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STRATEGY TO PROMOTE GOATARY

1.

INTRODUCTION PRADAN has been working in Dholpur district since 1997.It has also expanded its

work to sarmathura region of Dholpur district in last three years. Pradan intervenes through forming SHG groups which it links to banks or government programmes to take up income generating activities. At sarmathura location of Dholpur district, Pradan by end of July 04 had linked 12 groups to the DPIP (District Poverty Initiative Programme ) of Rajasthan state. Under DPIP Pradan planned to take up goat rearing as an income generating activity with the groups. By July 31st 04 Pradan had inducted 2100 goats among 140 families belonging to these twelve groups. Although Pradan is in process of inducting goats through District Poverty Initiative Programme it wanted to conduct a study to help promote goatary as a sustainable source of livelihood for the people of sarmathura region.

2.

RESEARCH PROBLEM

What should be the Strategy to promote goatary as a sustainable source of livelihood for Sarmathura Region?

2.1

Research objectives •

To suggest any improvement in the goat breed and goat rearing practices in this area.

•

To find the need and design suitable institutions and linkages to help promote goatary in a better way.

•

To design suitable interventions to improve and sustain the natural resource base to promote goatary.

To fulfill the above objectives the following aspects would be studied. •

Study the existing rearing practices

•

Study the facilitating and prohibiting factors in existing goat rearing practices.

•

Study the contribution of goatary to the existing livelihood

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•

Study the existing institutional support and it’s potential to promote goatary.

•

Study the utilization of existing natural resource base and it’s potential to help better promote goatary as a sustainable source of livelihood.

3.

SOURCES OF DATA To meet the above objectives a study was conducted in Sarmathura region to know the present situation and information was gathered from various institutions and NGOs involved in providing services and promoting goatary. Information regarding the trading was also gathered from the traders and brokers involved in this activity.

4.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study was confined to the Sarmathura region

5. METHODOLOGY Data were collected using focus group discussion, unstructured interviews and survey with questionnaire. Information from the institutions, NGOs involved in promotion of goatary and traders and brokers were collected through unstructured interviews.

5.1 Sampling Variables Two variables were considered to draw the sample for the study. First one is the caste of the community, as different caste prefers different type of livelihood options and goatary contributes in different proportion to the total household income of different castes. The second variable is the type of family that is whether the family is presently rearing goats or has left rearing goats or never reared goats. So sampling variable are

1.Caste

2. Type of family in terms of rearing goats.

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5.2 Sampling plan Table 1: Sampling plan Caste/Group Thakur Presently rearing 5

Meena 5

Gujar 5

goats Left rearing goats Never rear goats

5 5

5 5

5 5

As data collected through questionnaire was not expected to vary much across individuals in a particular section of sample that is say section like ‘Thakurs who are presently rearing goats’, the sample sizes in each section of the total sample was kept low.

6.

PRESENT SITUATION AND POTENTIAL

6.1

About the location Pradan’s sub locational team a part of Dholpur team is located in sarmathura

panchayat of Baseri block. From here Pradan professionals are operating and intervening in five panchayats of Baseri block. This sarmathura region has two distinct topography one is the extension of Aravalli range with laterite top soil and sand stone underneath the other is Ravine area of chambal with sandy soil. The rainfall in this area ranges from 400-600 mm and vegetation comprises of thorny bushes and trees. The climate is hot during summer with temperature rising as high as 49 degree centigrade and cold during winter with tempera falling to 4-degree centigrade. The area is inhibited by Thakurs, Meenas, Guzars and Jatavs.The Thakurs earn their livelihood mostly through agriculture, trading and migrating to cities to work in factories as wage labourers. The Meenas and jatavs although cultivate their land with the former having more land holding than the jatavs their primary source of livelihood come from working in sand stone quarry as wage labourrers. Depending on the type of work in stone quarry that is removing the topsoil to cutting the stones they earn rupees sixty to hundred per day. The Guzars are predominantly the communities who keep large herd of cattle and goats. Some of the Guzars keep two hundred to three hundred goats and fifty to eight buffalos. People of

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every caste in that area rear livestock mostly buffalos and goats. As it is an arid zone having vast forest cover with thorny bushes and plants, goats are able to survive even in the drought years.

