tcif;pwJh ausmif; om;vIy&f mS ;rI oydww f u dk yf aJG wG qufwu dk jf zpfvm cJyh gw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;om;oydwfwkdufyGJawGuae tJ'DumvrSm&SdaewJh vlxk&JUtaxGaxG tMuyf twnf;awGeq YJ ufpyfNy;D ? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk vkdYac:wJh 1350 jynfh wwd,tBudrf taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJqkdwJh tjrifhqkH;EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ ykH o@meftxd t&Sed jf rifw h ufvmcJyh gw,f/ 1350 jynft h a&;awmfyu Hk mvrSmrS ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf[m vlxkwkdufyGJeJY twl jyefvnfay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f/ ArmEkid if v H ;Hk

tdk;a0 *sme,f

qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyftjzpf &yf wnfcJhMuwJh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; awG[m 1987 ckEpS f eJY 1988 ckEpS f twGi;f rSm jzpfay:cJw h hJ ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIawGtwGi;f rSm uk, d w f idk u f , dk f us yg0ifcMhJ uolawG jzpfaeMuygw,f/ taxGaxG oydwf ay:vmzkdY ukdvnf; OD;aqmifvIHUaqmfcJh MuolawGxJrSm tJ'Dausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG [m t"dutcef;u yg0ifcJhMuygw,f/

ta&;awmfykH eJY ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf

pl;&S

'gaMumifh 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykHay: aygufvm&wJh tajctaeukd jzpfpOf jzpf&yfawGeYJ prf;ppfMunfhr,fqkd&if ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG uae tpjyKcJhw,fqkdwmawGY&ygw,f/ ausmif; om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG[mvnf; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf jyefvnf az:xkwf a&;eJY wqufpyfwqufwnf; &Sdaejyefygw,f/ tJ'q D ufpyfjzpfay:rIawGudk avhvmMunfw h hJ tcg 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykHrSm&SdwJh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif &m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKy&f UJ tcef;u@ukd tckvkd aumufcsufcsMunfhvkdY&ygw,f/ 1) 1350jynft h a&;awmfyeHk t YJ wl Auorsm;tzGYJ csKyf&JU cGyfa'gif;tvHukd ausmif;om;xkMum;? jynfolvlxkMum;rSm jyefvnfvTifhxlEkdifcJhw,f/ 2) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf[m ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI? or*¾vyI &f mS ;rI eJY vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIudk qufpyfay; EkdifcJhw,f/ 3) Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyu f 1350 jynft h a&;awmfyHk vlxkvIyf&Sm;rI&JU ta&;BuD;tpdwftykdif;wck tjzpf yg0ifcJhw,f/

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

28

0if w J h ' k w d , taxG a xG o yd w f j zpf a y:vmcJ h y g w,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwf 1948 ckESpf uae ppftmPm&Sipf epfusa&mufcw hJ hJ 1962 ckEpS t f xd ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf twGif;rSm &SdaewJhtpkd;& rsm;&JU uarmufurEkdifvSwJh ynma&;pepfeJY wkdif;jynfwGif;rSmjzpfay:aewJh 'Drkdua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; jyóemawG tay:rSmtajccHNyD; 1948-49 ckESpfumv ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG? 1952-53 ausmif;om; wkduf yGJawG? 1956 [,f&Dwefta&;awmfykH? 1960-61 umvw avQmuf ausmif ; om;oyd w f w k d u f y G J a wG [ m pOfqufrjywf&adS ecJyh gw,f/ 1962 ckEpS f ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D wJh aemufrmS vnf; Zlvkdif 7 &uf ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykH? 1969 uRef;qG,fta&;tcif;? 1974-75-76 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG? oydwfwkdufyGJawG jzpf ay:cJyh gw,f/ ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D aemuf ausmif; om;vIyf&Sm;rI oydwfwkdufyGJawG[m ppftmPm &Sif pepf qefYusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;? jynfwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;awG twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhMuwJh oydwfwkdufyGJawGygyJ/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DoydwfwkdufyGJawG[m &efol ppftpkd;&&JU vufOD;rI&Sd&SdeJY Murf;wrf; &ufpufwJh

tdk;a0 *sme,f

zdEydS rf aI wGtjyif? jynfov l x l &k UJ taxGaxGraus eyfreI YJ aygif;pyfv&Ydk wJh tajctae r&Sw d t hJ wGuf taxGaxGoydwftxd jzpfrvmcJhygbl;/ taxG axGoydwftxd jzpfrvmcJhayr,fh oydwfwkdufyGJ wkid ;f &JU Ekid if aH &;tusKd ;qufqw dk m b,fawmhrS oJ xJa&oGef jzpfoGm;wmrsdK; r&Sdygbl;/ aemufNyD; ausmif;om;oydww f u dk yf w JG idk ;f &JU xif&mS ;wJh vu© Pmwcsufu ausmif;om;vIyf &Sm;rIwkdif;rSm ajr atmuf ykHpHeJY &SdaewJh ausmif;om;or*¾&JU toH ukd jyef jyefMum;&Ny;D ? ausmif;om;or*¾ w&m;0if &yfwnfcGifh&a&; awmif;qkdcJhwmcsnf;ygyJ/

EkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft[kef 1976 ckEpS af emufyidk ;f rSm oydww f u dk yf aJG wG r&Sad wmhayr,f?h ESppf Of Zlvidk f 7 &uf ESpyf wfvnf vIycf wfraI wG? Ny;D cJw h hJ oydww f u dk yf aJG wG&UJ ESpyf wf vnf toHwdwf vIyf&Sm;rIawGuawmh &SdaecJhyg w,f/ 'g[m zdEydS w f hJ tpk;d &w&yf[m oydww f u dk f yGJ wyGu J dk ESrd ef if;vku d Ef idk af yr,f?h tJ'o D ydww f u dk f yGJ&JU EkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft[kefukdawmh b,fvkdrS tp owfvYdk r&Ekid af wmh bl;qkw d mukd orkid ;f u xyfcg xyf c g ouf a ojyaeygw,f / tJ o vk d tp owfvrYdk &wJt h &Sed af Mumifyh J 11 ESpaf vmufMumwJh tcgrSm ausmif;om; vIyf&Sm; rIawG[m jyefvnf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

5

tk;d a0armfueG ;f

tzGiu hf Asm

ordik ;f tarGtESpf azsmufypfzdkh rpGrf;Edkif&ef t"r® ppfbDvl;'Pf wGef;vSefvdkY armfuGef;xkd; tdk;a0wGefoHMuL;&ifjzifh rsdK;cspftmZmenf topfopfawGeJh ordkif;tESpf tarGtppfawGudk oufpGefYumumuG,fzdkh 'dkhausmif;om;awG nDnGwfpkdY / /

ckdifrmol

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

6

t,f'w D mh toH

tdk;a0 *sme,f

rMumrD ... ppftmPm&Sifpepf tusF Dajymif;0wfawmhrnf/ em*pfuyfab;uJhokdY vlaygif;odef;csDaoNyD; jynfoltrsm; 'ku© ESifh rsuf&nf yifv,f a0aeonfMh um;uyif ppfwyfBu;D pk;d a&; zGpYJ nf;ykOH ya'ukd ZGwt f wnfjyK&ef vky&f ufco hJ nfh ppftm Pm&l;wkdYonf ppftmPm&Sifpepfudk w&m;0ifjzpfatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfh rnfonfhvkyfaqmif csufrsdK;ukdrqkd rsufESmajymifwkduf vkyfypfrnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJyif/ ,ckyif 'Dru dk a&pDvrf;aMumif;twGuf aMumif;usKd ;qDavQmo f nfh vky&f yfrsm;udk wckrQ rvkyf&kHru qefYusifbufvkyf&yfrsm;ukdyif ajAmifvkyfjyvkdufao;onf/ xkv d yk &f yfrsm;xJwiG f jynfwiG ;f ? jynfy wurÇmvk;H u 0kid ;f 0ef;uefu Y u G af eonfMh um;u yif rnfonfjh ypfrrI Q usL;vGecf jhJ cif;r&So d nfh a':atmifqef;pkMunfudk 1 ESpcf JG xyfcsKyjf yvku d jf cif; u ylylaEG;aEG; om"u/ xkdtjzpftysufwGif tcsuf 2 csufukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGY&onf/ yxrwcsufu b,folawG bmajymajym igwkdYvkyfcsif&m vkyfr,fqkdaom ppfaoG; ppfrmef wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf Military Might / 'kwd,wcsufu rlvu xifwkdif;vkyfrnf[k &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwkdif; axmif'Pf (5)ESpaf wG? (3)ESpaf wG rcs&aJ wmh/ qkid ;f iHjypf'Pf 1 ESpcf jGJ zifh tdrrf mS jyefyx Ydk m;vku d &f onf/ axmif csNyD; axmifxJqufxm;vkdufonfESifh vlxkwkdufyGJ? &[ef;oHCmwkdufyGJ? ausmif;om; vli,fwu dk yf aJG wG csucf si;f t&Sed jf rifv h mrSmukd aMumufvefo Y nft h wGuaf Mumifh tcsed yf if rqkid ;f Ekid ?f / trd e f Y c sNyD ; onf E S i f h w&m;&k H ; rS m yif jynf x J a &;0ef B uD ; qk d o l u 'a&maomyg;0if v mNyD ; jypf'PfukdavQmhayhgaMumif;awG? qkdif;iHaMumif;awG? tdrfrSmjyefxm;rnfhtaMumif;awGudk vDq,fpum;vkH; rsdK;pkHokH;í aMunm&awmhonf/ vlxkwkdufyGJukd aMumufonfhvu©Pm/ þonfwu Ydk Mdk unfv h Qif ppfaoG;ppfrmef(Military Might)ukd tHwEk idk o f nft h &mum; ]]jynfwif;vQif rif; rcHEidk }f }qko d nfph um;twkid ;f vlxw k u dk yf ?JG &[ef;oHCm ausmif;om;vli,fw\ Ydk wkdufyGJrsm;om jzpfayonf/ ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd ta&NcHKxm;vQif rnfonfhtusF aD jymif;0wf0wf? wppD qkwfNzJypf&rSmvnf; aocsmaeNyD/ orkdif;tawGUtBuHKwkdYukd jyefajymif;owd&MunfhvQifvnf;... atmifyGJukd awmif;,lír&/ ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

