Oway No.4 Pcversion

  • June 2020
  • PDF

This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA


Overview

Download & View Oway No.4 Pcversion as PDF for free.

More details

  • Words: 7,987
  • Pages: 32
tdk;a0 *sme,f

1

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

2

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

3

rmwdum

4? 5? 6? 7? 9? 11? 13? 21? 23? 27? 30?

2

uAÁn;f opfMu,fpif tk;d a0armfueG ;f t,f'Dwmh toH ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;okdY wifjycsuf rkd;xJ...avxJ...rkefwkdif;xJu...or*¾pdwf"gwfrsm; zdESdyfrIukd MuifemrIvkdY bmomrjyefEkdif 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkrS ausmif;om;xk tcef; ocifA[de;f (1938-39) usaemfjrifwJh Armjynf ppftmPm&Sifpepfqdkwm... 1350jynfh ta&;awmfykH eJY ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okdY jyefMum;csuf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

vif;opfvl ckid rf mol t,f'Dwm

Zmenf qef;opfnD armifwif&edS f armifjrwfom pl;&S

tdk;a0 *sme,f

4

tzGiu hf Asm urÁÁn;f opf Mu,fpif &ifvnf;&ifemrdyg&JU *kPv f nf;*kP, f rl yd g&JU/ a[m'DaeYrSmyJ aoG;rwdwfao;wJh rkefwdkif;u eH&Hudk eifhceJaeatmif vmrSefw,f/ aocsmygw,f Mu,fuav;wpfpif; cvkyfuefoif;aygwJh aumif;uifrSm emrnftopfeJY vif;vmwm/ ararh reufjzefawGudk csa&;oGm;wJh Mu,fuav; azazhtawG;pawGukd qGJqefYoGm;wJhMu,fuav;/

ararcrsm tdraf 0Mu,fEpS pf if;&JUMum; avmif
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

/

tdk;a0 *sme,f

5

tzGiu hf Asm

tk;d a0armfueG ;f

ordik ;f tarGtESpf azsmufypfzdkh rpGrf;Edkif&ef t"r® ppfbDvl;'Pf wGef;vSefvdkY armfuGef;xkd; tdk;a0wGefoHMuL;&ifjzifh rsdK;cspftmZmenf topfopfawGeJh ordkif;tESpf tarGtppfawGudk oufpGefYumumuG,fzdkh 'dkhausmif;om;awG nDnGwfpkdY / /

ckdifrmol

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

6

t,f'Dwmh toH rMumrD ... ppftmPm&Sifpepf tusF Dajymif;0wfawmhrnf/ em*pfuyfab;uJhokdY vlaygif;odef;csDaoNyD; jynfoltrsm; 'ku© ESifh rsuf&nf yifv,f a0aeonfMh um;uyif ppfwyfBu;D pk;d a&; zGpYJ nf;ykOH ya'ukd ZGwt f wnfjyK&ef vky&f ufco hJ nfh ppftm Pm&l;wkdYonf ppftmPm&Sifpepfudk w&m;0ifjzpfatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfh rnfonfhvkyfaqmif csufrsdK;ukdrqkd rsufESmajymifwkduf vkyfypfrnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJyif/ ,ckyif 'Dru dk a&pDvrf;aMumif;twGuf aMumif;usKd ;qDavQmo f nfh vky&f yfrsm;udk wckrQ rvkyf&kHru qefYusifbufvkyf&yfrsm;ukdyif ajAmifvkyfjyvkdufao;onf/ xkv d yk &f yfrsm;xJwiG f jynfwiG ;f ? jynfy wurÇmvk;H u 0kid ;f 0ef;uefu Y u G af eonfMh um;u yif rnfonfjh ypfrrI Q usL;vGecf jhJ cif;r&So d nfh a':atmifqef;pkMunfudk 1 ESpcf JG xyfcsKyjf yvku d jf cif; u ylylaEG;aEG; om"u/ xkdtjzpftysufwGif tcsuf 2 csufukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGY&onf/ yxrwcsufu b,folawG bmajymajym igwkdYvkyfcsif&m vkyfr,fqkdaom ppfaoG; ppfrmef wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf Military Might / 'kwd,wcsufu rlvu xifwkdif;vkyfrnf[k &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwkdif; axmif'Pf (5)ESpaf wG? (3)ESpaf wG rcs&aJ wmh/ qkid ;f iHjypf'Pf 1 ESpcf jGJ zifh tdrrf mS jyefyx Ydk m;vku d &f onf/ axmif csNyD; axmifxJqufxm;vkdufonfESifh vlxkwkdufyGJ? &[ef;oHCmwkdufyGJ? ausmif;om; vli,fwu dk yf aJG wG csucf si;f t&Sed jf rifv h mrSmukd aMumufvefo Y nft h wGuaf Mumifh tcsed yf if rqkid ;f Ekid ?f / trd e f Y c sNyD ; onf E S i f h w&m;&k H ; rS m yif jynf x J a &;0ef B uD ; qk d o l u 'a&maomyg;0if v mNyD ; jypf'PfukdavQmhayhgaMumif;awG? qkdif;iHaMumif;awG? tdrfrSmjyefxm;rnfhtaMumif;awGudk vDq,fpum;vkH; rsdK;pkHokH;í aMunm&awmhonf/ vlxkwkdufyGJukd aMumufonfhvu©Pm/ þonfwu Ydk Mdk unfv h Qif ppfaoG;ppfrmef(Military Might)ukd tHwEk idk o f nft h &mum; ]]jynfwif;vQif rif; rcHEidk }f }qko d nfph um;twkid ;f vlxw k u dk yf ?JG &[ef;oHCm ausmif;om;vli,fw\ Ydk wkdufyGJrsm;om jzpfayonf/ ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd ta&NcHKxm;vQif rnfonfhtusF aD jymif;0wf0wf? wppD qkwfNzJypf&rSmvnf; aocsmaeNyD/ orkdif;tawGUtBuHKwkdYukd jyefajymif;owd&MunfhvQifvnf;... atmifyGJukd awmif;,lír&/ ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

7

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;okdY wifjycsuf a&T0ga&mifumv urÇmo h rdik ;f ? jrefrmhorkid ;f rSm rMuKH pzl; aom a&T0ga&mifoC H mOD;aqmifvyI &f mS ;rIBu;D um;jzpfay: cJNh y;D ? xkad &T0ga&mifvyI &f mS ;rIumv rwdik cf ifuyif ArmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGUJ csKyf udk jyefvnfzpYJG nf;cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ 4if;onf acwå ikyfvSsdK;cJh&aom cGyfa'gif;wdkY\ awmifyHcwfoHudk t&Sed t f [kejf yif;pGm jyefMum;ae&aomumvvnf; jzpfonf/ a&Gw*d b kH &k m; ta&SUbufrck rf mS oHCmawmf awG pwifwdkufyGJ0ifNyDqdkuwnf;u A.u.o rsm;tzGJUcsKyfonfvnf; tpOftvm &SdonfESifh tnD 4if;\ordkif;ay; wm0efudk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ ]]ywåedukZe}}[k ac:aom oHCmawmfrsm;\ oydwfuHaqmifyGJ pwifu wnf;u ppftkyfpkudk tjyif;txef qefYusif uef Y u G u f N yD ; oH C mxk ES i f h t wl Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyu f rnforYkd nfykH yl;aygif; wdkufyGJ0ifrnfudk tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfí pepfwus vkyfaqmifcJh ygonf/ xkdtcsdefu OD;aqmifyg0ifcJh aom oHCmrsm;taejzifhvnf; A.u.orsm; tzGJY csKy\ f tcef;u@ESihf yg0ifywfoufru I kd MunfjzL pGm vufccH MhJ uygonf/ a&T0ga&mifEiS hf cGyaf 'gif;wkYd \ aoG ; eD a pG ; pG m twl p D ; qif ; cJ h Muygonf / uk d a usmf u d k u d k ? r[ef e D O D ; ? uk d & J j rwf [ d e f ; ? ukpd nfoal rmif? uk'd ND ird ;f vif; tp&So d w l Ykd udik pf cJG hJ aom cGyaf 'gif; tvHrmS vnf; a&T0ga&mif ESit hf wl rd;k ,Hov Ykd iT yhf scH yhJ gonf/ a&T0ga&mifvidI ;f udk ppftyk pf u k vufeuf wH wdik ;f jzifh ydwq f v Ykd suf ypfcwfzrf;qD; ESyd u f yG o f nfh

tcg OD;aqmifoC H mawmfrsm;ESit hf wl A.u.o rsm;tzGJYcsKyf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; rSmvnf; zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f cHc&hJ ygonf/ odaYk omf A.u.o \ cGwaf 'gif;tvHum; qufvufviG hf ysaH ecJyh gNy/D awmfveS &f aJ om ausmif;om;wd\ Yk aoG;um;eDapG; &J&ifah ecJNh y/D A.u.orsm;tzGcYJ sKyo f nf orkid ;f opf wpfcu k kd 4if;wd\ Yk aoG;jzifh ur®n;f a&;xd;k cJah vNy/D

a&T0ga&mifNyD;umv a&T0ga&mifawmfveS af &;tNy;D wGif ppftyk pf k u Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyftzGJY0ifrsm;udk ae&mtESHY tjyif;txef zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG cf MhJ uonf/ Auo tzGYJ 0ifrsm;rSm ppftkyfpkvufrS vGwfajrmufatmif yke;f atmif;ae&if;uyif vlxpk nf;&H;k vIUH aqmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;? ausmif;om;xkMum;xJwGif uspfvpf ckid rf maom tiftm;pkwck yDjyifpmG jzpfay:vma&; wdkYudk pepfwus vkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ þae&mwGif ppftkyfpk\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; wckudk az:jyvdkygonf/ xdktcsdefu Auo&J abmf 2-a,muf&ydS gonf/ tvkypf rG ;f &nf &So d vkd pepfvnf;usonfh &Jabmfrsm;jzpfygonf/ aemuf wa,mufuajzNy;D om; tajzvTmudk rSijf zifh jcpfcs ypfvkdufonf/ odkYaomf 2 a,muf pvHk; pmar;yGJ tatmifay;vkdufygonf/ aemufrS od&onfrSm xdkxdkaom EdkifiHa&; vkyfcsifonf[k ,lq&aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk yxr ausmif; xkwf&ef taMumif;&Smrnf/ 'kwd,u zrf;qD;&ef? xdo k aYkd om tcsut f vwf rsm; vH;k 0&Smír&awmh ygu xdak usmif;om;udk pmar;yGaJ jzEdik o f nfjzpfap? rajzEkdifonfjzpfap tatmifay;í ausmif;y& 0kPt f jyifoYkd ydyYk pf vdu k &f rnfqakd om rl&adS ejcif;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