6.2

Breed characteristic

6.2.1

Breed The breed in this area is mostly a local breed, which is the mix breed of Beetal,

Sirohi, and Jamunapari. Few people also rear barbari, which is predominantly reared by people of plain area. The local breed is predominantly black in colour and few cases it is white with black or brown patch. The local breed has been very adoptive to the undulating terrain of this area. The local breed is able to negotiate hilly terrain without any difficulty. Goats travel around ten to twelve kilometers to meet their feed requirement. The bucks attains the weight of twenty five to thirty kg in a year for which the rearer gets rupees one thousand to twelve hundred per buck .The breed as such is not prone to any diseases . The breed is both a meat and milk breed so the rearer earns both through selling milk and goat. The breed also does not require any specific care requirement. The meat and skin quality of this local variety goat is well accepted in the consumption centers. 6.2.1.1 Potential The other breeds that can be reared in this area are Jamunapari and Sirohi.

6.2.2

Growth rate

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Under normal grazing rearing practice the buck of the local breed on an average attains the weight as mentioned below. Table 2: Growth Rate Age In month 5 9 12-14

Weight in kg 8-10 18-20 22-30

6.2.2.1 Potential By feeding concentrates at the rate of 500gm per day per 70 kg live weight of buck and feeding dry fodder at the rate of 3 kg per day per 100 kg live weight of buck, the bucks can attain a live weight of 60 kg in 14 months. 6.2.3

Kidding Rate All together 90% of the local breed give birth to single kid per birth and only 10%

give birth to double kids per birth. Birth of kids takes place mostly in the month of OctoberNovember and March –April. Almost 70% of the does give births in the month of October – November where as 40% of the goats give birth in March –April. 6.2.3.1 Potential With the existing breed the theoretical kidding rate of 40% of the does giving birth to two kids per birth can be achieved by proper feeding practices and care.

6.2.4

Mortality rate

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Kids born in October –November has mortality rate of around 23%, where as kids of March –April has a mortality rate of 28%. On average kid’s mortality rate comes to 25% of the total kids born per year. Considering the birth Rate and kid’s mortality rate, the kid survival rate calculated to be one kid/ doe/year. During epidemic the adult mortality rate is on an average 35%. During usual years that are years in which there is no out break of any epidemic diseases the adult goat mortality rate is around 6%.

6.2.4.1 Potential By proper vet care and proper housing the kid’s mortality rate can be reduced from 25% to 10% and the adult mortality can be contained at 5%. It would be also be possible to stop the spread of epidemic.

6.3

Rearing practices The literacy rate of the area is 35 percent with male 45 percent and female 25 percent.

Generally the male member of the family grazes the goat in the forest; in many cases the school dropout boys take the charge of grazing. The women clean the goat shed and also milks the goats. Milking the goat is not the exclusive work of women, men also milk the goats. As mentioned earlier the Guzar community rear live stock as a main source of livelihood. It being their traditional occupation Guzars is more skilled in rearing goats. Kid’s mortality is as less as 10% with goats reared by Guzars. The social believe is that goats are generally reared by the poor people but such believe is fading away as now a days the Thakurs who considered themselves as rich also into rearing goats. People in this area prefer to rear large herd size of Goat. The herd size varies from 15 to as high as 200 goats per rearer. In some cases also people rear less than 10. All the bucks are sold out in between October to March when it attends almost the age of a year where as the female goats are added to the existing herd to increase the herd size. When the kids are born they are not fed with colostrums (First milk of the doe after it gives birth) for the fact that it is believed to be heavy to digest and leads to dihorea. The kids are given tender leaves at the age of 15 days and kept separately from the grown up goats. The kids are not allowed