27

tdk;a0 *sme,f

1350jynfh ta&;awmfykH eJY ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf

vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIumv w avQmuf rSmjzpfcJhwJh taxGaxGoydwf 2 ckukd jyefMunfh&if taxGaxGoydwaf wG[m jynfov l x l &k UJ pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;pwJh taxGaxG rauseyfrIawG jzpfay:aewJhtajctaersdK; &SdMuygw,f/ 1938 ckEpS rf mS jzpfay:cJw h hJ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy[ Hk m acsmufeJY a&eHacsmif; e,fawGrSm &SdwJh a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;awG&UJ tppt&m&m b0edru hf sraI wG uae tvkyform;tcGifhta&; wkdufyGJawGudk qifEGJcJh&muae pcJhwmyg/ tvkyf orm;awG[m tkypf ;dk ol e,fcsUJ tpk;d &ukd qefu Y siw f u dk yf 0JG ifaewJh tcg ausmif;om; tiftm;pk awGuvnf; tJ'D tcsdefrSmzGJYpnf; cJhNyD;jzpfwJh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾&UJ OD;aqmifreI YJ tvkyo f rm; oydwfeJY aygif;pyfyg0ifNyD; wEkdifiHtwkdif;twm aqmifwhJ vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIBu;D jzpfvmatmif oydwf wkdufyGJukd jrSifhwif,lvmEkdifcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'w D u dk yf rJG mS 'DaeYtxd Akv d af tmifausmaf eY tjzpf tav;tjrwf jyKusif;yae&wJh ausmif; om;acgif;aqmif ukad tmifausm[ f m e,fcsUJ tpk;d & &JU qE´jyyGu J dk ESrd ef if;rIaMumifh 1938 ckEpS f 'DZifbm v (20) &ufaeYrSm usqkH;cJh&ygw,f/ Armjynforkid ;f &JU 'kw, d taxGaxG oydwf uawmh 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm tJ't D csed f u&SdaewJh bk&ifcH a':refprpfae&mukd bk&ifcH qm[l;b&efYpfeJYajymif;NyD; rMumcifrSmyJ &efukef ykvyd &f ;Hk uae oydww f u dk yf JG pwifvu dk w f m[m vl xkvlwef;pm;tvTmvTm toD;oD;&JU taxGaxG rauseyfraI wGeYJ aygif;pyfrNd y;D tvkyo f rm;oydw?f trIxrf; oydwpf wJh 0efxrf;aygif;pkH jynforl sm;yg

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

vGecf w hJ hJ 21 ESp?f 8 &uf 8 v 1988 ckEpS rf mS wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJY vlxkw&yfvkH; tkHMuG wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJh taxGaxGoydwfBuD; bmaMumifh ay:vmcJ&h wmvJ/ tJ't D aMumif;ukd ajym&&if Arm jynf EkdifiHa&;orkdif;ukd jzpfpOft& Munfh&ygvdrhf r,f/

taxGaxGrauseyfrI eJY taxGaxGoydwf

ArmhEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm taxGaxGoydwf 3ck &Syd gNy/D wcku 1938 ckEpS rf mS jzpfcw hJ hJ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH? 'kwd,taxGaxGoydwfu 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmrSm 0efxrf;aygif;pkyH g0ifwhJ taxG axGoydwef YJ wwd,u 1988 ckEpS rf mS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyv Hk aYdk c:wJh vlxk tkMH urG BI u;D ? wenf; 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykH/ taxGaxGoydwaf wG[m taxGaxG raus eyfrIawGuae aygufuGJxGufvmw,fvkdY ajymEkdif ygw,f/ taMumif;t&mwckudk Munfw h t hJ cg um vwckuo dk m jzwfyidk ;f rMunfb h J jzpfpOft& Munfh rSom ykdjynfhpkH? tjzpfrSefeJY eD;wmyg/ txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH &;wku d yf aJG wGrmS tJovkd xif;xif;vif;vif; Munfzh v Ydk ydk gvdrrfh ,f/ Armjynf&JU wwd,taxGaxG oydwfBuD; jzpfwhJ &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyBHk u;D ac: 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfyu Hk dk jyefMunfrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; tJovkd jzpfpOfoabmawGukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGY&yg w,f/

taxGaxGoydwfrsm;

pl;&S

26

- a&G;aumufy(JG 1990)usi;f yay;Ny;D tEkid &f ygwDudktmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif;r&Sd? - ppftkyfpkpdwfBudKuftajccHOya'(2008) a&;qGJ twnfjyKum aemufxyfa&G;aumufyGJ (2010) usi;f yNy;D ppftmPm&Sif pepfukd oufq;kd &Snfap&ef vkyfaqmifaew,f/ - jynfol?oHCm? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk tMurf;zufzEd ydS o f wfjzwfacsreI ;f w,f? (1962 ESpf rS tp 1974 - 75 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tv,ff? 2007 ckESpf pufwifbm oHCmhta&;tcif;ESihf ,aeY umvzrf;qD;rIrsm;tqH;k )

tdk;a0 *sme,f

- wkid ;f jynfejYJ ynfo&l UJ "eOpömawGukd tqifh vku d f vbfpm;Ny;D ? *kP d ;f tkypf k wku d yf JG awG&w dS ,f/ 'gaMumihf ,aeYumv Armjynf ppftm Pm&Sipf epfwu dk zf suaf &;twGuf jynfwiG ;f jynfy EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;\ aomhcsuf tusqHk; vkyif ef;wm0efrmS zGpYJ nf;yHk tajccHOya' (2008) ukd jywfjywfom;om; qefu Y siw f u dk zf suf a&;yJjzpf w,fqdkwm az:jy&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f/

armifjrwfom (2009 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 3 &uf )

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfh tkd;a0*sme,fokdU pmrlrsm;? a0zeftBuHjyKpmrsm; ay;ykdUvkdvQif ay;ykEYd idk yf gonf/ [email protected] okUd

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

7

tdk;a0 *sme,f

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;okdY wifjycsuf a&T0ga&mifumv

rsm;tzGJYcsKyf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; rSmvnf; zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f cHc&hJ ygonf/ odaYk omf A.u.o\ cGwfa'gif;tvHum; qufvufvGifh ysHaecJhygNyD/ awmfveS &f aJ om ausmif;om;wd\ Yk aoG;um;eDapG; &J&ifah ecJNh y/D A.u.orsm;tzGcYJ sKyo f nf orkid ;f opf wpfcu k kd 4if;wd\ Yk aoG;jzifh ur®n;f a&;xd;k cJah vNy/D

a&T0ga&mifNyD;umv

a&T0ga&mifawmfveS af &;tNy;D wGif ppftyk pf k u Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyftzGJY0ifrsm;udk ae&mtESHY tjyif;txef zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG cf MhJ uonf/ Auo tzGYJ 0ifrsm;rSm ppftkyfpkvufrS vGwfajrmufatmif yke;f atmif;ae&if;uyif vlxpk nf;&H;k vIUH aqmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;? ausmif;om;xkMum;xJwGif uspfvpf ckid rf maom tiftm;pkwck yDjyifpmG jzpfay:vma&; wdkYudk pepfwus vkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ þae&mwGif ppftkyfpk\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; wckudk az:jyvdkygonf/ xdktcsdefu Auo &Jabmf 2-a,muf&ydS gonf/ tvkypf rG ;f &nf &So d vkd pepfvnf;usonfh &Jabmfrsm;jzpfygonf/ aemuf wa,mufuajzNy;D om; tajzvTmudk rSijf zifh jcpfcs ypfvkdufonf/ odkYaomf 2 a,muf pvHk; pmar;yGJ tatmifay;vkdufygonf/ aemufrS od&onfrSm xdkxdkaom EdkifiHa&; vkyfcsifonf[k ,lq&aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk yxr ausmif; xkwf&ef taMumif;&Smrnf/ 'kwd,u zrf;qD;&ef? xdo k aYkd om tcsut f vwf rsm; vH;k 0&Smír&awmh ygu xdak usmif;om;udk pmar;yGaJ jzEdik o f nfjzpfap? rajzEkdifonfjzpfap tatmifay;í ausmif; y&0kPftjyifodkY ydkYypf vdkuf&rnfqdkaom rl&Sdae jcif;yif/ xkdYaMumifh ausmif;0if;xJwGif A.u.o

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

urÇmo h rdik ;f ? jrefrmhorkid ;f rSm rMuKH pzl; aom a&T0ga&mifoC H mOD;aqmifvyI &f mS ;rIBu;D um;jzpfay: cJNh y;D ? xkad &T0ga&mifvyI &f mS ;rIumv rwdik cf ifuyif ArmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGUJ csKyf udk jyefvnfzpYJG nf;cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ 4if;onf acwå ikyfvSsdK;cJh&aom cGyfa'gif;wdkY\ awmifyHcwfoHudk t&Sed t f [kejf yif;pGm jyefMum;ae&aomumvvnf; jzpfonf/ a&Gw*d b kH &k m; ta&SUbufrck rf mS oHCmawmf awG pwifwu kd yf 0JG ifNyq D u kd wnf;u A.u.o rsm; tzGJUcsKyfonfvnf; tpOftvm &SdonfESifhtnD 4if;\ordik ;f ay; wm0efukd ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmif cJyh gonf/ ==ywåeu d Zk e++[kac:aom oHCmawmf rsm;\ oydwu f aH qmifyJG pwifuwnf;u ppftyk f pkukd tjyif;txef qefu Y siu f efu Y u G Nf y;D oHCmxk ESit hf wl Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyu f rnforYkd nfykH yl;aygif; wdu k yf 0JG ifrnfukd tpDtpOfrsm;csrw S í f pepfwus vkyaf qmifcyhJ gonf/ xkt d csed u f OD;aqmifyg0ifchJ aom oHCmrsm;taejzifv h nf; A.u.orsm; tzGYJ csKy\ f tcef;u@ESihf yg0ifywfoufru I kd MunfjzL pGm vufccH MhJ uygonf/ a&T0ga&mifEiS hf cGyaf 'gif;wkYd \ aoG;eDapG;pGmtwlp;D qif;cJMh uygonf/ ukad usmf udkudk? r[efeDOD;? ukd&Jjrwf[def;? ukdpnfolarmif? ukd'DNidrf;vif; tp&SdolwdkY udkifpGJcJhaom cGyfa'gif; tvHrmS vnf; a&T0ga&mifEiS t hf wl rd;k ,Hov Ykd iT yhf scH hJ ygonf/ a&T0ga&mifvidI ;f udk ppftyk pf u k vufeuf wH wdik ;f jzifh ydwq f v Ykd suf ypfcwfzrf;qD; ESyd u f yG o f nfh tcg OD;aqmifoC H mawmfrsm;ESit hf wl A.u.o