8

yif/ xkaYd Mumifh ausmif;0if;xJwiG f A.u.o rsm; tzGJUcsKyfwdkY tcdkiftrmwnf&Sdvmrnfudk ppf tkyfpk u aoravmuf aMumufMuygonf/ xdkY twGu fvnf; jyif;xefaom zdESdyfrIrsm;udk quf wkdufjyK vkyfaeMuygonf/ xdktxJuyif rdrdwdkY A.u.o rsm; tzGUJ csKy0f ifrsm;rSm usm;ukwu f sm;cJ BuKd;pm; pnf;&Hk;aeMu&ygonf/ txu ausmif;om;rsm; ? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh wEkdifvkH; twkdif;twmESifh tus,fjyefYEkdiforQ us,fjyefY onfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; tiftm;pkBuD; jzpf atmif pkpnf;BuKd ;yrf; aqmif&u G af eygonf/xkt Yd jyifjrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f moHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGUJ Bu;D ? 88rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;paom aemifawmf tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf; Edik if aH &; oabmxm;csi;f vkyif ef;csi;f qufpyfr&I adS tmif tpOfwqdu k f csw d f qufaqmif&GufaecJhMuygonf/ A.u.o \ acwftajctaet& ay: aygufvmaomwm0efwckrSm vli,fxkMum;xJ wGif pkpnf;rIwckjzpfatmif az:aqmifae&jcif; jzpfygonf/ 1990 rEåav;nDvmcH vkyo f nft h cg A.u.orsm;tzGJYcsKyfESifhtwl oHk;a&mifjc,f? A. v.o (ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;or*¾) p aom vli,ftzGJYwdkYESifhtwl yl;aygif;aMujimcsuf rsm; xkwfa0cJhygonf/ vkyfief;ydkif;qdkif&mvnf; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom t ajctaersK;d ? tm;aumif;rIrsKd ; jyefvnfay:ayguf atmif A.u.o rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS BudK;pm;vkyf aqmifaeygonf/ a&T0ga&mifNy;D 2-ESpt f Mum A.u.orsm;t zGJYcsKyf\ tajctaeudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&rnfqdk vSsi2f 007-2008umvwGif rdrw d t Ykd aejzifv h kH jcKH a&;udk ydrk kd *&kpu kd cf MhJ u&ygonf/xkaYd Mumifyh if tk;d a0*sme,fuydk if 2008ckEpS pf ufwifbmvwGif t

rSw(f 3) xkwaf 0Ny;D &yfqidk ;f xm;cJ&h ygonf/ xdo k Ykd *&kpdkufae&if;uyif em*pftNyD;wGif A.u.orS rNzKd ;NzKd ;atmif?ukv d if;xufEidk w f t Ydk ygt0if&J abmf tcsdKUrSm &efolvufwGif;odkY usqif;cJh&ygonf/

vuf&Sdumv ,ck 2008-2009 umvwGifrl A.u.o rSm pnf;&H;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk tawmf jyKvyk Ef idk af e ygonf/ vlxkESifhvnf; wom;xJ&SdaeygNyD/ odkY aomf trSet f wdik ;f 0efc&H rnfqkd vSsif vHak vmuf aom tiftm;pk Bu;D rm;us,jf yefaY om tiftm;pk twkdif;twmxd ra&mufao;yg/ 2007-2008 uxufpmvSsifawmh trsm;BuD; tm;aumif;aeNyD jzpfygonf/ qufvufívnf; &Jabmfrsm;rS A. u.o udk cdik rf maomtiftm;pkBu;D wckjzpfatmif 0dik ;f 0ef; vkyaf qmifMu& rnfjzpfonf/ rdrw d t Ykd zGrYJ mS tGev f idk ;f Ekid if aH &;ESihf ? tifwmAsL;vky&f o Hk ufouf tzGJYr[kwfyg/ tGefvkdif;EkdifiHa&;vnf; vkdtyfyg onf/ okdYaomf vlxkMum;? ausmif;om;xkMum; wGif vQdKU0Sufodyfonf;pGmaqmif&Gufae&aom vufawGUEkid if aH &;ukd ykrd t dk m&kpH u dk v f yk u f idk af e&jcif; jzpfaMumif; wifjyvkd&if;jzpfygonf/ orkid ;f tqufquf vlxu k kd ausmif;om;xk udk trSew f u,f ud, k pf m;jyKaomtzGYJ tpnf;jzpf ygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh A.u.orsm; tzGcYJ sKy\ f tpOf tvmordik ;f twdik ;f qufvufp;D qif;Mu&ygrnf/ qufvufwkdufyGJ0if&ygOD;rnf/ trsdK;om; a&;? trsdK;om;jyefvnf aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wdkYt wGuf rdrdwdkY\ aoG;awG eDapG;ae&ygOD;rnf/ &J &ifhaom cGyfa'gif; wdkY\aoG;jzifh orkdif;opfwck udkxkqpfMu&ygOD;rnf/ Armjynfol ol&Jaumif; wd\ Yk aumif;uif,üH &J&ifah omcGyaf 'gif;wdyYk so H ef; MuygvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;today;tyfygonf/ ArmEkid if v H ;H k qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcY J sKyf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

Zmenf

9

rk;d xJ...avxJ... rkew f idk ;f xJu...or*¾pw d "f gwfrsm;

ArmEkdifiHawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJtoD;oD;wGif vlxkukd opömrazmufpwrf; vlxka&SUrS rm;rm; rwfrwf &yfwnfí orkdif;tpOftvm &SdcJhaom tzGJYtpnf;wckukd nTefjyygqkdvQif ArmEkdifiHvkH; qkid &f mausmif;om; or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyu f dk a&SUwef; wae&mrSmxm;í azmfjy&ayvdrfhrnf/ (twkd aumufrmS Auorsm; tzGUJ csKy[ f ak c:aomfvnf; þaqmif ; yg;wG i f Auo[k o mtrsm;qk H ; ok;H EIe;f oGm;ygrnf/) acwf t quf q uf tmPm&S i f t quf quf zdEydS rf t I qufqufwu Ydk dk awmfveS &f if;? vlxk twGuf OD;aqmifwkdufyGJ0if&if; oHrPdom; uscJh aom Auo\ BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvmcJh &ayonf/ xkdYtwl Auo\ orkdif;tpOftvmrSmvnf; awmfvSef&Jaom ausmif;om;wkdY\ aoG;jzifh ykdrkd xGef;vif; awmufycJh&avonf/ ArmjynfEidk if aH &;ESihf AuorSm acwftquf qufcjJG cm;ír&avufatmif wom;wnf; &Scd ahJ v onf/ ]]jrif;cGm wcsuaf yguf&if rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmuf ap&r,f/}} qkdaom ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif ukdA[def; aMuG;aMumfcJhonfh 1300 jynfhta&; awmfykHrSonf 2007 a&T0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;t xd ausmif;om;or*¾rSm xif&Sm;aom tiftm;pk tjzpf tNrJwap yg0ifcJhayonf/ ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyf (Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf)\ xl;jcm;csufrSm Armjynf Oya'wGi;f Ekid if aH &; wku d yf w JG idk ;f vkv d \ dk wyfO;D wGif &J&0J 0hH hH ae&m,lNy;D wku d yf 0JG ifcjhJ cif; jzpf ayonf/ xkt Yd wGuv f nf; jynfov l x l \ k ,kMH unf ukd;pm;rIukd tNrJwap&cJhayonf/ ]] ausmif;om;

awG vrf;ay:xGuf qE´jyaeNyD/}} ]]ausmif;om; awGukd zrf;ukefNyD? &kdufukefNyD/}} paom pum;vkH; rsm;rSm Armjynf Ekid if aH &;avmuESihf rpdr;f vSaom t&if;ES;D qk;H pum;vk;H rsm;yif jzpfygonf/þuJo h Ydk Auo\ orkid ;f aMumif;ukd *kPf az:ajymqkad e& jcif;rSm ]]ukd,fhig;csOf ukd,fcsOf}}aejcif; r[kwfyg/ tpOftquf xGe;f vif;awmufy &J&ifh wufMucG hJ aom Auo\orkdif; tpOftvmESifh Auo\ orkdif;tpOftvm rnfrQ BuD;rm;onfukd Auo &Jabmfrsm;ukd jzefaY 0 csií f jzpfygonf/ odNy;D om; qkdvQifvnf; arhraeapcsifí jzpfygonf/ vlxk\ emusnf;rIcHpm;rIrsm;ukd vpfvsL&I cJah om orkid ;f rsKd ; AuorSmr&Scd yhJ g/ xkt Yd wl ]]ighjrif; igpkid ;f }} Ekid if aH &;rsKd ;ukv d nf; tpOftquf Auo acgif;aqmifrsm; rjyKvyk cf MhJ uyg/ Auo\ zGUJ pnf; yk?H &yfwnfcsu?f pnf;rsO;f Oya' tp&Sd onfwu Ydk tp wu,fhygwDBuD;wck? tzGJUtpnf; BuD;wck ozG,f tckdiftcH wnf&SdcJhayonf/ xkdYtwl Auo\wm0efrSmvnf;tvGef w&mBu;D rm;vSygonf/ vlxEk iS w hf om;wnf; &Sad e &kHESifh rvkHavmufyg/ vlxk\ emusnf;rIrsm;ukd awmfvSefaomtm;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;&rnf/ xkdokdY ajymif;vJ&mwGifvnf; AuotzGJY0ifrsm; taejzifh vlxkukd vIHUaqmf&kHom r[kwfbJ vlxk a&SUrS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfí wyfOD; ae&mrS &J&ifhpGm wkdufyGJaz: aqmifoifhayonf/ BuD;rm; aomwm0ef? *kPf&nfajymifaom orkdif;wkdYESifh twl ckid rf maom wnfaqmufa&;ukv d nf; tpOf wpkduf vkyfaqmifae&ayrnf/ jyefYBuJaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd wpkwnf;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