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to graze with the other mature goats till it attains the age of two months. During this period the kids are fed with the does milk twice every day once in the morning and in the evenings. Some people also give coarse grain like bazra during this period. No kids are castrated as they fear castration would lead to weight loss and to increase the weight one has to feed them with grains. Also there is no as such demand by the local traders for the castrated goats. For the pregnant does they feed them with methi and salt twice or thrice a week during rainy season. They say such feeding practices would deter does from eating earth during the rainy season and to prevent abortion by reducing heat. After the doe gives birth to the kid they are fed with boiled bazra for three to seven days. The goats are also fed with oil during rainy, winter and summer season. Arandy, locally available oil is fed 50 gm per goat mostly to pregnant or to reduce heat. Linseed oil is fed during winter to prevent from cold. In summers mustard oil is fed. Not all who rear goat feed oil to the goats. All the local variety goats are grazed in the forest surrounding the villages; members of each family graze their respective herds. Families having less number of goats that are one or two, pay rupees twenty per month to the persons who graze the goats for them. In villages of ravine area of Chambal where the forest is not nearby say beyond five kilometers the rearer migrates with its herd to the plateau region with forest cover during rainy season. They stay there till March that is till the time crop is harvested in and around the village when they return to villages to graze their herds harvested crop land. The goats feed on the green and dry leaves and also fruits of different plant during different seasons. The goats find feed and water scarcity during the month of May and June when there is less amount of both dry and green leaves are available. The goats are under fed during these Months. Few rearers also feed grains like Bazra, wheat, dry leaves of gram and pigeon pea. The goats are housed in the shed made of sand stone wall; the roof is either slanting or horizontal covered with the slabs of sand stone. The ventilation area of the total floor area is less than ten percentages as compared to the minimum requirement of sixteen percentages. The floor area available to each goat is around five square feet as against the requirement of ten square feet. The situation of kids is more severe as they are generally housed with three to four feet high sheds with very little ventilation. Ten to twelve kids are housed in thirty square feet area. Above this with the recent induction of 2100 goats in 140 families through DPIP , 7

around 80 families don’t have proper shed to keep their goats. These goats are housed in temporary sheds with stonewalls of four to five feet high with open roof or shed made of Bazra stems. Goats leave in high congestion with three to four square feet floor area available per goat. More than ninety percent of rearers practice tradition treatment for goats, some rearers staying nearer to Sarmathura where a veterinary dispensary is there consult the vet-assistant for treatment of goats. For snake bite the only treatment is Gunia. The diseases that is prevalent in this area are pleuro- pneumonia , diarrhea at times HS and most common foot and mouth disease and skin diseases. There was epidemic two years back where families lost to thirty five percent of their total herd size. The epidemic was due to pleura pneumonia. Most of the deaths of kids is through diarrhea and loo during summer. There is no preventive medication practiced by the rearers. Goats also die of bloat and toxicity after consuming the fruit of Remza (one of the local plants).To cure that they give butter milk mixed with ash to the goats. It does not work always.

The goats are sold in the months of October to January when the traders come and directly purchase the goats from the reares. The rearer sells all its bucks that generally fall in the age group of eight months to fourteen months. The rearer also sells out the spent doe during this period. Generally the rearer sells all its salable goats to one trader. The trader gives an average price per goat considering the average size and age of the goat. Such price determination is perception based where the trader claims that he buys at rupees ninety per kg carcass weight (About 50% of the live weight) of goats. No actual weighing is done. The trader makes cash purchase from the rearer. Generally rearers sell the above mentioned age group at an average price of eight hundred to twelve hundred per goat. People who think of rearing goats also make purchases during this time as the buy female goats with kids during this period. Generally rearers milk their goats till the second month of next pregnancy. Milk from one nipple is given to the kid and milk from other nipple is milked for household consumption or sale. The goat milk is either sold to the milk man as goat milk at rupees six per kg or mixed with buffalow milk to fetch rupees twelve per kilogram. Household survey was conducted to know the extent of household income that was contributed by goatary. It was found that 15-20% of household income is being contributed from goat rearing. Annual income from goatary ranged from rupees five thousand to thirty 8

five thousand with herd size varying from ten to sixty. On average rupees one thousand per each grown up doe could be realized per annum. Goats as such are not reared to earn bread and butter rather it is reared to meet the marriage expenses, invest money in quarry, lend money on interest or repay earlier loans etc. People who don’t have whole year food sufficiency meet their need mostly working as wage labour in the stone quarry.From the study of the people who have left rearing goats the following reason emerged for leaving goat rearing  Death of the goats due to disease (55% of the rearers)  Person responsible for grazing got married or died (30% of the rearers)  Selling off all the goats to meet marriage expenses(5% of the rearers)  Separation of families(10% of the rearers)

6.3.1

Potential The rearing practices can be improved by training the rearers on feeding practices

such as feeding colostrums to kids and grains to bucks. The housing condition can be improved by constructing sheds to provide ten square feet area to each adult goat and providing 16% ventilation of the total floor area.