8

rsm;tzGJUcsKyfwdkY tcdkiftrmwnf&Sdvmrnfudk ppf tkyfpku aoravmuf aMumufMuygonf/ xdkY twGufvnf; jyif;xefaom zdESdyfrIrsm;udk quf wkdufjyKvkyf aeMuygonf/ xdktxJuyif rdrdwdkY A.u.o rsm; tzGUJ csKy0f ifrsm;rSm usm;ukwu f sm; cJ BuKd;pm;pnf;&Hk;aeMu&ygonf/ txu ausmif;om;rsm; ? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh wEkdifvkH; twkdif;twmESifh tus,fjyefYEkdiforQ us,fjyefY onfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; tiftm;pkBuD; jzpf atmif pkpnf;BuKd ;yrf; aqmif&u G af eygonf/xkt Yd jyifjrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f moHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGUJ Bu;D ? 88rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;paom aemifawmf tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf; Edik if aH &; oabmxm;csi;f vkyif ef;csi;f qufpyfr&I adS tmif tpOfwqdu k f csw d f qufaqmif&GufaecJhMuygonf/ A.u.o \ acwftajctaet& ay: aygufvmaomwm0efwckrSm vli,fxkMum;xJ wGif pkpnf;rIwckjzpfatmif az:aqmifae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ 1990 rEåav;nDvmcH vkyo f nft h cg A.u.orsm;tzGJYcsKyfESifhtwl oHk;a&mifjc,f? A. v.o (ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;or*¾) p aom vli,ftzGJYwdkYESifhtwl yl;aygif;aMujimcsuf rsm; xkwfa0cJhygonf/ vkyfief;ydkif;qdkif&mvnf; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom t ajctaersK;d ? tm;aumif;rIrsKd ; jyefvnfay:ayguf atmif A.u.o rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS BudK;pm;vkyf aqmifaeygonf/ a&T0ga&mifNy;D 2-ESpt f Mum A.u.orsm;t zGJYcsKyf\ tajctaeudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&rnfqdk vSsif 2007-2008 umvwGif rdrdwdkYtaejzifh vHk jcHKa&;udk ydkrdk *&kpdkufcJhMu&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif tkd;a0*sme,fukdyif 2008 ckESpf pufwifbmv wGit f rSw(f 3) xkwaf 0Ny;D &yfqidk ;f xm;cJ&h ygonf/

tdk;a0 *sme,f

xdo k Ykd *&kpu kd af e&if;uyif em*pftNy;D wGif A. u. orS rNzKd ;NzKd ;atmif? ukv d if;xufEidk w f Ydk tygt0if &JabmftcsdKUrSm &efolvufwGif;odkY usqif;cJh&yg onf/

vuf&Sdumv ,ck 2008-2009 umvwGifrl A.u.o rSm pnf;&H;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk tawmf jyKvyk Ef idk af e ygonf/ vlxkESifhvnf; wom;xJ&SdaeygNyD/ odkY aomf trSet f wdik ;f 0efc&H rnfqkd vSsif vHak vmuf aom tiftm;pk Bu;D rm;us,jf yefaY om tiftm;pk twkdif;twmxd ra&mufao;yg/ 2007-2008 uxufpmvSsifawmh trsm;BuD; tm;aumif;aeNyD jzpfygonf/ qufvufívnf; &Jabmfrsm;rS A. u.o udk cdik rf maomtiftm;pkBu;D wckjzpfatmif 0dik ;f 0ef; vkyaf qmifMu& rnfjzpfonf/ rdrw d t Ykd zGrYJ mS tGev f idk ;f Ekid if aH &;ESihf ? tifwmAsL;vky&f o Hk ufouf tzGJYr[kwfyg/ tGefvkdif;EkdifiHa&;vnf; vkdtyfyg onf/ okdYaomf vlxkMum;? ausmif;om;xkMum; wGif vQdKU0Sufodyfonf;pGmaqmif&Gufae&aom vufawGUEkid if aH &;ukd ykrd t dk m&kpH u dk v f yk u f idk af e&jcif; jzpfaMumif; wifjyvkd&if;jzpfygonf/ orkid ;f tqufquf vlxu k kd ausmif;om;xk udk trSew f u,f ud, k pf m;jyKaomtzGYJ tpnf;jzpf ygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh A.u.orsm; tzGcYJ sKy\ f tpOf tvmordik ;f twdik ;f qufvufp;D qif;Mu&ygrnf/ qufvufwkdufyGJ0if&ygOD;rnf/ trsdK;om; a&;? trsdK;om;jyefvnf aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wdkYt wGuf rdrdwdkY\ aoG;awG eDapG;ae&ygOD;rnf/ &J &ifhaom cGyfa'gif; wdkY\aoG;jzifh orkdif;opfwck udkxkqpfMu&ygOD;rnf/ Armjynfol ol&Jaumif; wd\ Yk aumif;uif,üH &J&ifah omcGyaf 'gif;wdyYk so H ef; MuygvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;today;tyfygonf/ ArmEkid if v H ;H k qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcY J sKyf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

25

r,fhol rnfolukdrqdk? rnfonhf ygwDudkrqdk jynf olvx l u k tm;wufoa&m BuKd qMdk urSm jzpfw,f/ jynfolawGu ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd tcg; onf;qH;k trke;f Bu;D rke;f w,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm&Sifpepf tukeftpif wku d zf suaf &;[m jynfow l ikd ;f &JU wm0efjzpfw,f/ ppftmPm&Sifpepf[m jynfow l idk ;f &JU aexdik rf I b0awGukd aeYpOfzEd ydS f Ncrd ;f ajcmufaewm jzpfw,f/ usaemfudk,fwkdifyg0if jzwfoef;cJhwJh ESpf (20) ausmf ppftmPm&Sipf epfwu dk zf suaf &;qkw d hJ tawGU tBuHKtay:uae ppftmPm&Sif pepf&JU odomxif&mS ;wJh tcsuaf wGukd wckcsi;f xkwaf jym &r,fqdk&if -

EkdifiHa&;bufrSmqdk&if

1/ ppfwyfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH udk umuG,af &;OD;pD; csKyOf ;D aqmifwhJ ppfAv dk w f pk (ppftyk pf )k u csKyu f ikd f xm;NyD; jynfolrsm;eJY jynfolYvIyf&Sm; rIrSeforSsudk tMurf;zufzEd ydS w f mygyJ/

pD;yGm;a&;bufrSmqdk&if

2/ wkdif;jynf&JUpD;yGm;a&;eJY "eOpömawGudk vuf0g;BuD;tkyf vk,ufodrf;ykdufxm;wmygyJ/ 'gaMumihw f idk ;f jynfev YJ x l &k UJ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrI a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;tp&SdwJh vlrIb0

tdk;a0 *sme,f

e,fy,ftpkrH mS tcuftcJ tusyw f nf;rsKd ;pHek YJ &if qdkifae&w,f/ 'gaMumihf usaemfjzwfoef;cJhwJh jzwfoef;aewJh ESpf (20) qkw d u hJ mvwkd uav;xJ u tawGt Y BuKH t&ajym&&if Armjynf jynfov l x l k &JU vufiif; vufawGUvdt k yfcsu[ f m Nird ;f csr;f a&;? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;? trsKd ;wef;wla&;eJY acwfrzD NYHG zKd ; wd;k wufa&;yJjzpfw,f/ 'Dvrf;aMumif;udck sw D uf&mrSmt"du twm; tqD;eJY taESmuft,Suu f ppftmPm &Sipf epfyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm&Sifpepfudk tukef tpifzsufodrf;ypf&r,f/ 'gaMumihf - Armjynfu ppftmPm&Sifpepfqdkwm - jynfwGif;ppfxJuae oaE¨wnf arG;zGm; vmw,f/ - ppftyk pf zk NYJG y;D ? ppfwyfwpfcv k ;kH udk tydik pf ;D xm;w,f/ - wnfqJtajccHOya' (1947)udk zsufNyD; tmPmodr;f w,f/ olwYkd pdwBf uKd uf tajccHOya' (1974)a&;qGJ tkyfpdk;jyefw,f/ -Ek d i f i H a &;jyóemud k Ek d i f i H a &;enf ; eJ Y ajz&Si;f jcif;r&S?d - vl x k t H k ~ uG r I a wG a y:ayguf v mwd k i f ; tMurf;zuf owfjzwfzdESdyfacsrIef;avh&Sdw,f/ - wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawG&JU wef;wla&;eJY ud, k yf idk jf yXmef;cGi?hf tcGit fh a&;awGukd todtrSwf rjyK? - wkdif;&if;om;eJYArmtMum;? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd ; tcsi;f csi;f tMum;? wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;wpfck csif; twGif;rSmyg aoG;cGJ&efwkduf ay;avh&Sdw,f/ - wkdif;jynf&JUorkdif;aMumif;eJY wkdif;jynf acgif; aqmifrsm;taMumif;udk a00g;aysmufysuf oGm; atmifvkyfaqmifw,f/

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

24

cJhbl;/ EkdifiHa&;jyóemudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJY rajz &Sif;EkdifcJhMubl;/ 'gtjyif ygvDreftwGif; wkdufyGJ? tmPm& ygwDwiG ;f *kP d ;f tkypf k wku d yf aJG wGaMumifh ppfwyfeYJ umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKy[ f m ydv k yYkd v kd t Ykd a&; ygvmcJhygw,f/ b,favmuf txda&;ygvmcJh ovJq&kd if 1958 ckEpS rf mS tdraf pmiht f pd;k & emrnf cHNyD; ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;wmygyJ/ 'g[m ArmjynfppftmPm&Sifpepf tpG,f aygufvmwmudk yxrqH;k txift&Sm; jyvdu k w f hJ jyuGuyf gyJ/ Ekid if aH &;tmPmukd ppftyk pf u k jrnf; prf;cGi&fh vdu k Nf y;D 'Dvekd YJ 1962 ckEpS ?f rwfv 2&uf aeYrSm vuf&Sd tmPm& EkdifiHa&; \ygwD tpdk;& (yxp)udk jzKwcf sNy;D wkid ;f jynf&UJ t&yf&yftmPm ukd odrf;,l vdkufawmhwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; pifjrihfay:okdY ppf tkyfpkwufa&mufvmwJh ordkif;aemufcH tusOf; csKyfjzpfygw,f/ tmPmodrf;wmppfwyfwwyfvHk;u odrf; wmr[kwb f ;l / umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyef YJ xdyyf ikd ;f u ppft&m&SdtcsdKUyg0ifwJh tkyfpku odrf;vdkufwmyJ jzpfw,f/ tcsdKUuvHk;0rodbl;/ tmPmodrf; aumifprD mS rdred mrnfygvmrS odw,fvq Ykd w kd ,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm&Sipf epf&UJ yxrqH;k a&cHajrcH