10

tm;xkw&f if; rsKd ;qufopf Auorsm;ukv d nf; axmif'Pfrsm;ESifh wcsdefwnf;rSm yif &efol\ vuf urf; BudKqkdí aoG;csif;qufay;&rnf/ rd r d w k d Y t ay: aMumuf v ef Y a erI w k d Y u k d ppftkyfpk\ ukd,fykdifeHywftay: tav;jyK& awGUjrifEidk yf gonf/ jcif ; rsd K ;? &mxl ; tay: vuf a 0cH & jcif ; rsd K ;? xkaYd Mumifh AuotzGUJ 0ifrsm;\ wm0ef0wÅ ta[mif;topf?vlpdrf; vl&if;wkdYtay: em; &m;? vlxt k ay:opömapmifo h rd EI iS hf &J0hH jywfom;rI vnfrI? av;pmrI ray;jcif;wkdY ukdrjyKvkyf oifhyg/ ponfwkdYrSmvnf; tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/ xif&mpkid ;f aom? tmPm&Siq f ef aom? *kP d ;f *P rdrw d u Ydk dk rdrw d t Ydk Nrw J ap a0zefo;Hk oyfaeNy;D ? wOD; qefaomxlaxmif rIrsdK;ukd acwf tqufquf csi;f vkt d yfcsuEf iS hf tzGt YJ pnf;qkid &f m vkt d yfcsuf Auo orkdif;u vufrcHcJhyg/ rsm;ukdvnf; tcsdefwkdif;jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf& vlxw k u dk yf MJG um;xJrmS &J0ahH jymif ajrmufpmG rnzpfonf/vlxu k vlxak emufNr;SD qGJ orm;rsm; wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifonfh olrsdK;ukdom Auo orkdif;u ukd r,kHMunfyg/vlxkopömazmufukdr,kHMunfyg/ acgif;aqmiftjzpf vufccH yhJ gonf/ ,aeY Auo tcGit hf a&;orm;ukrd ,kMH unfyg/ okaYd omf vlxu k &Jabmftaygif;wkdY\wm0efrSm ppftkyfpkzdESdyfrI Auoukd ,kMH unfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh Auo tzGYJ atmufrSmyif rdrdwkdYtpktzGJYrsm;ukd rmausmuspf 0ifrsm;taejzifh vlxkaemufNrDS;qGJ? opömazmuf? vpfatmif pepfwuszpYJG nf;zkYd vGepf mG ta&; Bu;D yg tcGit hf a&;orm;tjzpf b,fawmhrS tjzpfcí H r& onf/ tajccHynm txufwef;ausmif;rsm; (t. yg/ xkdokdYjzpfcJhvQifvnf; AuotzGJY 0ifr[kwf u.o)rsm;rStp wuúokdvf toD;oD;wGif rdrdwkdY awmhyg/ þtcsufudk tzGJU0ifrsm;tae jzifh tiftm;pkrsm;ukd tckdiftrmwnf aqmufxm;zkdY em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; jzpfayvdrhfrnf/ vkdayonf/ xkdokdY zdESdyfcH&jcif;onfyif orkdif; xko d rYdk rS [kwv f Qif 1920 rS tajcwnf? ukad tmif wm0efudk tpGr;f Ekid q f ;Hk pGr;f aqmif jcif;jzpfaMumif; qef;? ukdA[def;wYkdjzifh orkdif;aMumif;aumif;cJh? wkdif;wmonfh aywHwcktjzpf ukdrif;ukdEkdifrSonf ,l q Ek d i f y gonf / ppf t k y f p k u ausmf u k d u k d w k d Y q D t a&muf &J 0 H h f yguf ajymifajrmufcahJ om Auo orkid ;f Auotay: ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm ]]jrif;cGm wcsua (ppftmPmodr;f NyD qku d wnf;u) & i f r D ; [ k e f ; [ k e f ; aMumif;ukd rdrdwkdY acwfa&mufrS wu,ft h Bu;D rm; qk;H &efot l jzpf awmuf a p&r,f / }} ajrmif;xJokdY vTifhypf vkduf&ygvdrhf pm&if ; oG i f ; NyD ; ? ES d y f uG u f z k d Y qkdaom ausmif;om; rnf/ qk H ; jzwf N yD ; om; jzpf y g onf / acgif; aqmif ukA ]]awmfveS af om d [de;f þtcsuf u d k v nf ; oH o , ausmif;om;wkdY\aoG;jzifh aMuG ; aMumf c J h o nf h jzpfp&m rvkdyg/ (1958? 1962) Auo\orkid ;f aMumif; ppftmPmodr;f rIrsm;rSonf a&T0g 1300 jynf h ta&; tpOfxeG ;f vif; Hk S onf 2007 a&mifawmfvSefa&;txd rdrdwkdY awmfyr awmufyygapownf;/}} tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ppftyk pf u k toJ a & T 0 g a & m i f a w m f trJ ajrvSef&Smí axmifoGif; vSea f &; txd ... Zmenf tusOf ; csjcif ; ? jyif ; xef a om Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

qef;opfnD

11

zdESdyfrIukd MuifemrIvkdY bmomrjyefEkdif

vl ph w d o f bm0ukd o&kyaf zmfxm;wJu h mwGe;f wyk'fzwfzl;ygw,f/ umwGef;xJrSm vlwa,muf u aowåmtav;MuD;ukd xrf;xm;&if;u av; vdkufwmqdkjyD; nOf;wGm;&if; vrf;avSsmuf vmyg w,f/ ol Mh unf&h wm tifrwef arm[du k f EGr;f e,f aeyHv k nf;&ygw,f/ 'gukjd rifomG ;wJh vlwa,muf u cPaeOD;qdkjyD; tJ'Dhvl&JU aowåmay:ukd ausmufw;kH Mu;D wvH;k xyfwif vdu k yf gw,f/ e*ku d wnf;urS aowåmMu;D xrf;xm;&vkhd av;vHaewJh ol[m rwefwq tav;csdefawG atmufrSm jydK vJvkrwwf jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ ausmufwHk;wifay; vdkufwJhvlu cPavmufaerS ausmufwHk;ukd aowåmay:uae z,f&Sm;ay;vdkufygw,f/ tJ'Dh rSm aowåmxrf;xm;&wJh vlu ayghoGm;jyDqdkjyD; ausauseyfeyfeJ h qufavSsmufomG ;yg awmhw,f/ wu,fwrf;usawmh aowåm[m e*dt k wdik ;f av; vHaeqJygyJ/ etz[m 'Doabmukd aumif;aumif;em; vnf oabmayguf toHk;csyHk&ygw,f/ aowåm ay:udk ausmufw;kH wifwhJ taeeJ h tp ueOD;rSm tqdk;0g;qHk; vkyfjyvdkufygw,f/ a':atmifqef; pkMunfudk tuGufqiftrSKpGJjyD; aetdrfuae axmif w G i f ; uk d a&T U cJ h y gw,f / tvk y f M urf ; eJ h axmif'Pf oH;k ESpf trdecYf srw S v f u kd yf gw,f/ jy;D rS jypf'Pfukd xuf0ufavSsmhcsay;jyD; aetdrfrSm pnf ; urf ; owf r S w f c suf a wG e J h j yef a ecG i f h a y; vdkufygw,f/ aowåmay:uae ausmufwHk;ukd z,fay;vku d w f o hJ abmyg/ etztaeeJ b h ,fvydk J

vSnfhpm;vSnfhpm; olwkdY&J hAsL[mxJrSm usaemfwkdh arsmygroGm;zkd hta&;MuD;ygw,f/ azmhawG;wm ajzawG;wmawG[m a&wdrk mS pdwo f ufom& &Ekid f apayr,fh a&&SnftwGuf tEå&m,f&SdwJhaq;jrD; wkw d ckyg/ etz[m 'Dvdk rwefwqzdESdyfjyD;rS olwdkh twG u f t a&;rygwJ h wcsd K Y a e&mav;awG r S m tavSsmhay;tcsdKoyfjyD; zdtm;awGudk avSsmhcswJh enf;AsL[mukd rMumcP usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f/ 2010 rSm a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;r,f qdkwmvnf; 'Do abmrsKd ;ygyJ/ aemufxyf Oyrmwckay;&&if etz vufxuf[mausmif;om;tcGifhta&; tqHk;&SHK; qHk;acwfqdkwm vlwkdif;todyg/ ausmif;om;awG tzkdYvGwfvyfpGm ynmqnf;yl;cGifh? vGwfvyfpGm ausmif; om;tzGUJ tpnf; vlrKS a&; tzGt YJ pnf;rsm; zGJYpnf;cGifh? vGwfvyfpGm tjrif xkwfazmfwifjycGifh pwmawG bmqdkbmrS r&Sdygbl;/ oifaxmuful ypönf;awGuvnf; rjynfhrpHkeJUyg/ wuúodkvf ausmif;awGuv dk nf; oGm;&vm& cufcw J jhJ rKd jh yifrmS xkwx f m; vdu k yf g ao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh etz[m wbufrSm ausmif;om;awG t&nftcsif;r&SdyJ pmar;yGJ tvG,w f ul atmifapzkYd tajctaersm; zefwD; ay;xm;jcif;? pmar;yGJrSm ckd;cscGifh ay;xm; apjcif; pwJhxGufaygufrsm;eJY xdef;xm;ygw,f/ ay;oifwJh tcGifhta&;awGukday;zdk hqE´r&Sdvdk rh ay;oifw h hJ pnf;urf;avsm&h aJ pr,fh tcGit hf a&; awG ay;jy;D tpm;xk;d ESpo f rd v hf u dk yf gw,f/ 'Denf;eJh ausmif;om;qdkwJh wefzdk;[mvnf; wjznf;jznf;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

12

avsmhusvmygawmhw,f/ 'DvdkeJ h etz&J h ,aeYtxd pm&if;&&Sdxm;aom ußG e f ynma&;pepf x J r S m ausmif ; om;awG tusOf;us uk, d w f ikd u f ausmif;om;wefz;dk ukd avsmu h satmif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;pm&if; jyKvkyf olawG jzpfrSef;rod jzpfvmygawmhw,f/ 0efxrf; awGuv kd nf; 'Denf;twdik ;f vmbfpm;cGihf ay;jyD; zsufqD;vkdufygw,f/ ausmif;ol 23 OD; usaemfwkd t h rsm;pk&J ah umuf&;dk rD; pdw"f mwf? ausmif;om; 290 OD; aoG;at;oGm;wwfwhJ p&ku d u f kd odaewJh etz[m --------------------------------tcsed af &T q h ikd ;f wJh enf;ynmukv d nf; rMumcPoH;k pkpkaygif; 313 OD; wm awG &h ygw,f/ tc ak ':atmif qef;pkMunf&J htrSKudkvnf; vlawGaoG;at;oGm; avmufwJh oabmxm; ae&if usaemfwdk v h ckd siw f hJ tem*wf tcsdeftxd apmifhjyD;rS vlawGvufyef;uswJh [m a0;aeOD;rSm yg/ tcsed t f xd apmifjh y;D rS aemufq;kH pD&ifcsuf cswm usaemfwdk htaeeJ haumuf&kd;rD; pdwf"mwfyJ udkawG h &ygw,f/ &SdaeOD;r,f? arSsmvdkufjyD; auseyfaeOD;r,fqdk&if qdk&kd;pum; wckudk zwfzl;? Mum;zl;MurSmyg/ tajctae[m bmrSx;l jcm; wd;k wufvmrSmr[kwf zm;ukd qljy;D om;a&aEG;xJ csujf cif; wef;xnfv h u kd f ygbl;/ yGMJ unf&h if;rsu&f nfus&ekH v YJ nf; Zmwfvrf; &if zm;[m ckefxGufyg vdrfhr,f/ tdk;xJxnfhjyD; u ajymif;vJvmrSm r[kwyf gbl;/ usaemfwYdk tae a&at;eJ w h jznf; jznf;csi;f jyKwf &if tylcsed [ f m eJY owåu d akd rG;jy;D rw&m;rSKawGukd nDnn D w G n f w G f wjznf;jznf;csif;yJ wdk;vmwm rdkhvkd hzm;twGuf awmfvSefzdkY tcsdefwefaeygjyD/ wu,fawmh tyl csdef tajymif; tvJu rodomyg bl;/ owåq d w kd m uvnf; aMumuf&r,ft h &mukd rSeu f ef 'gaMumifh zm;[m ckex f u G rf d rSm r[kwyf J touf pGma&G;cs,frSKygyJ/ emrnfaorSmukd qHk;&SHK;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ usaemfwdkh aMumufjyD; vlaorSmukd raMumuf trsm;pk[m jyóemawGudk &ifqdkif usaemfwdk h[m 'ku© wJo h al wG[m ordik ;f rSm ol&J aumif; &mrSm ,Hkwrf;pum;xJu zm;vdkyJ awGeJ hwjznf;jznf; tjzpf armfuGef;twifcH&wwfyg wH k Y j yef a eMuygw,f / wck c k j zpf r S tom;usvmjy;D rw w,f/ usaemfwdk YtaeeJY zdESdyfol aumuf &kd;rD;vkd [kef;ueJ xaoG; &m;rSKawGukd onf;cH awG u k d tmcH & rS m uk d a Mumuf w J h qljyD; aemufykdif;rSm arharhaysmuf pdwfxuf tem*wf usaemfwdkY rsdK; aysmuf jzpf o G m ;wwf M uygw,f / ae&if? jzpforSs t qufopfawG atmufusaemuf us wu,fawmh etz[m rw&m;rSK aMumif ; taumif ; qufjzpfaerSmukd aMumufwhJ pdwu f awGudk ESpfq,fh wpfESpfvHk;vHk; usL; oabmxm;ae&if tqaygif;rsm;pGm ykdrdk MuD;rm;zkdY vGef jyKvyk af ecJw h myg/ usaemfwYkd [m usaemfwkd hvdkcsifwJh wenf;tm;jzifh owåd&Sdzkdh tcsdefwef 'ku©aw GeJYwjznf;jznf; tom;us tem*wf [ m a0; aejyDjzpfygw,f/ vmjyD; rw &m;rSKawGukd onf;c aeOD ; rS m yg qef;opfnD aH e&if? jzpforSstaMumif; taumif; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

armifxif&edS f

13

1300 jynft h a&;awmfyrkH S ausmif;om;xk tcef;