6.4

Natural resource base and climate There is vast area of waste land and forest land available which harbours thorny

bushes and plants that meets the feed requirement of the goats in this area. For example the Baseri block has 1 lakh acres of waste land , fifteen thousand acres of forest land and thirty five thousand of grazing and culturable waste land that provides grazing area for the goats. The nature of the vegetation is such that in every season there are some plants that have green leaves. This rich variety of vegetative cover also provides rich nutrient to the goats. The high temperature of 49 centigrade during summer poses problem for the rearers to graze the herd in scorching sun. Also due this high temperature the kid’s mortality rate is higher at 28% during this season. The sandy and silt soil type in the ravine area, during rainy season sticks to the feet of the goats which spreads diseases in the feet of the goats. The laterite soil of the

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plateau region does not pose such problem for the goats. Goats are grazed in the forest area of the plateau region of Sarmathura, the goatman moves with a axe who cuts the branches of the trees and the goats feed on the leaves. During the summer season when there is less amount of green leaves are available the goatman even do not hesitate to cut the whole tree for the goats. This is increasing being seen with the families who have taken up goatary recently under DPIP. This can be attributed to the fact that the goat population due to DPIP have gone up suddenly. A village with earlier 100 goats is now having around 400 goats. This sudden increase in goats in a locality has certainly led to the practice of cutting the trees during scarcity period. The other threat to the forest is illegal stone quarry which is completely destroying the vegetation without further scope of regeneration. Few families of interior villages of Sarmathura also cut trees and sell fuel wood in the Madhyapradesh after crossing Chambal river. To some families it is the major source of livelihood as they earn rupees 100 per day through this business. This activity is contributing to the reduction of trees. From the extent of grazing land and vegetative cover there won’t be deficit of fodder during rainy and winter season but would be a problem during summer season mostly during May and June months. The area plateau area has abundance of sand stone. These stones are easily available for construction of sheds for the goats. As the rain fall is scanty and there is consecutive droughts, water availability becomes a problem for which some of the rearers migrate to near by reservoir area to graze their herds during summer season. There are not enough water bodies created which caters to the water requirements of goats. During summer season goats are fed water from the wells. The water level in these wells is found at around 80 ft depth and further these wells are far from the grazing area. There are very limited storage weir created by the government more over many don’t hold water till April. For the shortage of water body, during summers goats are brought back from forest to the houses to feed water at around 11 am and again taken for grazing at around 3pm.

6.4.1

Potential

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One of the ways of fodder development would be to take up plantation and grass development in the forest area through forming JFM . This option seem to be unviable as this area is very sensitive to property rights and a group having exclusive control over a patch of forest would be difficult to maintain. The other option is to develop fodder in the protected wasteland that are either fenced by stones or at least marked by physical boundaries where the owner has exclusive right. Above 90% of the beneficiaries have at least 1 acre of such lands. So Khejdi plant which is a perennial plant can be planted there which will provide 800 kg of dry forage to meet the fodder requirement of 15 goats for two months. The leaf of Khejdi plant is a fovourite food of goats which can be stored at least for a year after drying it. Meeting the fodder deficiency in the month of May and June trough planting Khejdi plant can affect the health of the goats in a positive way.

6.5

Market The demand for goats is higher during October through March as in winter months the

consumption of meat is higher. The demand is higher in this period as goats are sacrificed by Muslim community during Bakra Idd which falls in the month of January or February. The rearer also prefers to sell their stock during this period as bucks attain a age of 12 months to 14 months and grows to almost thirty kg. The demand of goats is less during the month of July –Aug the month of Saban when Hindus don’t take flesh. The local traders directly buy from the rearers and transports through truck to Agra Bakrimandi 120 km from Sarmathura which is held on Monday and Friday. During off-season around one thousand goats are traded on the day of the Mandi in Agra Bakrimandi where as during peak season around 3000 goats are traded. The goats are sold through brokers who take 4 percent commission on the sale price of the goats .The Butchers from the Agra town come and buy the goats who make payment to the broker after fifteen days. The broker pays cash to the trader as soon as the deal is made. No actual weighing is done and the rate is negotiated by whispering in the ear. The approximate rate per kg carcass weight is hundred only. The traders buy on perception basis from the villages with approximate rate of ninety per kg carcass weight.