tdk;a0 *sme,f

u wkid ;f jynfwpfjynf trsKd ;om; aoG;pnf;nDñw G f rINyKd uaJG ewm? 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit fh a&;r&Sw d meJY jynf wGif;ppfjzpfaewJh tcsufawGyJjzpfw,f/ 'Dawmh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f olpY w d f BuKd uf ppftyk pf u k zkd pYJG nf;Ekid cf NhJ y;D ppfwyfBu;D wck vH;k udk wp wpcsKyu f ikd v f mawmhw,f/ zGpYJ nf; yHt k ajccH Oya' udk zsufodrf;ypfw,f/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk zsuf odr;f ypfw,f/ ausmif;om; or*¾taqmuftODukd 'kid ;f erdu k ef NYJ zKd csNy;D ausmif;om;awGukd ypfcwfowf jzwfcw hJ ,f/ zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya' (1974)udk pdwf BudKufa&;qGJ twnfjyKcJhNyD; wkdif;jynfudk wygwD pepfeYJ (14) ESpMf um (1974 - 1988) tkypf ;kd cJw h ,f/ tusd K ;quf & v'f u jynf o l q if ; &J N yD ; wkdif;jynf rJGcJh&w,f/ tqif;&JqHk; EkdifiH (LDC) b0 a&mufc&hJ w,f/ ,aeYtxd 'Db0u jynfoel YJ wdik ;f jynfu &ke;f rxGuEf idk af o;bl;/ ppftmPm&Sif pepf EGHtkdifxJrSm epfaeqJjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm &Sipf epf tuket f pif wku d zf suaf &;[m ,aeYumv&JU t"duwm0efjzpfygw,f/ wkid ;f jynf eJY jynfoal wG&UJ tem*wf[m ppftmPm&Sipf epf udk tukeftpif wkdufzsufEkdifa&;qdkwJhtcsuf t ay:rSm wnfraDS ew,f/ ppftmPm&Sipf epf wku d f zsufa&;eJY 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk aqmifusOf; ay;Ekdif

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

9

rk;d xJ...avxJ... rkew f idk ;f xJu...or*¾pw d "f gwfrsm;

tdk;a0 *sme,f

awG vrf;ay:xGuf qE´jyaeNyD/}} ]]ausmif;om; awGukd zrf;ukefNyD? &kdufukefNyD/}} paom pum;vkH; rsm;rSm Armjynf Ekid if aH &;avmuESihf rpdr;f vSaom t&if;ES;D qk;H pum;vk;H rsm;yif jzpfygonf/þuJo h Ydk Auo\ orkid ;f aMumif;ukd *kPf az:ajymqkad e& jcif;rSm ]]ukd,fhig;csOf ukd,fcsOf}}aejcif; r[kwfyg/ tpOftquf xGe;f vif;awmufy &J&ifh wufMucG hJ aom Auo\orkdif; tpOftvmESifh Auo\ orkdif;tpOftvm rnfrQ BuD;rm;onfukd Auo &Jabmfrsm;ukd jzefaY 0 csií f jzpfygonf/ odNy;D om; qkdvQifvnf; arhraeapcsifí jzpfygonf/ vlxk\ emusnf;rIcHpm;rIrsm;ukd vpfvsL&I cJah om orkid ;f rsKd ; AuorSmr&Scd yhJ g/ xkt Yd wl ]]ighjrif; igpkid ;f }} Ekid if aH &;rsKd ;ukv d nf; tpOftquf Auo acgif;aqmifrsm; rjyKvyk cf MhJ uyg/ Auo\ zGUJ pnf; yk?H &yfwnfcsu?f pnf;rsO;f Oya' tp&Sd onfwu Ydk tp wu,fhygwDBuD;wck? tzGJUtpnf; BuD;wck ozG,f tckdiftcH wnf&SdcJhayonf/ xkdYtwl Auo\wm0efrSmvnf;tvGef w&mBu;D rm;vSygonf/ vlxEk iS w hf om;wnf; &Sad e &kHESifh rvkHavmufyg/ vlxk\ emusnf;rIrsm;ukd awmfvSefaomtm;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;&rnf/ xkdokdY ajymif;vJ&mwGifvnf; AuotzGJY0ifrsm; taejzifh vlxkukd vIHUaqmf&kHom r[kwfbJ vlxk a&SUrS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfí wyfOD; ae&mrS &J&ifhpGm wkdufyGJaz: aqmifoifhayonf/ BuD;rm; aomwm0ef? *kPf&nfajymifaom orkdif;wkdYESifh twl ckid rf maom wnfaqmufa&;ukv d nf; tpOf wpkduf vkyfaqmifae&ayrnf/ jyefYBuJaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd wpkwnf;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

ArmEkdifiHawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJtoD;oD;wGif vlxkukd opömrazmufpwrf; vlxka&SUrS rm;rm; rwfrwf &yfwnfí orkdif;tpOftvm &SdcJhaom tzGJYtpnf;wckukd nTefjyygqkdvQif ArmEkdifiHvkH; qkid &f mausmif;om; or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyu f dk a&SUwef; wae&mrSmxm;í azmfjy&ayvdrfhrnf/ (twkd aumufrmS Auorsm; tzGUJ csKy[ f ak c:aomfvnf; þaqmif ; yg;wG i f Auo[k o mtrsm;qk H ; ok;H EIe;f oGm;ygrnf/) acwf t quf q uf tmPm&S i f t quf quf zdEydS rf t I qufqufwu Ydk dk awmfveS &f if;? vlxk twGuf OD;aqmifwkdufyGJ0if&if; oHrPdom; uscJh aom Auo\ BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvmcJh &ayonf/ xkdYtwl Auo\ orkdif;tpOftvmrSmvnf; awmfvSef&Jaom ausmif;om;wkdY\ aoG;jzifh ykdrkd xGef;vif; awmufycJh&avonf/ ArmjynfEidk if aH &;ESihf AuorSm acwftquf qufcjJG cm;ír&avufatmif wom;wnf; &Scd ahJ v onf/ ]]jrif;cGm wcsuaf yguf&if rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmuf ap&r,f/}} qkdaom ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif ukdA[def; aMuG;aMumfcJhonfh 1300 jynfhta&; awmfykHrSonf 2007 a&T0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;t xd ausmif;om;or*¾rSm xif&Sm;aom tiftm;pk tjzpf tNrJwap yg0ifcJhayonf/ ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyf (Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf)\ xl;jcm;csufrSm Armjynf Oya'wGi;f Ekid if aH &; wku d yf w JG idk ;f vkv d \ dk wyfO;D wGif &J&0J 0hH hH ae&m,lNy;D wku d yf 0JG ifcjhJ cif; jzpf ayonf/ xkt Yd wGuv f nf; jynfov l x l \ k ,kMH unf ukd;pm;rIukd tNrJwap&cJhayonf/ ]] ausmif;om;

Zmenf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

23

tdk;a0 *sme,f

ppftmPm½Sifpepf[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJY qef;tyg0if tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBu;D awGe,fcsUJ qefYusifbufjzpfygw,f/ orm; vufcsufeJYusqHk;cJh&w,f/ 'kwd,aemuf ajzmif h a jzmif h B uD ; ud k q ef Y u sif a ewmyg/ qufwGJ&v'fu vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; rMumcifrSmyJ ppftmPm½Sifpepfwnf½SdaeorSs 'Drdkua&pDpepf jynfwiG ;f ppfBu;D jzpfc&hJ wmygyJ/ &Sio f eftjrpfw, G Ef idk zf v Ykd ;kH 0rjzpfEidk yf gbl;/ jynfwGif;ppfqkdwm b,fvdkyJ ajymaeae tJ'DtqkdjyKcsufudk usaemfwkdY Armjynf&JU t&if;cHuawmh jynfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &; jyóemawG&UJ ppftmPm&Sifpepf tukeftpif wkdufzsufa&; tquf ? jynf w G i f ; Ek d i f i H a &; jyóemawG u d k jynfolYvIyf&Sm;rIordkif;aMumif;udk oufaojyKNyD; EkdifiHa&;enf;eJY rajz&Sif;MuawmhyJ ppfa&;enf;eJY usaemfwifjyyghr,f/ ajz&Sif;MuwmyJjzpfygw,f/ usaemfwdkYwkdif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;vIyf&Sm;rI 'DtcgrSm arSsmrf eS ;f cJw h w hJ idk ;f jynf&UJ tem*wf acgif;aqmifrsm; arSsmfrSef;cJhMuwJh wkdif;jynf vrf;aMumif;[m vGwfvyfa&;c&D;pOfNyD;vkdY 'Drdk &JUtem*wfvrf;aMumif;a&G;cs,frIu ua&pDa&;vrf;tprSmwif jynfwiG ;f ppfqw kd hJ EGt H idk f - vGwfvyfa&;? BuD;xJ oufqif; cJh&awmhwmygyJ/aemufydkif;rSm - 'Drdkua&pDa&;? jynfwGif;ppfu 'Drdkua&pDta&; omruawmhyJ - qdk&S,fvpfa&; jzpfygw,f/ trsKd ;om;wef;wla&; trsKd ;om; tcGit fh a&; qH;k &H;I 'gayr,hf vGwfvyfa&;&cgeD;wJwJ uav; rI wdkufyGJawGyg aygif;pyfyg0if vmygawmhw,f/ rSm xkpd Ofu vGwv f yfa&; vIy&f mS ;rIukd OD;aqmifchJ jynfwiG ;f ppf[m ppftmPm&Sipf epf twGuf MuwJh tiftm;pkawGMum;rSm aoG; a&cHajrcHawGtpysKd ;awmhwmygyJ/ uGrJ jI zpfc&hJ w,f/ 1946 ckEpS x f rJ mS jynf w G i f ; ppf j zpf a eawmh trsdK;om; nDñGwfa&; wyfaygif; ppf t mPm&S i f p epf ppfwyfeJY umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf wku d zf suaf &;eJY 'Dru kd pkMuD;jzpfwJh (zqyv) xJuae [mm tmPm&tpd k ; &twG u f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD xkwyf ,f f jkd zpfvmygw,f/ a&pDpepfuak d qmifusO;f *sKd umzJwpfcsyv cHcJh& ygw,f/ 'Dvdkzuffqpf*syef ay;Ekdifr,fholrnfol 'gudk xdkpOfu umuG,fa&;OD;pD; awmf v S e f a &; bH k O D ; wnf c suf ukrd qd?k rnfonhyf gwD csKyf j zpf v mwJ h Ad k v f a e0if ; u atmufrSm wnfaqmufcJhMuwJh aumif;aumif; oabmaygufcNhJ y;D udrk qdk jynfol vlxk tcGit trsKd ;om; nDñw G af &; NyKd ucJG ahJ v fh cgaumif;udak pmihcf w hJ ,f/ u tm;wufoa&m xdpk Ofu ygvDref'rD u awmh yxrqHk;BuHK&wJh aemuf kd a&pD tpk;d & BudKqkdMurSmjzpfw,f awG[m jynfwiG ;f ppf udk r&yfpEJ idk f qufwGJ&v'fu AdkvfcsKyfatmif