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI\ e,fcsJU qefu Y siaf &;? trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&; u@udk qef; ppfavhvmvQif 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyo Hk nf ta&;ygaom tcef;u@tjzpf todtrSwf jyKMu &rnfjzpf\/ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyo kH nf tvkyf orm;? v,form;? ausmif;om;wd\ Yk nDnw G af oG; pnf;aom e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;?trsKd ;om; vGwv f yf a&; wku d yf jJG zpfí? ordik ;f wGix f eG ;f ajymifcahJ yonf/ 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkudkavhvmvQif ausmif;om;tcef;udk csefvSyfír&ovkd? Adkvf atmifausmu f v kd nf;arhxm;í&Murnf r[kwaf y/ Adkvfatmifausmfonf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk wdkufyGJudk txGwftxdyfodkYykdYaqmifcJhol jzpf\/

a&eHajroydwf a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;onf 11-v ausmf Mum oydww f u dk yf q JG ifEcJT ahJ omfvnf; tkypf ;kd olwYdk u vpfvQLjyKxm;\/ xdt Yk wGuf 1938-ck? Ed0k bFm v 30-&uf Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif acsmufNrdKUrSpwifí oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;rsm;onf? &efukefodkY qE´jy&efajcvQicf sw D ufcMhJ uonf/ a&eHajroydwf wyfom;aygif; 1200 ausmt f m; tmVm0u ocif bdk;vSBuD;u acgif;aqmif uGyfuJcJhavonf/ odaYk omf a&eHajroydww f yfBu;D rauG;NrKd UodYk ta&muf? 1938-ck? 'DZifbmv 5-&ufaeYwiG ?f yk'rf 144-jzifh wm;qD;Ny;D acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zrf;qD; vku d \ f / þwGif a&eHajroydww f yfBu;D acgif;aqmif

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

14

rJ h j zpf a e&m wd k Y A rmtpnf ; t&H k ; rS ocifoef;xGe;f ? ocifvaS rmif? oHvQit f vkyo f rm; tpnf;t&H;k rS ocifp;kd ? ocifA? a&eHacsmif;tvkyf orm; tpnf; t&kH;rS ocifvIdif? &efukefpD&ifpk? wdkYArmtpn;ft&Hk; rS ocifxGef;vS? ocifAom? ocifA&ifwkdY\ vuf rSwfjzifh wkdif;jynfodkY oydwfwyfBuD;tm; uGwfuJ tkyfcsKyfí &efukefodkY qufvufcsDwuf&eftwGuf Adkvfrsm;qifhac:NyD; rauG; odkYapvGwf\/ apvTwf jcif;cH&aom Adv k rf sm;rSm ocifazoef;? ocifp;kd ? ocifxed 0f if;ESihf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾OuúXvnf;jzpf? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif; om;rsm;or*¾ OuúX vnf;jzpfaom udb k [de;f ESihf wuotwGif; a&;rSL; udkAaqGwkdYjzpf\/ xdo k l 5 OD;rSmvnf; 'DZifbmv-11-&ufaeY nwGif a&eHajroydww f yfom;rsm; ESirhf auG; NrKd UrS

NrKd UolNrKd Uom;rsm;tm; w&m;a[maepOf rauG; ta&; ydkif rpöwmrlvm0yfu zrf;qD;vkduf jyef\/

qE´j´ y w-u-o tpnf;ta0; w-u-o OuúX udkb[def;ESifh twGif; a&;rSL; udb k aqGwt Ykd m; zrf;qD;vku d o f nft h wGu?f 'DZifbmv 13-&ufaeYn 7-em&Dtcsed w f iG ?f &efuek f wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*¾rS Bu;D rSL;í txl; tpnf;ta0;udk w-u-o taqmuftODü usi;f y \/ 'kOuúX udkvSa&Tu tpnf;ta0; obmywd tjzpf aqmif&u G í f ? udak t;ausmu f tcrf;tem; rSL;tjzpfaqmif&Gufavonf/ tpnf ; ta0;od k Y wuú o d k v f a usmif ; ol ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf jyifyrS ocifE?k 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ausmjf rif?h ocifvaS z? azbD,ef OD;wifah tmif? wufbkef;BuD; ode;f az? rpöwm pDpcD ;l ? 0wfvakH wmf& OD;jrifx h ;l polwEYkd iS hf oHCmawmfrsm;yg wufa&muf &m? w-u-o cef;raqmif jynfv h Qo H mG ;avonf/ tpnf;ta0;rS (1) rEÅav;NrdKUwGif jynfol jynfom;wkt Yd m; rw&m;csKycf s,x f m;onfh Oya'

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

15

23(7)ES i f h &ef u k e f N rd K UodkY csDwufvmMu aoma&eHajr oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmifolv,form;wkdYtm;? yk'rf 144ESihf &efuek f 'dpMww d f &mZ0wf w&m;olBu;D u wm;jrpfxm;jcif;? &efuek Nf rKd UwGiw f ifBuKd íxkwx f m;aomtrdeEYf iS hf tjcm;NrKd Ursm;üzdEydS x f m; aom Oya'rsm;udk tvQif tjref &kyfodrf;ypf&ef/ (2) wuúodkvfor*¾OuúX udkb[def;ESifh twGi;f a&;rSL; udb k aqGwt Ydk m; tjrefvw T &f ef qdk aom tqdrk sm;udk uefu Y u G o f rl &Sd twnfjyKvu dk f avonf/

olrsm;tm; vTw&f efqakd om awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk qH k ; jzwf onf h t jyif ? tmPmzD q ef qE´ j y vSnfhvnf&efudk qHk;jzwfvkduf\/

yxre,fcsJU tmPmzDqefrI

ausmif;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;\ qHk;jzwf csut f & 'DZifbmv 15-&ufaeYnae 4 em&DwiG ?f NrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif;Bu;D ü? ausmif;om;aygif; 7000-ausmo f nf pka0;vsu?f &efuek t f a&;ydik \ f pDwef;vrf;avQmufjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfonfh yk'rf 144-udk qefu Y siu f mpDwef;vSnhf vnf Mu\/ jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;wGif ausmif;aygif;pHk yxrqHk;tMudrf e,fcsJUtmPmzDqef jcif;jzpf\/ hf nfyw JG iG f 'DZifbmv 14-&ufaeY nae 4-em&D wGif? pDwef;vSnv ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf ArmEkid f tjrefvTwf?a'gufwmbarmfaoygap/ iHv;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wYkd yl;aygif;vsuf qmay:xGef; aoygap/ a&Twd*Hkü &efukefNrdKUvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;aygif;pHk nGefYaygif;tpdk;& aoG;tHygap/ txl;tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk usif;y\/ yk'fr 144 tvkdr&Sd-tvkdr&Sd? barmf-bOD; nGeaYf ygif;tpk;d &tzG0YJ if b@m ta&;awmfykH atmif&rnf a&;0efBuD; OD;xGef;atmifausmfvnf; xdktpnf; [laomaMuG;aMumfoHrsm;udk a
tdk;a0 *sme,f

16

bmwck r S r oH k ; &bl ; tyf w k d wacsmif; awmi fr,lcJhMueJY}} ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf vIyfvIyf &Sm;&Sm; jzpfvmum]]oG m ;r,f oG m ;r,f tck o G m ;r,f } } toH & S i f u m; udkatmifausmfjzpf\/

twGif;0ef&Hk;0dkif;yHk

onf / wk d u f y G J u d k a&S U od k Y t qif h j rif h j rif h vSrf;&ef jyif qifvmMuonf/ onfvkdESifh 1938-ck? 'DZifbmv 20-&uf t*FgaeYodkYa&mufvm\/ t&k P f u sif ; ítvif ; a&mif o ef ; vQif ? wuo taqmuftOD;odYk ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;onf pka0;a&mufvmMu\/ t"dy"dvrf;ray: wGif bwfpfum; 26-pD;&yfxm;\ pHkaxmufrsm; onf or*¾cef;rrS vufcyk o f rH sm;udk em;pGiahf eMu \? tcsdefrSm 8-em&D 15-rdepf&SdavNyD? tpnf ; ta0;obmywd u d k v S a &T \ &J & J awmuf rdecYf eG ;f onf ausmif;om;xktm; wuf
&JabmfwdkY]]cifAsm;wkdYrsufESmawGjrif&wm ZmwdaoG; ZmwdrmefawG vQrf;vQrf;wufaew,f? 'DuaeY Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; twGuq f &dk if axmifusus pufaoewfeyYJ pfypf? aemufq;kH toufaoao pGeYf r,fqw kd hJ ckid rf mwJh &J&aJ wmuf oH"Xd mefcs xm;Ny;D qdkwm uRefawmf,HkMunfw,f/ 'DuaeY ajcvSrf; usJusJeJY tmPmzDqefMu&r,f/ vufeufqdkvdkY

ausmif ; om;rsm;onf bwf p f u m;rsm;jzif h Nrd K UxJ od k Y v mMu\/ um;rsm;onf wpkwa0;wnf; roGm;MubJ tcsdKUu wuúodkvf &dyo f mvrf; twdik ;f oGm; Mu\/ tcsKd Uu tif;,m; vrf;rS 0if'grD'D,modkYauGY \/ usefum;rsm;um; jynf v rf ; twk d i f ; oG m ;Mu \/ ud k v S a &T E S i f h acgif;aqmiftcsKd Uu um;i,fu av;wpfpif;ESihf xGufoGm;\/ or*¾taqmuf tOD; ta&SUrS pH k a xmuf r sm;u b,f b uf o d k Y vd k u f &rS e f ; rodjzpfum usef&pfcJh\/ em&D0uftwGi;f rSmyif ausmif;om;rsm;onf twGi;f 0ef&;kH Bu;D tm; 0dik ;f rdNy;D om;jzpfae\/ udak tmifausmo f nf Xif;wm0efusaeaom ol&d,mowif;pmwkdufteD;&Sd pywfvrf; t0if aygufwiG f pnf;urf;wuswm0ef,l uluyG u f aJ v \/ rD;wkw-f rD;wkw-f &IUd -&IUd ocifrsdK;a[h wkdYArm ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap/ a
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