The

transportation cost from sarmathura to Agra per goat comes to be rupees 30.A double Decker

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407 model TATA truck carry around 100 goats of average 20 kg live weight .The capacity of LP truck is double the above. The trader makes a profit of around rupees 40-50 per goat of 20 kg live weight. Some of the traders also sell goats in Delhi Bakramandi. So the well established marketing channel helping rearers to sell their goats from their village it self. In case of urgency the rearer can take its goats to sell in the near by weekly Haat. As there is no Haat organized in Sarmathura the nearest Haat is around 60 km from Sarmathura. 6.5.1

Potential

6.5.1.1 Selling at bakra idd market Ten days prior to Idul juha that is commonly known as Bakra Idd, special markets are held in different cities like Agra, Delhi ,Hyderabad, Mumbai etc. At Agra its organized at Hing near Agra fort called Hing Bakramandi, where as at Delhi it is organized near Jamamahsjid. 6.5.1.1.1Trading process In the Jama-mashjid Bakra Idd Bakrimandi there are many Arti walas who provide space to the sellers generally the group of rearers to sell their stock. The sellers or the rearers buy 150 sqft of tent area from the Arti wala for Rs 1000 for ten days. The seller is free to sell this area to any other within these ten days. The seller stays in this tent along with the bucks and the trading is mostly done in the evening. People from Muslim community mostly come with their children to buy bucks. The child generally chooses the buck depending on the colour and size which the parents buy it for their children. 6.5.1.1.2Quality of stock traded •

The buck should be above one year of age having at least two incisors.

•

It should be castrated and the castration is preferably through operation.

•

Buck should be without any deformity like broken horn etc.

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•

White colour or white colour with brown or black spots is preferred. Biscuit colour bucks are also preferred. Bucks of higher weight that is more than 80 kg live weight is preferred in Delhi and Mumbai.

•

Bucks of black colour are not preferred in Delhi where as it can be sold at Mumbai mandi.

6.5.1.1.3Opportunity for the seller The sellers mostly the group of reares weigh their goats before transporting it to Bakra Idd market. They fix a minimum selling price of Rs 200 per kg carcass weight(50% of live weight) of bucks for a white colour buck and minimum of Rs 150 per kg carcass weight for black colour goat. There is no middle man involved in the trading of goats in Bakra Idd market. On and above the minimum price they charge higher rates based on the look and healthiness of the buck. The sellers also capitalize on the inexperience buyers and the emotions of the children who come with their parents and select a particular goat. More often they get Rupees two thousand above the minimum price of Rs 200 per kg carcass weight of goat. 6.5.1.1.4 Threat to the sellers The sellers transport the goats to the Bakra Idd market in the cities. Most of the times they pay bribe in the check gates and some times also their whole truck is seized for which they pay around Rupees 1000. Above that the seller takes the risk of accidents in transporting the bucks. Once the sellers reach their tents in the Bakra Idd market they have to guard their herd else bucks may get mixed with other herd and be very difficult to find again. There is risk of theft of money they get by selling the bucks although such risk is minimum at Mumbai Bakra Idd market where the seller can deposit the money with the Arti wala before he finally sells all his bucks. If few bucks are not somehow sold out one has to sell it at throw away price as it would be uneconomically to transport it back.

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6.5.1.2 Selling directly in weekly bakra mandis at Agra and Delhi. As rearers sell directly from their villages to the traders, the trader gains a margin of atleast 4% by directly selling it in the Bakramandis of Agra and Delhi. As this selling mostly takes place in the months of October to March, rearers can pull together their herd and can sell directly in Agra and Delhi. They can save a minimum of 4% that is atleast Rs 50 per 20 kg live weight of goat.

6.5.1.2.1Opportunity to the seller The traders who buy from the villages make purchase on approximate weight which they judge holding the backbone of goat, the seller hardly gets an idea about the exact weight of his goats and fails to make a proper bargain with the trader. The sellers can experiment with indicating the exact weight of the goat on a token attached to the goat and trade in the Agra and Delhi mandi. Though it might not give any advantages in overall value but at least the sellers won’t be deceived by the buyers at Agra and Delhi who also buy on the basis of approximate weight.

6.5.1.2.2Threat to the seller The risk associated with transportation is always there when the sellers transport their herd directly to the Bakramandis at Agra or Delhi. There is also risk of incurring more cost in keeping the herd in those cities when the goats are not sold in the weekly mandi. In few occasions the broker also does credit transaction with the seller and fail to pay in time or default, in such situation there is risk of loosing money as bad debt. Such incidences have come to be known at Agra mandi.