10

tm;xkw&f if; rsKd ;qufopf Auorsm;ukv d nf; vuf yif &efol\ rdrdwkdYtay: aMumufvefYaerIwkdYukd urf; BuKd qí dk aoG;csi;f qufay;&rnf/ ppftyk pf k awGUjrifEidk yf gonf/ \ uk, d yf idk f eHywftay: tav;jyK&jcif;rsKd ;? &mxl; xk a Y d M u mif h AuotzG UJ 0ifrsm;\ wm0ef0wÅ tay: vufa0cH&jcif;rsKd ;? ta[mif;topf?vlprd ;f &m;? vlxt k ay:opömapmifo h rd EI iS hf &J0hH jywfom;rI vl&if;wkt Yd ay: em;vnfr?I av;pmrI ray;jcif;wkYd ponfwkdYrSmvnf; tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/ ukrd jyKvyk o f ifyh g/ xif&mpkid ;f aom? tmPm&Siq f ef rdrw d u Ydk dk rdrw d t Ydk Nrw J ap a0zefo;Hk oyfaeNy;D ? wOD; aom? *kP d ;f *P qefaomxlaxmif rIrsKd ;ukd acwf csi;f vkt d yfcsuEf iS hf tzGt YJ pnf;qkid &f m vkt d yfcsuf tqufquf Auo orkdif;u vufrcHcJhyg/ rsm;uk d v nf ; tcsd efwkdif;jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf& vlxw k u dk yf MJG um;xJrmS &J0ahH jymif ajrmufpmG rnzpfonf/vlxu k vlxak emufNr;SD qGJ orm;rsm; wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifonfh olrsdK;ukdom Auo orkdif;u ukd r,kHMunfyg/vlxkopömazmufukdr,kHMunfyg/ acgif;aqmiftjzpf vufccH yhJ gonf/ ,aeY Auo tcGit hf a&;orm;ukrd ,kMH unfyg/ okaYd omf vlxu k &Jabmftaygif;wkdY\wm0efrSm ppftkyfpkzdESdyfrI Auoukd ,kMH unfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh Auo tzGYJ atmufrSmyif rdrdwkdYtpktzGJYrsm;ukd rmausmuspf 0if r s m ;taej z if h vl x k a emuf N r D S ; qG J ? opö m azmuf ? vpfatmif pepfwuszpYJG nf;zkYd vGepf mG ta&; Bu;D yg tcGit hf a&;orm;tjzpf b,fawmhrS tjzpfcí H r& onf/ tajccHynm txufwef;ausmif;rsm; (t. yg/ xkdokdYjzpfcJhvQifvnf; AuotzGJY 0ifr[kwf u.o)rsm;rStp wuúokdvf toD;oD;wGif rdrdwkdY awmhyg/ þtcsufudk tzGJU0ifrsm;tae jzifh tiftm;pkrsm;ukd tckdiftrmwnf aqmufxm;zkdY em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; jzpfayvdrhfrnf/ vkdayonf/ xkdokdY zdESdyfcH&jcif;onfyif orkdif; xko d rYdk rS [kwv f Qif 1920 rS tajcwnf? ukad tmif wm0efudk tpGr;f Ekid q f ;Hk pGr;f aqmif jcif;jzpfaMumif; qef;? ukdA[def;wYkdjzifh orkdif;aMumif;aumif;cJh? wkdif;wmonfh aywHwcktjzpf ,lqEkdifygonf/ ukdrif;ukdEkdifrSonf ausmfukdukdwkdYqDta&muf &J0Hh ppftkyfpku Auotay: ESpf ajymifajrmufcahJ om Auo orkid ;f aygif;rsm;pGm (ppftmPmodrf;NyD aMumif;ukd rdrdwkdY acwfa&mufrS f yguf ajrmif;xJokdY vTifhypf vkduf&ygvdrhf qkduwnf;u) wu,fhtBuD;rm; ]]jrif;cGm wcsua qk;H &efot l jzpf pm&if;oGi;f Ny;D ? ESyd f & i f r D ; [ k e f ; [ k e f ; rnf/ uGufzkdY qkH;jzwfNyD;om; jzpfyg awmuf a p&r,f / }} ]]awmfveS af om onf/ þtcsuu f v kd nf; oHo, ausmif;om;wkdY\aoG;jzifh qk d a om ausmif ; om; jzpfp&m rvkdyg/ (1958? 1962) Auo\orkid ;f aMumif; acgif ; aqmif uk A d [d e ; f ppftmPmodr;f rIrsm;rSonf a&T0g tpOf xeG ;f vif; aMuG ; aMumf c J h o nf h a&mifawmfvSefa&;txd rdrdwkdY awmufyygapownf;/}} tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ppftyk pf u k toJ 1300 jynf h ta&; Hk S onf 2007 trJ ajrvSef&Smí axmifoGif; awmfyr Zmenf tusOf ; csjcif ; ? jyif ; xef a om a & T 0 g a & m i f a w m f Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf axmif'Pfrsm;ESihf wcsed w f nf;rSm vSea f &; txd ...

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

usaemfjrifwhJ Armjynf ppftmPm&Sipf epfqw k d m...

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

armifjrwfom

22

wd k Y o nf a&eH a csmif ; NrKd U wG i f ay:ayguf v suf ½ S d a om ausmif;om;oydwfta&;ESifh a&eHajrrS csDwufvmaom oydwo f rm;rsm;ta&;udk pHpk rf;&ef c&D;xGucf MhJ uonf/ rauG; NrKUd ü a&eHajrrS csw D ufvmaom oydwo f rm;rsm;tm; w&m; a[maepOf tzrf;cHc&hJ avonf/ or*¾Ouú|ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL; tm; zrf;qD;ojzifh ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcahJ vonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf twGi;f 0efrsm;½H;k odYk csw D uf qE´ jyMu&m? a*:&mpmoifrsm;u jrif;ESifhwdkuf? eHygwfwkwfESifh ½du k o f jzifh *syq f ifaumvdyrf S udak tmifausmf usq;kH cJo h nf/ ausmif;om;trsm; tjym;'Pf&m&cJhMu\/ ausmif;om;? tvkyform;? v,form;oydwf aygif;pHkpkpnf;rdum? 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy[ kH o k rdik ;f 0ifrw S w f rf;wifcMhJ uonf/ ausmif; olausmif;om;rsm; NrKUd roydwpf cef;wGif tpmtiwfcH qE´jy cJhMuonf/ a'gufwmbarmf tpkd;&jyKwfusí OD;yktpdk;& wufNyD;? ausmif;om; oydwf NyD;qHk;cJhonf/ udkA[def;onf 1939 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfrSxGufí wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k odYk 0ifa&muf vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ 1940 ckEpS f wGif zrf;qD;cH&NyD;? *syefacwf a'gufwm barmftpd;k & vuf xufwiG f Edik if jH cm;a&;Xme twGi;f 0eftjzpf aqmif½u G cf \ hJ / 1945 ck *syef awmfveS af &;wGif awmificl ½dik w f iG f wm0ef,cl hJ onf/ udkA[def;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwif xlaxmifol wOD;jzpfNyD;? 1946 ck uGefjrLepfygwD ajAmifxl axmifaomtcgwGif A[dak umfrwD0if jzpfco hJ nf/ aemifwiG f ay:vpfAsL½dktzJGU0ifjzpfí Armjynftvkyform;or*¾ (A.B.T.U.C) \ Ouú|jzpfonf/ 1946 ck? Edk0ifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;aq;½HkBuD;wGif uG,fvGef tedpö a&mufco hJ nf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if pm&if;wGif yxrqifrh S aMunmay;jcif;cHc&hJ ol jzpfavonf/

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f 11

zdESdyfrIukd MuifemrIvkdY bmomrjyefEkdif

tdk;a0 *sme,f

vSnfhpm;vSnfhpm; olwkdY&J hAsL[mxJrSm usaemfwkdh arsmygroGm;zkd hta&;MuD;ygw,f/ azmhawG;wm ajzawG;wmawG[m a&wdrk mS pdwo f ufom& &Ekid f apayr,fh a&&SnftwGuf tEå&m,f&SdwJhaq;jrD; wkw d ckyg/ etz[m 'Dvdk rwefwqzdESdyfjyD;rS olwdkh twG u f t a&;rygwJ h wcsd K Y a e&mav;awG r S m tavSsmhay;tcsdKoyfjyD; zdtm;awGudk avSsmhcswJh enf;AsL[mukd rMumcP usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f/ 2010 rSm a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;r,f qdkwmvnf; 'Do abmrsKd ;ygyJ/ aemufxyf Oyrmwckay;&&if etz vufxuf[mausmif;om;tcGifhta&; tqHk;&SHK; qHk;acwfqdkwm vlwkdif;todyg/ ausmif;om;awG tzkdYvGwfvyfpGm ynmqnf;yl;cGifh? vGwfvyfpGm ausmif; om;tzGUJ tpnf; vlrKS a&; tzGt YJ pnf;rsm; zGJYpnf;cGifh? vGwfvyfpGm tjrif xkwfazmfwifjycGifh pwmawG bmqdkbmrS r&Sdygbl;/ oifaxmuful ypönf;awGuvnf; rjynfhrpHkeJUyg/ wuúodkvf ausmif;awGuv dk nf; oGm;&vm& cufcw J jhJ rKd jh yifrmS xkwx f m; vdu k yf g ao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh etz[m wbufrSm ausmif;om;awG t&nftcsif;r&SdyJ pmar;yGJ tvG,w f ul atmifapzkYd tajctaersm; zefwD; ay;xm;jcif;? pmar;yGJrSm ckd;cscGifh ay;xm; apjcif; pwJhxGufaygufrsm;eJY xdef;xm;ygw,f/ ay;oifwJh tcGifhta&;awGukday;zdk hqE´r&Sdvdk rh ay;oifw h hJ pnf;urf;avsm&h aJ pr,fh tcGit hf a&; awG ay;jy;D tpm;xk;d ESpo f rd v hf u dk yf gw,f/ 'Denf;eJh ausmif;om;qdkwJh wefzdk;[mvnf; wjznf;jznf;