17

ykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwm y&ufpaumh? &efukef ykvyd rf if;Bu;D rpöwm a&;Ed;k (pf) &mZ0wf0ef rpöwm vkyf'g;wdkYvnf; csufcsif;qdkovkdyif a&muf&Sdvm um? ykvyd rf sm; ppfyv k yd rf sm;? jrif;pD;yk vdyrf sm;tm; ae&mcsay;xm;\/ twGif;0ef&Hk;t0ifaygufrsm;udk ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wku Yd ydwq f x Ykd m;&m? pma&;pmcsD trI xrf;wdo Yk nf 10-em&Dx;kd onfw h idk af tmif twGi;f odrYk 0ifEidk b f &J adS e\/ a*:&mykvyd rf sm;u qE´jyae aom ausmif;olwdkYtm; '&GwfwkdufqGJaomfvnf; ausmif;om;xkonf rnfodkYrQ wkefYjyef jcif;r&SdbJ pnf;urf;wusom qE´jyNrJjyMu\/ 11-em&Dtcsed af vmufwiG f ta&;ydik -f OD;bd;k p a&mufvmum ykvyd rf sm;? ppfyv k yd w f yfrsm;? jrif;pD; ykvyd rf sm;tm; &kyo f rd ;f oGm;ojzifh em&D0uf twGi;f rSmyif ykvdyfrsm;r&Sdawmhacs/ qE´jyMuaom ausmif;olausmifom;rsm; tm; NrKd UolNrKd Uom;wku Yd auR;arG;Mu\/ aetylukd xD;rsm; wif;wdrfrsm;? apmifrsm;jzifh umay;olwdkY u umay;avonf/

pywfvrf;rS aoG;uGufrsm; ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdY onf? e,fcsJU\ puf,EÅ,m; &yf oGm;&onfhtjzpfudk aMueyfESpf odr&hf if;jyef&ef vlpMk u\? twGi;f 0ef&Hk;wHcg;0toD;oD;wGif &Sdae aom ausmif;om;?ausmif;olrsm; tm; pywfvrf;bufrS vuf0&J pf vSní hf pkpnf;um wyfacgufjyef Mu\? ausmif;om;rsm; ol&d, owif;pmwkdufteD;odkY a&muf aomtcg? pywf v rf ; xJ w G i f jrif ; pD ; yk v d y f r sm;? ajcvsif

ukvm;ykvdyfwyf? ppfykvdyfrsm; txyfxyfjzifh &ifqidk af wGaY eMu&\? ausmif;om;rsm;onf pywf vrf;rSjzwfí 'gv[dkZDvrf;bufodkYauGYí jyef&ef jzpf\? ausmif; om;wyfO;D ESifh ykvyd rf sm;um; vuf wvSr;f omvkad wmh\? udak tmifausmo f nf wyfO;D rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; uGyu f u J m a
qE´jyNrJjyMu\/

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

18

aom trJuu G jf ypfrBI u;D udk ausmif;om;rsm;ay: yHkcs ae\/

wdkif;jynftwGuf aoaysmfol

ykZeG af wmif jrLeDpyD g,f ausmif;rS udt k ek ;f az? NrdKUrrS udk oef;armif? *syfqifaumvdyfrS udk atmifausmf? udkbvIdifwdkY&&Sdaom 'gPf&mrsm; um; jyif;xefvS \/

barmf\ Zmwd&yk f aemufwaeYxkwf jrefrmhowif;pmBuD;rsm; wGif pmvH;k rJBu;D rsm;onf xif;xif;Bu;D ay:ae\/ od r f a rG Y a omausmif ; ol u av;rsm;ud k Murf;wrf;pGmESyd u f yG jf cif;? &efukefNrdKUBuD;ü ykvdyf'kwfpGrf;jyjyefNyD? ausmif;olausmif;om; (80) ausmf 'gPf&m &&So d mG ;jcif;? a'gufwmbarmf Zmwd&kyfay:NyD? e,fcsJU\vufudkif'kwf nGefYaygif;tpdk;& onf ajz&Sif;csufw&yfudk xkwfum ausmif;om; rsm;u tMurf;zwfvmí xdef;odrf;&jcif;jzpf aMumif;? &&Sad om 'gPf&mrsm;rSm rajymyavmuf aMumif;ESifh vdrfnmvsuf&Sd\? rdrdwdkY\ BuD;rm;

ud k a tmif a usmf r S m wuúov kd af q;&Hw k iG f Muyf rwfí ukoaomf vnf; owd r&wcsuf &wcsuf jzpfae\? 'Pf&mrSm jyif; xH v S o jzif h owd & vm onfhtcgü jyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&\? ol\EIwrf v S nf;]]uRef a wmf wk d i f ; jynf twG u f touf p G e f Y w ,f aocsif a oaypD uRef a wmf aoaysmNf y}D }[k wwGww f w G f ajymvsuf &S\ d ? teD;rS ausmif ; om; &J a bmf w OD ; u pum;rajym&ef wm;aomfvnf;r&/ ]]udkvSa&Taum b,fES,fhvJ ausmif;om; awG vGwv f yfa&;eD;Ny?D ta&;awmfykH atmif&r,f -atmif&r,f}} xkdYaemufudkatmifausmf owdvpfoGm; jyefonf/ owd&aomtcg pumm;rajymEkdifbJ taMumifom;Munfhaeonf/ q&m0ef\tMuHay;csuft& wuúodkvf aq;&Hrk S aq;&HBk u;D odaYk &TUíuko\? odaYk omf rouf om &Jabmf&Jbuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; onf udak tmifausm\ f tjzpfukd Munfu h m e,fcsUJ vufudkif'kwf barmf-bOD; nGefYaygif;tpdk;&\ ,kwfrmrIudk &ifemvsuf&SdMu\/ þokdYjzifh wwd,ajrmufaeYwGif or*¾ taqmuftOD;tvHwkdifrS tvHonf wdkifw0uf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

19

okYd wajz;ajz; avQmusvmonf? xkad eYwiG f udkatmifausmfuG,fvGefavonf/

ordkif;0ifol Adkvfatmifausmf\ psye tcrf;tem;wGif bwfMum;&ef axmifwGif;rS b[def;? AaqG? ocif xde0f if;? ocifp;kd ? ocifvaS rmifponfh &Jabmfrsm; u t"dXmefpmwrf;wapmif ay;ydkY\/ okóefjyifwGif Adkvfatmifausmf\ rdcif a':a&Tausm\ h toHcsUJ pufEiS hf ajymoHMum;& olwYkd tm; ,lusHK;r&jzpfaponf/ ]]wynfhawmfr\ &ifaoG; om;av; armif atmifausmfonf vufeufqdkí? tyfwacsmif;? wkww f wdrk Q rudik &f &SmbJvsu?f av;vHaom vuf eufBu;D rsm;jzifh ykvyd w f u Ydk &du k Ef u S í f aoqH;k &jcif; ud?k wdik ;f ol jynfom;rsm;ESihf oHCmawmfrsm;uyif vQif rcHr&yfEkdifatmif jzpfysufyHkudk axmuf&Iyg wdik ;f jynftwGuf aoaysmo f l vQif? wynfhawmf wynfhawmfrvdk? udk; vvG,f? q,fvzGm; ,k,cJh&aom rdcif bcifwkdY twGuf ukdatmifausmf ajymb,f&mr&Sdawmhygbk&m;}} uwef; pGJvrf;pGm ajym aewmawG? yxrtMurd f wuo OuúX udv k aS &Tu aemufq;kH rdecYf eG ;f tmPm zD q ef w k e f ; u usaemf a&S U qH k ; u ajymqd&k m Mum;&olwt Ydk m; e,fcsUJ taocHNyD; tvHudkif yg& apvkdY tay:wGif a'gotrsuf xGuf ajymcJhwm awGudk igem;xJrSm ap\/ Mum;a,mif jrifa,mif aeao; ]]'Pf&mrsm;&vsuf? ol&d, jref r mEk d i f i H w 0S r f ; w,f/ udkatmifausmf &Jabmf\ owif;pm wkduftay:xufrSm qE´tm; &mZ0if rSww f rf; wif& vH k ; wG i f Auo? avmuf a tmif jynf 0 cJ h y gNyD acgif;csif;,SOfNyD; vJaeMupOfu igwkdYtrsdK;twGuf taocHr,f? wuo\ nTeMf um; &Jabmf/}} Ouú X ud k rxd M u apeJ Y v d k Y &J & J csufjzifh taxGaxG jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif awmuf ajymoHawG? aq;&Hkudk ausmif;om; oydwf Auo? wuo\ nT e f M um; igvma&muf Munf h p Of uvJ rsm; qufwkdufay: csujf zifh taxGaxG ausmif;om; ud k v S a &T usaemf w k d Y a&S u oydwfrsm; qufwkdufay:vm vmonf qufwu dk Mf u&r,fqNkd y;D ua,mif onf/ 1938-ckESpf ausmif;om; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

20

oyd w f [ k aemif w G i f wG i f í yxrqH k ; tMudrf ausmif;om; rsm;u e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; Ekid if aH &; oydwt f jzpfoYkd vSr;f cJjh cif; jzpfayonf/ ausmif ; om;rsm;twG i f ; jynf o l r sm;twG i f ; e,f c sJ U qef Y u sif a &;? Ek d i f i H vG w f v yf a &; pdwf"gwfrsm;udk vIHUaqmf EkdifcJhayonf/

AdkvfatmifausmfaMu;&kyf Adkvfatmifausmfonf aemufqHk;xGuf oufudk &Ixkwf&tHhqJqJumvwGif pGJpGJvef;vef; ajymqdo k mG ;aom? Xif;tjrwfwEd;k &Sv d o S nfh vGwf vyfa&;udk &&Scd o hJ nfrmS ,aeYqv kd sif 14 ESpaf usmf cJNh yjD zpf\/ vGwv f yfa&;r&rDu? Adv k af tmifausmf aMu;&ky fwnfaqmuf&ef &nfpl;í &Smaz GcJhaom &efyakH iGrsm;vnf; vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf t JG wGuf oH;k cJh\/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;tyfNyD;? 4if;\ aus;&kyftwGuf[k &nfpl;í &SmazGcJhaom &HyakH iGuykd g vGwv f yf a&;twGuf toH;k jyKc&hJ aom Adkvf atmifausmftm; wkdif;jynfrS jyef vnf *kPjf yKonft h aejzifh aMu;&kyf tjrefxk vkyo f ifNh yD jzpf\/ 1300 jynfh ta&; awmfyHkwdkufyGJtm; atmifjrifrI twGuf txGwftxdyfodkY ydkY aqmif ay;cJ h a om Ad k v f a tmif a usmf \ aMu;&k y f jzpfajrmufa&;twGu?f ausmif;om;or*¾EiS f w h uG tpd k ; &u0d k i f ; í Bud K ;pm;oih f N yD [ k rS w f , l rdayownf;/

armifxif&Sdef (1960-61xkwf tkd;a0r*¾Zif;? twGJ-2 trSwf-1 rS jyefvnful;,laz:jyygonf/ t,f'Dwm/)