6.6 Institutional support Money lenders in this area provide credit at 24 percent interest rate per annum. People don’t generally take credit for goat rearing as they think goat is not viable option with 24 percent interest rate. They think rearing goat is a gamble and whole herd may get wiped out

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due to epidemic. Presently through DPIP people are taking goats with eighty percent grant and twenty percent own contribution. There is no village institutional grazing system each family grazes its own herd. The veterinary department of Sarmathura area has a vet-assistant but no government scheme for preventive cure is floated here. The dispensary even does not have cotton .The block head quarter is fifty four kilometers from the Sarmathura area and the interiors of sarmathura is connected with rough roads so hardly any time the VS pays any visit to the area. No institutional support was provided to increase awareness and improve skills of the reares. With DPIP taken up by the NGO Pradan it is now into imparting skill based training on better rearing practices to goat rearers . 6.6.1 Potential The SHGs can be linked to the banks for mobilizing loans and through formation of cooperative the rearers can employ a veterinary doctor who can provide veterinary supports for the goats.

7.

WAYS TO UNLEASH THE POTENTIAL  Form a cooperative to directly market the goats, to provide veterinary care, to supply feed and to provide skilled training to reares. The cooperative should help rearers for availing insurance scheme for goats from insurance companies.  Replace the existing breeding buck by Jamunapari bucks to capitalize on value potential associated with white colour.  Rearers to partly stall feed bucks to cater to Bakra Idd market  The NGO to arrange funds on grant for each rearer for construction of shed and to develop pasture land.

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7.1

Formation of cooperative A goat rearers co-operative of around 200 goat reares of sarmathura region would be

formed. The main activities of the cooperative would be as follows  Provide feed for goats to the rearers  Provide veterinary services for goats of the cooperative members  Sell the goats during October to march directly in the bakra Mandi of agra and Delhi  Sell the goats in the special Bakra Idd goat mandis at Agra, Delhi and Mumbai  Provide skilled based training on better rearing practices for goat and help rearers avail insurance scheme from insurance companies. 7.1.1

Principles of operation

 The cooperative would operate on pooling method to market the goats.  It will charge 1% for selling in the weekly mandis  It will charge 3% for selling in the Bakra Idd market  It will provide feed on credit and deduct the amount from sale of the goats  The co-operative would keep a margin of Rs0.25/kg while providing feed. 7.1.2

Membership criteria

 Membership open to women only  A rearer should be rearing at least 5 does.  At least five reares from one village  The member should preferably a member of SHG group in the village if not constrained by adverse situation. This would enable her to get credit through SHG bank linkages which in turn would prevent distress selling of goats.  A member should agree to pay share capital and sell goats through cooperative only.

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7.1.3

Capital fund and working capital Each member should buy shares as per the number of goats they intend to sell through

cooperative. Buying one share of Rs 500 would permit her to sell up to ten goats per year through cooperative. So each share would account for selling up to ten goats per year and for additional sales extra share has to be purchased by the rearer. For the initial years the cooperative would take loans from the banks to meet its working capital which is required to supply feed to the producers. Subsequently the working capital would be generated from as a deposit from the members on which no interests would be paid till cooperative is able to meet all its costs. The deposit would be mobilized through deducting 10% of total patronage refund to the members .Such deduction would be done until the herd size stabilizes and total working capital is mobilized through deposits. The working capital expenses on vaccination would be initially collected at the beginning of the year from the members and paid to the paravets after duly certified by the members. Initial collection of money for vaccination would motivate rearers to go for vaccination of goats. The veterinary service cost for treatment would be provided on credit which would be deducted from the sale of the goats. 7.1.3

Earnings to Members and Cooperative

The following calculations are arrived at with following assumptions  The kids mortality rate is kept same as 25% as vaccination and treatment facility would initially assumed to prevent epidemic.  The adult doe mortality rate is taken zero as we expect to replace the dead doe through insurance.  Insurance cost is taken 5% that is 2% above premium to meet the cost that would be incurred to receive insurance money incase there is any death of does.  The selling price of buck at Bakra Idd market is taken as Rs150 per kg carcass weight. This conservative figure is initially taken as we may sell the bucks in Agra Bakra Idd mandi.