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

vl ph w d o f bm0ukd o&kyaf zmfxm;wJu h mwGe;f wyk'fzwfzl;ygw,f/ umwGef;xJrSm vlwa,muf u aowåmtav;MuD;ukd xrf;xm;&if;u av; vdkufwmqdkjyD; nOf;wGm;&if; vrf;avSsmuf vmyg w,f/ ol Mh unf&h wm tifrwef arm[du k f EGr;f e,f aeyHv k nf;&ygw,f/ 'gukjd rifomG ;wJh vlwa,muf u cPaeOD;qdkjyD; tJ'Dhvl&JU aowåmay:ukd ausmufw;kH Mu;D wvH;k xyfwif vdu k yf gw,f/ e*ku d wnf;urS aowåmMu;D xrf;xm;&vkhd av;vHaewJh ol[m rwefwq tav;csdefawG atmufrSm jydK vJvkrwwf jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ ausmufwHk;wifay; vdkufwJhvlu cPavmufaerS ausmufwHk;ukd aowåmay:uae z,f&Sm;ay;vdkufygw,f/ tJ'Dh rSm aowåmxrf;xm;&wJh vlu ayghoGm;jyDqdkjyD; ausauseyfeyfeJ h qufavSsmufomG ;yg awmhw,f/ wu,fwrf;usawmh aowåm[m e*dt k wdik ;f av; vHaeqJygyJ/ etz[m 'Doabmukd aumif;aumif;em; vnf oabmayguf toHk;csyHk&ygw,f/ aowåm ay:udk ausmufw;kH wifwhJ taeeJ h tp ueOD;rSm tqdk;0g;qHk; vkyfjyvdkufygw,f/ a':atmifqef; pkMunfudk tuGufqiftrSKpGJjyD; aetdrfuae axmif w G i f ; uk d a&T U cJ h y gw,f / tvk y f M urf ; eJ h axmif'Pf oH;k ESpf trdecYf srw S v f u kd yf gw,f/ jy;D rS jypf'Pfukd xuf0ufavSsmhcsay;jyD; aetdrfrSm pnf ; urf ; owf r S w f c suf a wG e J h j yef a ecG i f h a y; vdkufygw,f/ aowåmay:uae ausmufwHk;ukd z,fay;vku d w f o hJ abmyg/ etztaeeJ b h ,fvydk J

qef;opfnD

12

tdk;a0 *sme,f

avsmhusvmygawmhw,f/ 'DvdkeJ h etz&J h ußGef ,aeYtxd pm&if;&&Sdxm;aom ynma&;pepfxJrSm ausmif;om;awG ukd,fwdkifu tusOf;us ausmif;om;wefzkd;ukd avsmhusatmif jyKvkyf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;pm&if; olawG jzpfreS ;f rod jzpfvmygawmhw,f/ 0efxrf; awGudkvnf; 'Denf;twdkif; vmbfpm;cGifh ay;jyD; zsufqD;vkdufygw,f/ ausmif;ol 23 OD; usaemfwkd t h rsm;pk&J ah umuf&;dk rD; pdw"f mwf? ausmif;om; 290 OD; aoG;at;oGm;wwfwhJ p&ku d u f kd odaewJh etz[m --------------------------------tcsed af &T q h ikd ;f wJh enf;ynmukv d nf; rMumcPoH;k pkpkaygif; 313 OD; wm awG &h ygw,f/ tc ak ':atmif qef;pkMunf&J htrSKudkvnf; vlawGaoG;at;oGm; avmufwJh oabmxm; ae&if usaemfwdk v h ckd siw f hJ tem*wf tcsdeftxd apmifhjyD;rS vlawGvufyef;uswJh [m a0;aeOD;rSm yg/ tcsed t f xd apmifjh y;D rS aemufq;kH pD&ifcsuf cswm usaemfwdk htaeeJ haumuf&kd;rD; pdwf"mwfyJ udkawG h &ygw,f/ &SdaeOD;r,f? arSsmvdkufjyD; auseyfaeOD;r,fqdk&if qdk&kd;pum; wckudk zwfzl;? Mum;zl;MurSmyg/ tajctae[m bmrSx;l jcm; wd;k wufvmrSmr[kwf zm;ukd qljy;D om;a&aEG;xJ csujf cif; wef;xnfv h u kd f ygbl;/ yGMJ unf&h if;rsu&f nfus&ekH v YJ nf; Zmwfvrf; &if zm;[m ckefxGufyg vdrfhr,f/ tdk;xJxnfhjyD; u ajymif;vJvmrSm r[kwyf gbl;/ usaemfwYdk tae a&at;eJ w h jznf; jznf;csi;f jyKwf &if tylcsed [ f m eJY owåu d akd rG;jy;D rw&m;rSKawGukd nDnn D w G n f w G f wjznf;jznf;csif;yJ wdk;vmwm rdkhvkd hzm;twGuf awmfvSefzdkY tcsdefwefaeygjyD/ wu,fawmh tyl csdef tajymif; tvJu rodomyg bl;/ owåq d w kd m uvnf; aMumuf&r,ft h &mukd rSeu f ef 'gaMumifh zm;[m ckex f u G rf d rSm r[kwyf J touf pGma&G;cs,frSKygyJ/ emrnfaorSmukd qHk;&SHK;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ usaemfwdkh aMumufjyD; vlaorSmukd raMumuf trsm;pk[m jyóemawGudk &ifqdkif usaemfwdk h[m 'ku© wJo h al wG[m ordik ;f rSm ol&J aumif; &mrSm ,Hkwrf;pum;xJu zm;vdkyJ awGeJ hwjznf;jznf; tjzpf armfuGef;twifcH&wwfyg wH k Y j yef a eMuygw,f / wck c k j zpf r S tom;usvmjy;D rw w,f/ usaemfwdk YtaeeJY zdESdyfol aumuf &kd;rD;vkd [kef;ueJ xaoG; &m;rSKawGukd onf;cH awG u k d tmcH & rS m uk d a Mumuf w J h qljyD; aemufykdif;rSm arharhaysmuf pdwfxuf tem*wf usaemfwdkY rsdK; aysmuf jzpf o G m ;wwf M uygw,f / ae&if? jzpforSs t qufopfawG atmufusaemuf us wu,fawmh etz[m rw&m;rSK aMumif ; taumif ; qufjzpfaerSmukd aMumufwhJ pdwu f awGudk ESpfq,fh wpfESpfvHk;vHk; usL; oabmxm;ae&if tqaygif;rsm;pGm ykdrdk MuD;rm;zkdY vGef jyKvyk af ecJw h myg/ usaemfwYkd [m usaemfwkd hvdkcsifwJh wenf;tm;jzifh owåd&Sdzkdh tcsdefwef 'ku©aw GeJYwjznf;jznf; tom;us tem*wf [ m a0; aejyDjzpfygw,f/ vmjyD; rw &m;rSKawGukd onf;c aeOD;rSmyg qef;opfnD aH e&if? jzpforSstaMumif; taumif; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

21

txÅKyw Ü dÅ

ocifA[def; (1938-39)

wuo Ouú| udkatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyf) EkwfxGuf oGm;ojzif?h Ouú|tjzpf qufvufwm0ef,&l jcif; jzpfonf/ 1279 ck? 0gqdkvqef; (10) &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeY? eHeuf (7) em&D tcsed w f iG f tif;0NrKUd udik ;f wef; &yfüzGm;jrifonf/ tz OD;rSi?f trd a':OD;wdkY\ yÍörajrmufom;jzpfonf/ rEÅav;NrKUd atbDtrf rde;f uav;ausmif;? ouso[ D bk&m;teD; q&midak usmif;? rEÅav;NrKUd A[dt k rsKd ;om; txuf wef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh\/ 1934 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyüf pwifynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 193536 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifjzpf\/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww f iG f ppfuikd ;f tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odYk oydwo f mG ;wm;&m ausmif;tkyf Bu;D rpöwma'gif;ESihf paumuf rsm;u 0dik ;f ½du k o f jzifh 'Pf&m& ½SdcJhonf/ 1936-37 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhí Oypm txufwef;udk ygVdbmom*kPx f ;l jzifh atmifjrifcahJ vonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;í 1938-39 ckwGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;cs,fwif ajrm§ ufc&H onf/ wuo Ouú|udak tmifqef; Ekwx f u G o f mG ; aomtcg Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef ,l&jcif; jzpfonf/ 193839 ckEpS f Auo Ouú| vnf; jzpfonf/ udAk [de;f udk wuo Ouú| tjzpfxuf Auo Ouú|tjzpf vlodrsm;cJhonf/ 1938 ckEpS üf a&eHajroydwaf y:aygufco hJ nf/ a&eHajr oydwform;rsm;onf &efukefNrKdUodkY csDwuf qE´jy&ef? a&eH acsmif;NrKdUrS xGufcJhMuonf/ Ouú| udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqG

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

20

oydwf[k aemifwGif wGifí yxrqHk; tMudrf ausmif;om; rsm;u e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; EkdifiHa&; oyd w f t jzpf o d k Y vS r f ; cJ h j cif ; jzpf a yonf / ausmif ; om;rsm;twG i f ; jynf o l r sm;twG i f ; e,f c sJ U qef Y u sif a &;? Ek d i f i H vG w f v yf a &; pdwf"gwfrsm;udk vIHUaqmf EkdifcJhayonf/

AdkvfatmifausmfaMu;&kyf Adkvfatmifausmfonf aemufqHk;xGuf oufudk &Ixkwf&tHhqJqJumvwGif pGJpGJvef;vef; ajymqdo k mG ;aom? Xif;tjrwfwEd;k &Sv d o S nfh vGwf vyfa&;udk &&Scd o hJ nfrmS ,aeYqv kd sif 14 ESpaf usmf cJNh yjD zpf\/ vGwv f yfa&;r&rDu? Adv k af tmifausmf aMu;&ky fwnfaqmuf&ef &nfpl;í &Smaz GcJhaom &efyakH iGrsm;vnf; vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf t JG wGuf oH;k cJh\/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;tyfNyD;? 4if;\ aus;&kyftwGuf[k &nfpl;í &SmazGcJhaom &HyakH iGuykd g vGwv f yf a&;twGuf toH;k jyKc&hJ aom Adkvf atmifausmftm; wkdif;jynfrS jyef vnf *kPjf yKonft h aejzifh aMu;&kyf tjrefxk vkyo f ifNh yD jzpf\/ 1300 jynfh ta&; awmfyHkwdkufyGJtm; atmifjrifrI twGuf txGwftxdyfodkY ydkY aqmif ay;cJ h a om Ad k v f a tmif a usmf \ aMu;&k y f jzpfajrmufa&;twGu?f ausmif;om;or*¾EiS f w h uG tpd k ; &u0d k i f ; í Bud K ;pm;oih f N yD [ k rS w f , l rdayownf;/

armifxif&Sdef (1960-61xkwf tkd;a0r*¾Zif;? twGJ-2 trSwf-1 rS jyefvnful;,laz:jyygonf/ t,f'Dwm/)

tdk;a0 *sme,f

1960 ckESpf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ qXrtBudrfnDvmcHrScsrSwfcJhNyD; 1988 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY ESihf 2007 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY wkdYwGif jyefvnfzGJYpnf;cJhonfh ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ tpOfwpku d pf u JG idk af eonfh tajccHrlrsm;