1960 ckESpf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ qXrtBudrfnDvmcHrScsrSwfcJhNyD; 1988 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY ESihf 2007 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY wkdYwGif jyefvnfzGJYpnf;cJhonfh ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ tpOfwpku d pf u JG idk af eqJ tajccHrlrsm;

1/ trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; (0g) ppftmPm&Sipf epf qefu Y siaf &; 2/ 'Drkdua&pDa&; 3/ 'Dru dk a&pD ynma&; 4/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; 5/ ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; umuG,af &;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

txÅKyw Ü dÅ

21

ocifA[de;f (1938-39)

wuo Ouú| udkatmifqef; (AdkvfcsKyf) EkwfxGuf oGm;ojzif?h Ouú|tjzpf qufvufwm0ef,&l jcif; jzpfonf/ 1279 ck? 0gqdkvqef; (10) &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeY? eHeuf (7) em&D tcsed w f iG f tif;0NrKUd udik ;f wef; &yfüzGm;jrifonf/ tz OD;rSi?f trd a':OD;wdkY\ yÍörajrmufom;jzpfonf/ rEÅav;NrKUd atbDtrf rde;f uav;ausmif;? ouso[ D bk&m;teD; q&midak usmif;? rEÅav;NrKUd A[dt k rsKd ;om; txuf wef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh\/ 1934 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyüf pwifynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 193536 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifjzpf\/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww f iG f ppfuikd ;f tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odYk oydwo f mG ;wm;&m ausmif;tkyf Bu;D rpöwma'gif;ESihf paumuf rsm;u 0dik ;f ½du k o f jzifh 'Pf&m& ½SdcJhonf/ 1936-37 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhí Oypm txufwef;udk ygVdbmom*kPx f ;l jzifh atmifjrifcahJ vonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;í 1938-39 ckwGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;cs,fwif ajrm§ ufc&H onf/ wuo Ouú|udak tmifqef; Ekwx f u G o f mG ; aomtcg Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef ,l&jcif; jzpfonf/ 193839 ckEpS f Auo Ouú| vnf; jzpfonf/ udAk [de;f udk wuo Ouú| tjzpfxuf Auo Ouú|tjzpf vlodrsm;cJhonf/ 1938 ckEpS üf a&eHajroydwaf y:aygufco hJ nf/ a&eHajr oydwform;rsm;onf &efukefNrKdUodkY csDwuf qE´jy&ef? a&eH acsmif;NrKdUrS xGufcJhMuonf/ Ouú| udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqG ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

22

wdkYonf a&eHacsmif;NrKdUwGif ay:aygufvsuf½Sdaom ausmif;om;oydwfta&;ESifh a&eHajrrS csDwufvmaom oydwo f rm;rsm;ta&;udk pHpk rf;&ef c&D;xGucf MhJ uonf/ rauG; NrKUd ü a&eHajrrS csw D ufvmaom oydwo f rm;rsm;tm; w&m; a[maepOf tzrf;cHc&hJ avonf/ or*¾Ouú|ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL; tm; zrf;qD;ojzifh ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcahJ vonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf twGi;f 0efrsm;½H;k odYk csw D uf qE´ jyMu&m? a*:&mpmoifrsm;u jrif;ESifhwdkuf? eHygwfwkwfESifh ½du k o f jzifh *syq f ifaumvdyrf S udak tmifausmf usq;kH cJo h nf/ ausmif;om;trsm; tjym;'Pf&m&cJhMu\/ ausmif;om;? tvkyform;? v,form;oydwf aygif;pHkpkpnf;rdum? 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy[ kH o k rdik ;f 0ifrw S w f rf;wifcMhJ uonf/ ausmif; olausmif;om;rsm; NrKUd roydwpf cef;wGif tpmtiwfcH qE´jy cJhMuonf/ a'gufwmbarmf tpkd;&jyKwfusí OD;yktpdk;& wufNyD;? ausmif;om; oydwf NyD;qHk;cJhonf/ udkA[def;onf 1939 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfrSxGufí wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k odYk 0ifa&muf vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ 1940 ckEpS f wGif zrf;qD;cH&NyD;? *syefacwf a'gufwm barmftpd;k & vuf xufwiG f Edik if jH cm;a&;Xme twGi;f 0eftjzpf aqmif½u G cf \ hJ / 1945 ck *syef awmfveS af &;wGif awmificl ½dik w f iG f wm0ef,cl hJ onf/ udkA[def;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwif xlaxmifol wOD;jzpfNyD;? 1946 ck uGefjrLepfygwD ajAmifxl axmifaomtcgwGif A[dak umfrwD0if jzpfco hJ nf/ aemifwiG f ay:vpfAsL½dktzJGU0ifjzpfí Armjynftvkyform;or*¾ (A.B.T.U.C) \ Ouú|jzpfonf/ 1946 ck? Edk0ifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;aq;½HkBuD;wGif uG,fvGef tedpö a&mufco hJ nf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if pm&if;wGif yxrqifrh S aMunmay;jcif;cHc&hJ ol jzpfavonf/

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

armifjrwfom

23

usaemfjrifwhJ Armjynf ppftmPm&Sipf epfqw kd m...

ppftmPm½Sifpepf[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJY qufwGJ&v'fu AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;tyg0if qefYusifbufjzpfygw,f/ tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;awGe,fcsJU orm; ajzmif h a jzmif h B uD ; ud k q ef Y u sif a ewmyg/ vuf c suf e J Y u sqH k ; cJ h & w,f / 'k w d , aemuf ppftmPm½Sifpepfwnf½SdaeorSs 'Drdkua&pDpepf qufwGJ&v'fu vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; rMumcifrSmyJ &Sio f eftjrpfw, G Ef idk zf v Ykd ;kH 0rjzpfEidk yf gbl;/ jynfwiG ;f ppfBu;D jzpfc&hJ wmygyJ/ tJ'DtqkdjyKcsufudk usaemfwkdY Armjynf&JU jynfwGif;ppfqkdwm b,fvdkyJ ajymaeae ppftmPm&Sifpepf tukeftpif wkdufzsufa&; t&if;cHuawmh jynfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &; jyóemawG&UJ jynfolYvIyf&Sm;rIordkif;aMumif;udk oufaojyKNyD; tquf ? jynf w G i f ; Ek d i f i H a &; jyóemawG u d k usaemfwifjyyghr,f/ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJY rajz&Sif;MuawmhyJ ppfa&;enf;eJY usaemfwdkYwkdif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;vIyf&Sm;rI ajz&Sif;MuwmyJjzpfygw,f/ acgif;aqmifrsm; arSsmfrSef;cJhMuwJh wkdif;jynf 'DtcgrSm arSsmrf eS ;f cJw h w hJ idk ;f jynf&UJ tem*wf &JUtem*wfvrf;aMumif;a&G;cs,rf u I vrf;aMumif;[m vGwfvyfa&;c&D;pOfNyD;vkdY 'Drdk - vGwfvyfa&;? ua&pDa&;vrf;tprSmwif jynfwiG ;f ppfqw kd hJ EGt H idk f - 'Drdkua&pDa&;? BuD;xJ oufqif; cJh&awmhwmygyJ/aemufydkif;rSm - qdk&S,fvpfa&; jzpfygw,f/ jynfwGif;ppfu 'Drdkua&pDta&; omruawmhyJ 'gayr,hf vGwfvyfa&;&cgeD;wJwJ uav; trsKd ;om;wef;wla&; trsKd ;om; tcGit fh a&; qH;k &H;I rS m xk d p Of u vG w f v yf a &; rI wdkufyGJawGyg aygif;pyfyg0if vIyf&Sm;rIudk OD;aqmifcJh MuwJh vmygawmhw,f/ tif t m;pk a wG M um;rS m aoG ; jynfwGif;ppf[m ppftm ppf t mPm&S i f p epf Pm&SifpepftwGuf a&cHajrcH uGrJ jI zpfc&hJ w,f/ 1946 ckEpS x f rJ mS wku d zf suaf &;eJY 'Dru kd trsKd ;om; nDñw G af &; wyfaygif; awGtpysdK;awmhwmygyJ/ pkMuD;jzpfwJh (zqyv) xJuae jynf w G i f ; ppf j zpf a eawmh a&pDpepfuak d qmifusO;f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD xkwyf ,f ppf w yf eJY umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf ay;Ekdifr,fholrnfol cHcJh& ygw,f/ 'Dvdkzuffqpf*syef ukrd qd?k rnfonhyf gwD [mm tmPm&tpd k ; &twG u f awmf v S e f a &; bH k O D ; wnf c suf *sKd umzJwpfcsyv f jkd zpfvmygw,f/ ud r k qd k j y nf o l vl x k atmufrSm wnfaqmufcJhMuwJh 'gudk xdkpOfu umuG,fa&;OD;pD; u tm;wuf o a&m trsKd ;om; nDñw G af &; NyKd ucJG ahJ v csKyf j zpf v mwJ h Ad k v f a e0if ; u BudKqkdMurSmjzpfw,f aumif;aumif; oabmaygufcNhJ y;D awmh yxrqHk;BuHK&wJh aemuf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

24

tcGit fh cgaumif;udak pmihcf w hJ ,f/ xdpk Ofu ygvDref'Drdkua&pD tpkd;& awG[m jynfwGif;ppf ud k r&yf p J E k d i f cJ h b l ; / Ek d i f i H a &;jyóemud k EkdifiHa&;enf;eJY rajz &Sif;EkdifcJhMubl;/ 'gtjyif ygvDreftwGif; wkdufyGJ? tmPm& ygwDwGif; *k d P f ; tk y f p k wk d u f y G J a wG a Mumif h ppf w yf e J Y umuG , f a &; OD ; pD ; csKyf [ m yd k v d k Y y d k v d k Y t a&; ygvmcJhygw,f/ b,favmuf txda&;ygvmcJh ovJq&kd if 1958 ckEpS rf mS tdraf pmiht f pd;k & emrnf cHNyD; ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;wmygyJ/ 'g[m ArmjynfppftmPm&Sifpepf tpG,f aygufvmwmudk yxrqH;k txift&Sm; jyvdu k w f hJ jyuGuyf gyJ/ Ekid if aH &;tmPmukd ppftyk pf u k jrnf; prf;cGi&fh vdu k Nf y;D 'Dvekd YJ 1962 ckEpS ?f rwfv 2&uf aeYrSm vuf&Sd tmPm& EkdifiHa&; \ygwD tpdk;& (yxp)udk jzKwcf sNy;D wkid ;f jynf&UJ t&yf&yftmPm ukd odrf;,l vdkufawmhwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; pifjrihfay:okdY ppf tkyfpkwufa&mufvmwJh ordkif;aemufcH tusOf; csKyfjzpfygw,f/ tmPmodrf;wmppfwyfwwyfvHk;u odrf; wmr[kwb f ;l / umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyef YJ xdyyf ikd ;f u ppft&m&SdtcsdKUyg0ifwJh tkyfpku odrf;vdkufwmyJ