1/ trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; (0g) ppftmPm&Sipf epf qefu Y siaf &; 2/ 'Drkdua&pDa&; 3/ 'Dru dk a&pD ynma&; 4/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; 5/ ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; umuG,af &; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

13

1300 jynft h a&;awmfyrkH S ausmif;om;xk tcef;

a&eHajroydwf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;onf 11-v ausmf Mum oydww f u dk yf q JG ifEcJT ahJ omfvnf; tkypf ;kd olwYdk u vpfvQLjyKxm;\/ xdt Yk wGuf 1938-ck? Ed0k bFm v 30-&uf Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif acsmufNrdKUrSpwifí oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;rsm;onf? &efukefodkY qE´jy&efajcvQicf sw D ufcMhJ uonf/ a&eHajroydwf wyfom;aygif; 1200 ausmt f m; tmVm0u ocif bdk;vSBuD;u acgif;aqmif uGyfuJcJhavonf/ odaYk omf a&eHajroydww f yfBu;D rauG;NrKd UodYk ta&muf? 1938-ck? 'DZifbmv 5-&ufaeYwiG ?f yk'rf 144-jzifh wm;qD;Ny;D acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zrf;qD; vku d \ f / þwGif a&eHajroydww f yfBu;D acgif;aqmif

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI\ e,fcsJU qefu Y siaf &;? trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&; u@udk qef; ppfavhvmvQif 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyo Hk nf ta&;ygaom tcef;u@tjzpf todtrSwf jyKMu &rnfjzpf\/ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyo kH nf tvkyf orm;? v,form;? ausmif;om;wd\ Yk nDnw G af oG; pnf;aom e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;?trsKd ;om; vGwv f yf a&; wku d yf jJG zpfí? ordik ;f wGix f eG ;f ajymifcahJ yonf/ 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkudkavhvmvQif ausmif;om;tcef;udk csefvSyfír&ovkd? Adkvf atmifausmu f v kd nf;arhxm;í&Murnf r[kwaf y/ Adkvfatmifausmfonf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk wdkufyGJudk txGwftxdyfodkYykdYaqmifcJhol jzpf\/

armifxif&edS f

14

rJhjzpfae&m wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;rS ocifoef;xGe;f ? ocifvaS rmif? oHvQit f vkyo f rm; tpnf;t&Hk;rS ocifp;kd ? ocifA? a&eHacsmif;tvkyf orm; tpnf; t&k;H rS ocifvidI ?f &efuek pf &D ifp?k wdAYk rmtpn;ft&H;k rS ocifxeG ;f vS? ocifAom? ocifA&ifw\ Ydk vuf rSwfjzifh wkdif;jynfodkY oydwfwyfBuD;tm; uGwfuJ tkycf sKyí f &efuek o f Ykd qufvufcsw D uf&eftwGuf Adv k rf sm;qifah c:Ny;D rauG; odaYk pvGw\ f / apvTwf jcif;cH&aom Adkvfrsm;rSm ocifazoef;? ocifpdk;? ocifxed 0f if;ESihf &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*¾OuúXvnf;jzpf? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif; om;rsm;or*¾ OuúX vnf;jzpfaom udb k [de;f ESihf wuotwGif; a&;rSL; udkAaqGwkdYjzpf\/ xdo k l 5 OD;rSmvnf; 'DZifbmv-11-&ufaeY nwGif a&eHajroydww f yfom;rsm; ESirhf auG; NrKd UrS NrKd UolNrKd Uom;rsm;tm; w&m;a[maepOf rauG; ta&; ydkif rpöwmrlvm0yfu zrf;qD;vkduf jyef\/

tdk;a0 *sme,f

qE´j´ y w-u-o tpnf;ta0; w-u-o OuúX udkb[def;ESifh twGif; a&;rSL; udb k aqGwt Ykd m; zrf;qD;vku d o f nft h wGu?f 'DZifbmv 13-&ufaeYn 7-em&Dtcsed w f iG ?f &efuek f wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*¾rS Bu;D rSL;í txl; tpnf;ta0;udk w-u-o taqmuftODü usi;f y \/ 'kOuúX udkvSa&Tu tpnf;ta0; obmywd tjzpf aqmif&u G í f ? udak t;ausmu f tcrf;tem; rSL;tjzpfaqmif&Gufavonf/ tpnf ; ta0;od k Y wuú o d k v f a usmif ; ol ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf jyifyrS ocifE?k 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ausmjf rif?h ocifvaS z? azbD,ef OD;wifah tmif? wufbkef;BuD; ode;f az? rpöwm pDpcD ;l ? 0wfvakH wmf& OD;jrifx h ;l polwEYkd iS hf oHCmawmfrsm;yg wufa&muf &m? w-u-o cef;raqmif jynfv h Qo H mG ;avonf/ tpnf;ta0;rS (1) rEÅav;NrdKUwGif jynfol jynfom;wkt Yd m; rw&m;csKycf s,x f m;onfh Oya'

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

19

okdY wajz;ajz; avQmusvmonf? xkdaeYwGif udkatmifausmfuG,fvGefavonf/

ordkif;0ifol

tdk;a0 *sme,f

Adkvfatmifausmf\ psye tcrf;tem;wGif bwfMum;&ef axmifwGif;rS b[def;? AaqG? ocif xde0f if;? ocifp;kd ? ocifvaS rmifponfh &Jabmfrsm; u t"dXmefpmwrf;wapmif ay;ydkY\/ okóefjyifwGif Adkvfatmifausmf\ rdcif a':a&Tausm\ h toHcsUJ pufEiS hf ajymoHMum;& olwYkd tm; ,lusHK;r&jzpfaponf/ ]]wynfhawmfr\ &ifaoG; om;av; armif atmifausmfonf vufeufqdkí? tyfwacsmif;? wkww f wdrk Q rudik &f &SmbJvsu?f av;vHaom vuf eufBu;D rsm;jzifh ykvyd w f u Ydk &du k Ef u S í f aoqH;k &jcif; ud?k wdik ;f ol jynfom;rsm;ESihf oHCmawmfrsm;uyif vQif rcHr&yfEkdifatmif jzpfysufyHkudk axmuf&Iyg wdik ;f jynftwGuf aoaysmo f l vQif? wynfhawmf wynfhawmfrvdk? udk; vvG,f? q,fvzGm; ,k,cJh&aom rdcif bcifwkdY twGuf ukdatmifausmf ajymb,f&mr&Sdawmhygbk&m;}} uwef; pGJvrf;pGm ajym aewmawG? yxrtMurd f wuo OuúX udv k aS &Tu aemufq;kH rdecYf eG ;f tmPm zD q ef w k e f ; u usaemf a&S U qH k ; u ajymqd&k m Mum;&olwt Ydk m; e,fcsUJ taocHNyD; tvHudkif yg& apvkdY tay:wGif a'gotrsuf xGuf ajymcJhwm awGudk igem;xJrSm ap\/ Mum;a,mif jrifa,mif aeao; ]]'Pf&mrsm;&vsuf? ol&d, jref r mEk d i f i H w 0S r f ; w,f/ udkatmifausmf &Jabmf\ owif;pm wkduftay:xufrSm qE´tm; &mZ0if rSww f rf; wif& vH k ; wG i f Auo? avmuf a tmif jynf 0 cJ h y gNyD acgif;csif;,SOfNyD; vJaeMupOfu igwkdYtrsdK;twGuf taocHr,f? wuo\ nTeMf um; &J a bmf /}} Ouú X ud k rxd M u apeJ Y v d k Y &J & J csufjzifh taxGaxG jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif awmuf ajymoHawG? aq;&Hkudk ausmif;om; oydwf Auo? wuo\ nT e f M um; igvma&muf Munf h p Of uvJ rsm; qufwkdufay: csujf zifh taxGaxG ausmif;om; ud k v S a &T usaemf w k d Y a&S u oydwfrsm; qufwkdufay:vm vmonf qufwu dk Mf u&r,fqNkd y;D ua,mif onf/ 1938-ckESpf ausmif;om;

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

18

ykZeG af wmif jrLeDpyD g,f ausmif;rS udt k ek ;f az? NrdKUrrS udk oef;armif? *syfqifaumvdyfrS udk atmifausmf? udkbvIdifwdkY&&Sdaom 'gPf&mrsm; um; jyif;xefvS \/

barmf\ Zmwd&yk f aemufwaeYxkwf jrefrmhowif;pmBuD;rsm; wGif pmvH;k rJBu;D rsm;onf xif;xif;Bu;D ay:ae\/ od r f a rG Y a omausmif ; ol u av;rsm;ud k Murf;wrf;pGmESyd u f yG jf cif;? &efukefNrdKUBuD;ü ykvdyf'kwfpGrf;jyjyefNyD? ausmif;olausmif;om; (80) ausmf 'gPf&m &&So d mG ;jcif;? a'gufwmbarmf Zmwd&kyfay:NyD? e,fcsJU\vufudkif'kwf nGefYaygif;tpdk;& onf ajz&Sif;csufw&yfudk xkwfum ausmif;om; rsm;u tMurf;zwfvmí xdef;odrf;&jcif;jzpf aMumif;? &&Sad om 'gPf&mrsm;rSm rajymyavmuf aMumif;ESifh vdrfnmvsuf&Sd\? rdrdwdkY\ BuD;rm;

tdk;a0 *sme,f

aom trJuu G jf ypfrBI u;D udk ausmif;om;rsm;ay: yHkcs ae\/

wdkif;jynftwGuf aoaysmfol ud k a tmif a usmf r S m wuúov kd af q;&Hw k iG f Muyf rwfí ukoaomf vnf; owd r&wcsuf &wcsuf jzpfae\? 'Pf&mrSm jyif; xH v S o jzif h owd & vm onfhtcgü jyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&\? ol\EIwrf v S nf;]]uRef a wmf wk d i f ; jynf twG u f touf p G e f Y w ,f aocsif a oaypD uRef a wmf aoaysmNf y}D }[k wwGww f w G f ajymvsuf &S\ d ? teD;rS ausmif ; om; &J a bmf w OD ; u pum;rajym&ef wm;aomfvnf;r&/ ]]udkvSa&Taum b,fES,fhvJ ausmif;om; awG vGwv f yfa&;eD;Ny?D ta&;awmfykH atmif&r,f -atmif&r,f}} xkdYaemufudkatmifausmf owdvpfoGm; jyefonf/ owd&aomtcg pumm;rajymEkdifbJ taMumifom;Munfhaeonf/ q&m0ef\tMuHay;csuft& wuúodkvf aq;&Hrk S aq;&HBk u;D odaYk &TUíuko\? odaYk omf rouf om &Jabmf&Jbuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; onf udak tmifausm\ f tjzpfukd Munfu h m e,fcsUJ vufudkif'kwf barmf-bOD; nGefYaygif;tpdk;&\ ,kwfrmrIudk &ifemvsuf&SdMu\/ þokdYjzifh wwd,ajrmufaeYwGif or*¾ taqmuftOD;tvHwkdifrS tvHonf wdkifw0uf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