jzpfw,f/ tcsdKUuvHk;0rodbl;/ tmPmodrf; aumifprD mS rdred mrnfygvmrS odw,fvq Ykd w kd ,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm&Sipf epf&UJ yxrqH;k a&cHajrcH u wkid ;f jynfwpfjynf trsKd ;om; aoG;pnf;nDñw G f rINyKd uaJG ewm? 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit fh a&;r&Sw d meJY jynf wGif;ppfjzpfaewJh tcsufawGyJjzpfw,f/ 'Dawmh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f olpY w d f BuKd uf ppftyk pf u k zkd pYJG nf;Ekid cf NhJ y;D ppfwyfBu;D wck vH;k udk wp wpcsKyu f ikd v f mawmhw,f/ zGpYJ nf; yHt k ajccH Oya' udk zsufodrf;ypfw,f/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk zsuf odr;f ypfw,f/ ausmif;om; or*¾taqmuftODukd 'kid ;f erdu k ef NYJ zKd csNy;D ausmif;om;awGukd ypfcwfowf jzwfcw hJ ,f/ zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya' (1974)udk pdwf BudKufa&;qGJ twnfjyKcJhNyD; wkdif;jynfudk wygwD pepfeYJ (14) ESpMf um (1974 - 1988) tkypf ;kd cJw h ,f/ tusd K ;quf & v'f u jynf o l q if ; &J N yD ; wkdif;jynf rJGcJh&w,f/ tqif;&JqHk; EkdifiH (LDC) b0 a&mufc&hJ w,f/ ,aeYtxd 'Db0u jynfoel YJ wdik ;f jynfu &ke;f rxGuEf idk af o;bl;/ ppftmPm&Sif pepf EGHtkdifxJrSm epfaeqJjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm &Sipf epf tuket f pif wku d zf suaf &;[m ,aeYumv&JU t"duwm0efjzpfygw,f/ wkid ;f jynf eJY jynfoal wG&UJ tem*wf[m ppftmPm&Sipf epf udk tukeftpif wkdufzsufEkdifa&;qdkwJhtcsuf t

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

25

ay:rSm wnfraDS ew,f/ ppftmPm&Sipf epf wkduf zsufa&;eJY 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk aqmifusOf; ay;Ek d i f r,f h o l rnf o l u k d r qd k ? rnf o nh f ygwDudkrqdk jynf olvlxku tm;wufoa&m BudKqkdMurSm jzpfw,f/ jynfolawGu ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd tcg; onf;qH;k trke;f Bu;D rke;f w,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm&Sifpepf tukeftpif wku d zf suaf &;[m jynfow l ikd ;f &JU wm0efjzpfw,f/ ppftmPm&Sifpepf[m jynfow l idk ;f &JU aexdik rf I b0awGukd aeYpOfzEd ydS f Ncrd ;f ajcmufaewm jzpfw,f/ usaemfudk,fwkdifyg0if jzwfoef;cJhwJh ESpf (20) ausmf ppftmPm&Sipf epfwu dk zf suaf &;qkw d hJ tawGU tBuHKtay:uae ppftmPm&Sif pepf&JU odomxif&mS ;wJh tcsuaf wGukd wckcsi;f xkwaf jym &r,fqdk&if -

2/ wkdif;jynf&JUpD;yGm;a&;eJY "eOpömawGudk vuf0g;BuD;tkyf vk,ufodrf;ykdufxm;wmygyJ/ 'gaMumihw f idk ;f jynfev YJ x l &k UJ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrI a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;tp&SdwJh vlrIb0 e,fy,ftpkrH mS tcuftcJ tusyw f nf;rsKd ;pHek YJ &if qdkifae&w,f/ 'gaMumihf usaemfjzwfoef;cJhwJh jzwfoef;aewJh ESpf (20) qkw d u hJ mvwkd uav;xJ u tawGt Y BuKH t&ajym&&if Armjynf jynfov l x l k &JU vufiif; vufawGUvdt k yfcsu[ f m Nird ;f csr;f a&;? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;? trsKd ;wef;wla&;eJY acwfrzD NYHG zKd ; wd;k wufa&;yJjzpfw,f/ 'Dvrf;aMumif;udck sw D uf&mrSmt"du twm; tqD;eJY taESmuft,Suu f ppftmPm &Sipf epfyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumihf ppftmPm&Sifpepfudk tukef tpifzsufodrf;ypf&r,f/ 'gaMumihf - Armjynfu ppftmPm&Sifpepfqdkwm - jynfwGif;ppfxJuae oaE¨wnf arG;zGm; EkdifiHa&;bufrSmqdk&if 1/ ppfwyfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH udk umuG,af &;OD;pD; vmw,f/ - ppftyk pf zk NYJG y;D ? ppfwyfwpfcv k ;kH udk tydik pf ;D csKyOf ;D aqmifwhJ ppfAv dk w f pk (ppftyk pf )k u csKyu f ikd f xm;w,f / xm;NyD; jynfolrsm;eJY jynfolYvIyf&Sm; rIrSeforSsudk - wnfqJtajccHOya' (1947)udk zsufNyD; tMurf;zufzEd ydS w f mygyJ/ tmPmodr;f w,f/ olwYkd pdwBf uKd uf tajccHOya' (1974)a&;qGJ tkyfpdk;jyefw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;bufrSmqdk&if -Ek d i f i H a &;jyóemud k Ek d i f i H a &;enf ; eJ Y ajz&Si;f jcif;r&S?d - vl x k t H k ~ uG r I a wG a y:ayguf v mwd k i f ; tMurf;zuf owfjzwfzdESdyfacsrIef;avh&Sdw,f/ - wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawG&JU wef;wla&;eJY ud, k yf idk jf yXmef;cGi?hf tcGit fh a&;awGukd todtrSwf rjyK? - wkdif;&if;om;eJYArmtMum;? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd ; tcsi;f csi;f tMum;? wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;wpfck csif; twGif;rSmyg aoG;cGJ&efwkduf ay;avh&Sdw,f/ ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

26

- wkdif;jynf&JUorkdif;aMumif;eJY wkdif;jynf acgif; aqmifrsm;taMumif;udk a00g;aysmufysuf oGm; atmifvkyfaqmifw,f/ - a&G;aumufy(JG 1990)usi;f yay;Ny;D tEkid &f ygwDudktmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif;r&Sd? - ppftkyfpkpdwfBudKuftajccHOya'(2008) a&;qGJ twnfjyKum aemufxyfa&G;aumufyGJ (2010) usi;f yNy;D ppftmPm&Sif pepfukd oufq;kd &Snfap&ef vkyfaqmifaew,f/ - jynfol?oHCm? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk tMurf;zufzEd ydS o f wfjzwfacsreI ;f w,f? (1962 ESpf rS tp 1974 - 75 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tv,ff? 2007

ckESpf pufwifbm oHCmhta&;tcif;ESihf ,aeY umvzrf;qD;rIrsm;tqH;k ) - wkid ;f jynfejYJ ynfo&l UJ "eOpömawGukd tqifh vku d f vbfpm;Ny;D ? *kP d ;f tkypf k wku d yf JG awG&w dS ,f/ 'gaMumihf ,aeYumv Armjynf ppftm Pm&Sipf epfwu dk zf suaf &;twGuf jynfwiG ;f jynfy EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;\ aomhcsuf tusqHk; vkyif ef;wm0efrmS zGpYJ nf;yHk tajccHOya' (2008) ukd jywfjywfom;om; qefu Y siw f u dk zf suf a&;yJjzpf w,fqdkwm az:jy&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f/

armifjrwfom (2009 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 3 &uf )

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfh tkd;a0*sme,fokdU pmrlrsm;? a0zeftBuHjyKpmrsm; ay;ykdUvkdvQif [email protected] okUd ay;ykE Yd idk yf gonf/ ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

pl;&S

27

1350jynfh ta&;awmfykH eJY ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf

taxGaxGoydwfrsm; ArmhEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm taxGaxGoydwf 3ck &Syd gNy/D wcku 1938 ckEpS rf mS jzpfcw hJ hJ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH? 'kwd,taxGaxGoydwfu 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmrSm 0efxrf;aygif;pkyH g0ifwhJ taxG axGoydwef YJ wwd,u 1988 ckEpS rf mS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyv Hk aYdk c:wJh vlxk tkMH urG BI u;D ? wenf; 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykH/ taxGaxGoydwaf wG[m taxGaxG raus eyfrIawGuae aygufuGJxGufvmw,fvkdY ajymEkdif ygw,f/ taMumif;t&mwckudk Munfw h t hJ cg um vwckuo dk m jzwfyidk ;f rMunfb h J jzpfpOft& Munfh rSom ykdjynfhpkH? tjzpfrSefeJY eD;wmyg/ txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH &;wku d yf aJG wGrmS tJovkd xif;xif;vif;vif; Munfzh v Ydk ydk gvdrrfh ,f/ Armjynf&JU wwd,taxGaxG oydwfBuD; jzpfwhJ &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyBHk u;D ac: 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfyu Hk dk jyefMunfrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; tJovkd jzpfpOfoabmawGukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGY&yg w,f/

taxGaxGrauseyfrI eJY taxGaxGoydwf vGecf w hJ hJ 21 ESp?f 8 &uf 8 v 1988 ckEpS rf mS wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJY vlxkw&yfvkH; tkHMuG wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJh taxGaxGoydwfBuD; bmaMumifh ay:vmcJ&h wmvJ/ tJ't D aMumif;ukd ajym&&if Arm jynf EkdifiHa&;orkdif;ukd jzpfpOft& Munfh&ygvdrhf r,f/

vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIumv w avQmuf rSmjzpfcJhwJh taxGaxGoydwf 2 ckukd jyefMunfh&if taxGaxGoydwaf wG[m jynfov l x l &k UJ pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;pwJh taxGaxG rauseyfrIawG jzpfay:aewJhtajctaersdK; &SdMuygw,f/ 1938 ckEpS rf mS jzpfay:cJw h hJ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy[ Hk m acsmufeJY a&eHacsmif; e,fawGrSm &SdwJh a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;awG&UJ tppt&m&m b0edru hf sraI wG uae tvkyform;tcGifhta&; wkdufyGJawGudk qifEGJcJh&muae pcJhwmyg/ tvkyf orm;awG[m tkypf ;dk ol e,fcsUJ tpk;d &ukd qefu Y siw f u dk yf 0JG ifaewJh tcg ausmif;om; tiftm;pk awGuvnf; tJ'D tcsdefrSmzGJYpnf; cJhNyD;jzpfwJh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾&UJ OD;aqmifreI YJ tvkyo f rm; oydwfeJY aygif;pyfyg0ifNyD; wEkdifiHtwkdif;twm aqmifwhJ vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIBu;D jzpfvmatmif oydwf wkdufyGJukd jrSifhwif,lvmEkdifcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'w D u dk yf rJG mS 'DaeYtxd Akv d af tmifausmaf eY tjzpf tav;tjrwf jyKusif;yae&wJh ausmif; om;acgif;aqmif ukad tmifausm[ f m e,fcsUJ tpk;d & &JU qE´jyyGu J dk ESrd ef if;rIaMumifh 1938 ckEpS f 'DZifbm v (20) &ufaeYrSm usqkH;cJh&ygw,f/ Armjynforkid ;f &JU 'kw, d taxGaxG oydwf uawmh 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm tJ't D csed f u&SdaewJh bk&ifcH a':refprpfae&mukd bk&ifcH qm[l;b&efYpfeJYajymif;NyD; rMumcifrSmyJ &efukef ykvyd &f ;Hk uae oydww f u dk yf JG pwifvu dk w f m[m vl xkvlwef;pm;tvTmvTm toD;oD;&JU taxGaxG rauseyfraI wGeYJ aygif;pyfrNd y;D tvkyo f rm;oydw?f trIxrf; oydwpf wJh 0efxrf;aygif;pkH jynforl sm;yg

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

28

l x l &k UJ taxGaxGraus 0ifw'hJ w k , d taxGaxGoydwjf zpfay:vmcJyh g zdEydS rf aI wGtjyif? jynfov eyf r e I Y J aygif ; pyf v & Y d k wJ h taj ctae r&Sw d t hJ wGuf w,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwf 1948 ckESpf uae taxGaxGoydwftxd jzpfrvmcJhygbl;/ taxG ppftmPm&Sipf epfusa&mufcw hJ hJ 1962 ckEpS t f xd axGoydwftxd jzpfrvmcJhayr,fh oydwfwkdufyGJ dk m b,fawmhrS oJ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf twGif;rSm &SdaewJhtpkd;& wkid ;f &JU Ekid if aH &;tusKd ;qufqw rsm;&JU uarmufurEkdifvSwJh ynma&;pepfeJY xJa&oGef jzpfoGm;wmrsdK; r&Sdygbl;/ aemufNyD; f u dk yf w JG idk ;f &JU xif&mS ;wJh vu© wkdif;jynfwGif;rSmjzpfay:aewJh 'Drkdua&pDa&;? ausmif;om;oydww Nidrf;csrf;a&; jyóemawG tay:rSmtajccHNyD; Pmwcsufu ausmif;om;vIyf &Sm;rIwkdif;rSm ajr 1948-49 ckESpfumv ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG? atmuf ykHpHeJY &SdaewJh ausmif;om;or*¾&JU toH 1952-53 ausmif;om; wkduf yGJawG? 1956 ukd jyef jyefMum;&Ny;D ? ausmif;om;or*¾ w&m;0if [,f&Dwefta&;awmfykH? 1960-61 umvw &yfwnfcGifh&a&; awmif;qkdcJhwmcsnf;ygyJ/ avQmuf ausmif ; om;oyd w f w k d u f y G J a wG [ m pOfqufrjywf&adS ecJyh gw,f/ EkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft[kef 1962 ckEpS f ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D wJh aemufrmS 1976 ckEpS af emufyidk ;f rSm oydww f u dk yf aJG wG vnf; Zlvkdif 7 &uf ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykH? r&Sad wmhayr,f?h ESppf Of Zlvidk f 7 &uf ESpyf wfvnf 1969 uRef;qG,fta&;tcif;? 1974-75-76 vIycf wfraI wG? Ny;D cJw h hJ oydww f u dk yf aJG wG&UJ ESpyf wf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG? oydwfwkdufyGJawG jzpf vnf toHwdwf vIyf&Sm;rIawGuawmh &SdaecJhyg ay:cJyh gw,f/ ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D aemuf ausmif; w,f/ 'g[m zdEydS w f hJ tpk;d &w&yf[m oydww f u dk f om;vIyf&Sm;rI oydwfwkdufyGJawG[m ppftmPm yGJ wyGu J dk ESrd ef if;vku d Ef idk af yr,f?h tJ'o D ydww f u dk f &Sif pepf qefYusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;? jynfwGif; yGJ&JU EkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft[kefukdawmh b,fvkdrS tp Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;awG owfvYdk r&Ekid af wmh bl;qkw d mukd orkid ;f u xyfcg twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhMuwJh oydwfwkdufyGJawGygyJ/ xyf c g ouf a ojyaeygw,f / tJ o vk d tp 'gayr,fh tJ'DoydwfwkdufyGJawG[m &efol owfvrYdk &wJt h &Sed af Mumifyh J 11 ESpaf vmufMumwJh ppftpkd;&&JU vufOD;rI&Sd&SdeJY Murf;wrf; &ufpufwJh tcgrSm ausmif;om; vIyf&Sm; rIawG[m jyefvnf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

29

qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyftjzpf &yf wnfcJhMuwJh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; awG[m 1987 ckEpS f eJY 1988 ckEpS f twGi;f rSm jzpfay:cJw h hJ 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykHtp ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIawGtwGi;f rSm uk, d w f idk u f , dk f ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIu ... us yg0ifcMhJ uolawG jzpfaeMuygw,f/ taxGaxG 1987 ckESpf pufwifbm 5 &ufaeYrSm oydwf ay:vmzkdY ukdvnf; OD;aqmifvIHUaqmfcJh aiGpuúLawGukd w&m;r0ifaMunmvdkufwmeJY MuolawGxJrSm tJ'Dausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG rEÅ a v;? &ef u k e f p uf r I w uú o k d v f e J Y & ef u k e f [m t"dutcef;u yg0ifcJhMuygw,f/ wuúokdvfawGrSm tkHMuGrIawG jzpfvmcJhygw,f/ nwGi;f csi;f yJ tJ't D csed u f rqvygwD ppftpk;d & ta&;awmfyHk eJY [m ausmif;awGyw d yf pfvu dk Nf y;D ? ausmif;om; vIyf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m &Sm;rIawG ysHUESHUvmrSmukd wm;qD;cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'g[m tcgtcGihfoifhwJh tcgrSm ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf 'gaMumifh 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykHay: jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufvkdYjzpfvm&wJh b,fausmif;om; vIy&f mS ;rIrsKd ;ukrd S ]]oMum;rif;zsuaf wmif rysuEf idk f aygufvm&wJh tajctaeukd jzpfpOf jzpf&yfawGeYJ bl;&Sif ...}}qkdwJh oDcsif;vkdyJ? oMum;rif; qif; prf;ppfMunfhr,fqkd&if ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG uae tpjyKcJhw,fqkdwmawGY&ygw,f/ ausmif; wm;&ifawmif wm;vkdYr&awmhygbl;/ 'DvkdeJY 1988 ckESpfxJrSm rwfv 13-18 om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG[mvnf; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ukzd ek ;f armfta&;tcif;? *Rev f 13-20 ukzd ek ;f armf ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf jyefvnf az:xkwf 3 vjynfh &efuek w f uúov dk f ausmif;0if;xJrmS aeY a&;eJY wqufpyfwqufwnf; &Sdaejyefygw,f/ D ufpyfjzpfay:rIawGudk avhvmMunfw h hJ tcg oydwfpcef;zGifhNyD; qifEGJcJhwJh? &efukefNrdKUay:&Sd tJ'q wuúokdvfrsm;&JU twef;rwufoydwfwkdufyGJ? ZGef 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykHrSm&SdwJh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif v 21 &uf ajreDukef;ta&;tcif;pwJh ausmif; &m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKy&f UJ tcef;u@ukd om;vIy&f mS ;rI oydww f u dk yf aJG wG qufwu dk jf zpfvm tckvkd aumufcsufcsMunfhvkdY&ygw,f/ 1) 1350jynft h a&;awmfyeHk t YJ wl Auorsm;tzGYJ cJyh gw,f/ cs K y f & J U cG y f a 'gif ; tvH u k d aus mif;om;xkMum;? tJ'Dausmif;om;oydwfwkdufyGJawGuae tJ'DumvrSm&SdaewJh vlxk&JUtaxGaxG tMuyf jynfolvlxkMum;rSm jyefvnfvTifhxlEkdifcJhw,f/ twnf;awGeq YJ ufpyfNy;D ? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk 2) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf[m ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI? or*¾vyI &f mS ;rI eJY vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIudk qufpyfay; vkdYac:wJh 1350 jynfh wwd,tBudrf taxGaxG EkdifcJhw,f/ oydwfwkdufyGJqkdwJh tjrifhqkH;EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ ykH 3) Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyu f 1350 jynft h a&;awmfyHk o@meftxd t&Sed jf rifw h ufvmcJyh gw,f/ 1350 vlxkvIyf&Sm;rI&JU ta&;BuD;tpdwftykdif;wck jynft h a&;awmfyu Hk mvrSmrS ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m tjzpf yg0ifcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf[m vlxkwkdufyGJeJY twl jyefvnfay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f/ ArmEkid if v H ;Hk pl;&S Ek;d xvmcJyh gw,f/

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

30

rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okYd jyefMum;csuf

&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom? 'Drkdua&pD wjym;om;rSr&Sdaom zufqpfqefonfh ppf tmPm&Sifpepf atmufwGif ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf or*¾\ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&if; tkd;a0*sme,f ukd ykHrSef xkwfa0Ekdif&ef usm;ukwfusm;cJ tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;aeMu&ygonf/ ausmif;om;or*¾\tmabmfukdxif[yfaom? vGwfvyfa&;zcifBuD; AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;ac: ukad tmifqef; wm0efct H ,f'w D mtjzpf wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf ahJ om orkid ;f tpOftvmBuD;rm;onfh tkd;a0*sme,fukd jyefvnfxkwfa0&jcif;vnf;jzpfNyD;? vuf&Sdjzpf ay:aeaom acwftajctaeukv d nf; xif[yfaz:jyEkid &f ef? Armjynfov l x l \ k ppftmPm &SifpepfqefYusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJwGif tkd;a0*sme,frS wwyfwtm; yg0iftm; jznfhEkdif&ef BudK;pm;ae&jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ wenf ; tm;jzif h q k d a omf tvG e f w m0ef B uD ; NyD ; ? ppf t mPm&S i f a tmuf w G i f tkd;a0*sme,fukd vQdKU0Suf xkwfa0&jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf tcuftcJtMuyftwnf; rsdK;pkH&Sdaeygonf/ xkdokdYaom tajctaetaMumif;rsm;aMumifh usaemfwkdY\ tkd;a0*sme,fwGif csdKU,Gif; tm;enf; csufrsm; rvGJra&Smifom yg&SdaerSm aocsmygonf/ usaemfwkdY\ tm;enf;csuf rsm;ukd rnfolrqkd axmufjy a0zefapvkdygonf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjya0zefjcif; rjyKrSmukdyif usaemfwkdY txl;pkd;&drfrdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh csdKU,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd jyifqifEkdif&ef? jznfhqnf;Ekdif&eftwGuf vkdtyfaom orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm;? pmrlrsm;? a0zeftMuHay;pmrsm; ay;ykdYjcif;? tzuf zufrS ukd,fwwfEkdifonfhykHpHESifh ulnDjcif;jzifh tkd;a0*sme,fukd ausmif;om;? jynfolw&yf vk;H u 0kid ;f 0ef;aqmif&u G af eonfh ppftmPm&Sif pepfqefUusiaf &;? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wku d yf 0JG if pmapmifwpfcktjzpf oabmxm;Mu&ef yefMum;tyfygonf/

tdk;a0*sme,f

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

31

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

tdk;a0 *sme,f

32

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwf a0onf

Related Documents

Oway No.4 Pcversion
June 2020 10
No4
October 2019 32
Oway No2
June 2020 12
Messenger-no4
April 2020 17
Experiment No4
August 2019 43
Form No4
May 2020 8