15

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

23(7)ESihf &efuek Nf rKd UodYk csw D ufvmMuaoma&eHajr awmif;qdck surf sm;udk qH;k jzwfonft h jyif? tmPm oydwaf rSmuf tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf awmifov l ,f zDqef qE´jyvSnfhvnf&efudk qHk;jzwfvkduf\/ orm;wkt Yd m;? yk'rf 144ESihf &efuek 'f pd Mww d f &mZ0wf w&m;olBu;D uwm;jrpfxm;jcif;? &efuek Nf rKd UwGiw f ifBuKd yxre,fcsJU tmPmzDqefrI íxkwx f m;aomtrdeEYf iS hf tjcm;NrKd Ursm;üzdEydS x f m; ausmif;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;\ qHk;jzwf aom Oya'rsm;udk tvQit f jref &kyf odrf;ypf&ef/ csut f & 'DZifbmv 15-&ufaeYnae 4 em&DwiG ?f (2) wuúodkvfor*¾OuúX udkb[def;ESifh Nrd K Urtxuf w ef ; aus m if ; B u ; D ü? aus m if ; om;aygif ; twGi;f a&;rSL; udb k aqGwt Ydk m; tjrefvw T &f ef qdk 7000-ausmo f nf pka0;vsu?f &efuek t f a&;ydik \ f aom tqdrk sm;udk uefu Y u G o f rl &Sd twnfjyKvu dk f pDwef;vrf;avQmufjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfonfh avonf/ yk'rf 144-udk qefu Y siu f mpDwef;vSnhf vnf Mu\/ jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;wGif ausmif;aygif;pHk yxrqH k ; tM u d r f e,f csJUtmPmzDqef jcif;jzpf\/ 'DZifbmv 14-&ufaeY nae 4-em&D wGif? pDwef;vSnv hf nfyw JG iG f &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf ArmEkid f ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG iHv;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wYkd yl;aygif;vsuf tjrefvTwf?a'gufwmbarmfaoygap/ a&Twd*Hkü &efukefNrdKUvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;aygif;pHk qmay:xGef; aoygap/ txl;tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk usif;y\/ nGefYaygif;tpdk;& aoG;tHygap/ barmf-bOD; nGeaYf ygif;tpk;d &tzG0YJ if b@m yk'fr 144 tvkdr&Sd-tvkdr&Sd? a&;0efBuD; OD;xGef;atmifausmfvnf; xdktpnf; ta&;awmfykH atmif&rnf ta0;odYk wufa&mufNy;D ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qH;k [laomaMuG;aMumfoHrsm;udk a
16

onf/ wku d yf u JG kd a&SUodt Yk qifjh rifjh rifh vSr;f &ef jyif qifvmMuonf/ onfvkdESifh 1938-ck? 'DZifbmv 20-&uf t*FgaeYodkYa&mufvm\/ t&k P f u sif ; ítvif ; a&mif o ef ; vQif ? wuo taqmuftOD;odYk ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;onf pka0;a&mufvmMu\/ t"dy"dvrf;ray: wGif bwfpfum; 26-pD;&yfxm;\ pHkaxmufrsm; onf or*¾cef;rrS vufcyk o f rH sm;udk em;pGiahf eMu \? tcsdefrSm 8-em&D 15-rdepf&SdavNyD? tpnf ; ta0;obmywd u d k v S a &T \ &J & J awmuf rdecYf eG ;f onf ausmif;om;xktm; wuf
&JabmfwdkY]]cifAsm;wkdYrsufESmawGjrif&wm ZmwdaoG; ZmwdrmefawG vQrf;vQrf;wufaew,f? 'DuaeY Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; twGuq f &dk if axmifusus pufaoewfeyYJ pfypf? aemufq;kH toufaoao pGeYf r,fqw kd hJ ckid rf mwJh &J&aJ wmuf oH"Xd mefcs xm;Ny;D qdkwm uRefawmf,HkMunfw,f/ 'DuaeY ajcvSrf; usJusJeJY tmPmzDqefMu&r,f/ vufeufqdkvdkY

tdk;a0 *sme,f

bmwck r S r oH k ; &bl ; tyf w k d wacsmif; awmi fr,lcJhMueJY}} ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf vIyfvIyf &Sm;&Sm; jzpfvmum]]oG m ;r,f oG m ;r,f tck o G m ;r,f } } toH & S i f u m; udkatmifausmfjzpf\/

twGif;0ef&Hk;0dkif;yHk ausmif ; om;rsm;onf bwf p f u m;rsm;jzif h Nrd K UxJ od k Y v mMu\/ um;rsm;onf wpkwa0;wnf; roGm;MubJ tcsdKUu wuúodkvf &dyo f mvrf; twdik ;f oGm; Mu\/ tcsKd Uu tif;,m; vrf;rS 0if'grD'D,modkYauGY \/ usefum;rsm;um; jynf v rf ; twk d i f ; oG m ;Mu \/ ud k v S a &T E S i f h acgif;aqmiftcsKd Uu um;i,fu av;wpfpif;ESihf xGufoGm;\/ or*¾taqmuf tOD; ta&SUrS pH k a xmuf r sm;u b,f b uf o d k Y vd k u f &rS e f ; rodjzpfum usef&pfcJh\/ em&D0uftwGi;f rSmyif ausmif;om;rsm;onf twGi;f 0ef&;kH Bu;D tm; 0dik ;f rdNy;D om;jzpfae\/ udak tmifausmo f nf Xif;wm0efusaeaom ol&d,mowif;pmwkdufteD;&Sd pywfvrf; t0if aygufwiG f pnf;urf;wuswm0ef,l uluyG u f aJ v \/ rD;wkw-f rD;wkw-f &IUd -&IUd ocifrsdK;a[h wkdYArm ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap/ a
17

ykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwm y&ufpaumh? &efukef ykvyd rf if;Bu;D rpöwm a&;Ed;k (pf) &mZ0wf0ef rpöwm vkyf'g;wdkYvnf; csufcsif;qdkovkdyif a&muf&Sdvm um? ykvyd rf sm; ppfyv k yd rf sm;? jrif;pD;yk vdyrf sm;tm; ae&mcsay;xm;\/ twGif;0ef&Hk;t0ifaygufrsm;udk ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wku Yd ydwq f x Ykd m;&m? pma&;pmcsD trI xrf;wdo Yk nf 10-em&Dx;kd onfw h idk af tmif twGi;f odrYk 0ifEidk b f &J adS e\/ a*:&mykvyd rf sm;u qE´jyae aom ausmif;olwdkYtm; '&GwfwkdufqGJaomfvnf; ausmif;om;xkonf rnfodkYrQ wkefYjyef jcif;r&SdbJ pnf;urf;wusom qE´jyNrJjyMu\/ 11-em&Dtcsed af vmufwiG f ta&;ydik -f OD;bd;k p a&mufvmum ykvyd rf sm;? ppfyv k yd w f yfrsm;? jrif;pD; ykvyd rf sm;tm; &kyo f rd ;f oGm;ojzifh em&D0uf twGi;f rSmyif ykvdyfrsm;r&Sdawmhacs/ qE´jyMuaom ausmif;olausmifom;rsm; tm; NrKd UolNrKd Uom;wku Yd auR;arG;Mu\/ aetylukd xD;rsm; wif;wdrfrsm;? apmifrsm;jzifh umay;olwdkY u umay;avonf/

pywfvrf;rS aoG;uGufrsm;

tdk;a0 *sme,f

yk Z G e f a wmif jrLeD p D y g,f ausmif;? wuúov kd ?f *syq f ifaum vdy?f rufo'pf? pdef *Re;f ? NrKd Ur ausmif; ESi?hf tjcm; ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wkdYonf? &&S d a om 'gPf & mwk d Y a Mumif h pywfvrf;ay: wGif vJaeMu &mxrf ; xk w f M u&\? tcsd K Uud k aq;&HBk u;D od4Yk if;? tcsKd U udk aq;&Hk od4Yk if;ydMYk u&\/

ukvm;ykvdyfwyf? ppfykvdyfrsm; txyfxyfjzifh &ifqidk af wGaY eMu&\? ausmif;om;rsm;onf pywf vrf;rSjzwfí 'gv[dkZDvrf;bufodkYauGYí jyef&ef jzpf\? ausmif; om;wyfO;D ESifh ykvyd rf sm;um; vuf wvSr;f omvkad wmh\? udak tmifausmo f nf wyfO;D rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; uGyu f u J m a
qE´jyaeaomausmif; olwdkYtm;'&Gwfwkduf qGJaomfvnf;ausmif; om;xkonfrnfodkYrQ wk e f Y j yef j cif ; r&S d b J pnf ; urf ; wusom qE´jyNrJjyMu\/

ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyrf S xkwaf 0onf

ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdY onf? e,fcsJU\ puf,EÅ,m; &yf oGm;&onfhtjzpfudk aMueyfESpf odr&hf if;jyef&ef vlpMk u\? twGi;f 0ef&Hk;wHcg;0toD;oD;wGif &Sdae aom ausmif;om;?ausmif;olrsm; tm; pywfvrf;bufrS vuf0&J pf vSní hf pkpnf;um wyfacgufjyef Mu\? ausmif;om;rsm; ol&d, owif;pmwkdufteD;odkY a&muf aomtcg? pywf v rf ; xJ w G i f jrif ; pD ; yk v d y f r sm;? ajcvsif