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Table3 Earnings 1st Year 10550 9495 2990

2nd year 9220 8289 1660

3rd Year 28770 25893 6490

4th Year 34980 31482 5980

872500 by 211000

962500 395400

1487500 925600

1922500 1625200

members(Cumulative) Earnings to cooperative before 113100

113100

186900

260700

Year/Items Income to each Member Cash received by each Member Net value realization to each member

due to

cooperative

effort* Working Capital Required Deposits

interest

and

administrative

expenses. *Details in annexure 1 The net value realization due to cooperative effort is calculated taking into consideration that there is no epidemic disease that affect the goats of non members even if they don’t go for vaccination or treatment of their goats. So as this is not the real situation and many people leave goatary due to epidemic diseases cooperative with its services will have advantage in providing an assured income of Rs35000/year/member which a non member rearer can’t realise. 7.1.5

Operating Core and Governing Body The operating core will comprise of a manager, two assistances and veterinary doctor.

The manager would be appointed by the board that would be authorized to appoint assistances and veterinary doctor. The manager would initially be appointed for five years. The board will not have the right to remove manager within the contract period of five years to do so the board has to get 2/3 rd majority of the general body. One board member from each Panchayat would be elected by the members of that Panchayat. Two nominees one from bank and other from NGO would be included in the board. The board would initially of six member body.

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7.2

Replace existing breeding bucks with Jamunapari Buck In order to capitalize on the value potential associated with white colour the existing

black coloured local breed brdeening bucks would be replaced by Jamunapari breeding bucks. The Jamunapari breeding bucks can be availed from IGRI(Indian Goat research institute) Makdum. The NGO Pradan would take leading role in executing the same and would also bear the transaction cost.

7.3

Shed Construction and Pasture Land Development Although providing grant for shed construction and pasture land development does

not make it a replicable model, it is required considering the poorer section with which the project is envisaged. Given the low risk taking ability and earlier failure of goatary in this area it would be difficult initially to convince members to go for loans for constructing shed and taking up pasture development. Once the benefits of goat rearing gets demonstrated through cooperative effort it would be easier to add new members who can be financed through loan to take up goatary. So for initial two hundred members the NGO should arrange grant that is Rs 20,000 for each member for construction of a shed of size 20’x15’x6’ and also a grant money of Rs 5000 per member to take up pasture development in one acre of waste land.

8.

CONCLUSION It is seen that with cooperative effort the cooperative would be able to provide an

income of Rs 35,000 per year to the member after initial four years. The members would be expected to maintain the herd size of 30 does after four years. The cooperative can generate the required working capital from the members deposit after four years of operation.The cooperative would have after four years Rs260,000 at its disposal to meet its administrative expenses. Till that time it has to rely on the NGO to meet its administrative expenses.

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ANNEXURE 2 Questionnaire for people who are presently rearing goats Name :

Caste:

Village:

1.For how many years have you been rearing goats:_________________ 2.What is the present herd size:__________ a. Male ______ b. Female ________c. Kids: Male ______female_______ 3.What are the breeds of goat you are rearing? a. Local b. Barbari c. Both 4.Number of kids born during last Oct-Nov ______ i. How many are alive till today_________ 5.How many Does gave birth________ 6.How many Does gave birth to two or more kids_____________ 7.Number of kids born during last March-April _______ i. How many are alive till today_____________ 8.How many Does gave birth (Mar-Apr ) ________ 9.How many Does gave birth to two or more kids (Mar-Apr)_____________ 10.What is your prime source of Livelihood? A Dairy b. Agriculture c. Goatary d. Business e. Any other____________ 11.Have you purchased any goats in last five years a. Yes

b No

12.If yes , where from did you mobilize money for the purchase a .Own b. Moneylender c. Bank d. Any other source____________ 13.How many goats did you sell last year? a. Bucks _________b castrated male ____________c Female goats____________ 14.Total sales amount_________________ 15.What did you do with the money? a. Used in consumption purpose b. Bought asset c. Invested in IGA d. Any other 20

16.Number of months of food sufficiency from the produces of own field a. Whole year b. 9-12 Months c.6-9 months d . Less than 6 months 17.Percentage contribution of income from goatary of total household income a. Less than 20% b. 20-40% c.40-60% d. More than 60% 18.Do you vaccinate your goat: a. Yes

b. No

19.What do you do when goats fall ill? a. Consult local quack b. Contact Veterinary department c. Use traditional medicine d. Any other 20.Who grazes the goats ___________________ 21.Do you keep cattle

a.Yes

b.No

22.If yes i. How many cows, buffaloes a. Cows___________ b. Buffaloes______________ ii What is the average annual income from cows and buffaloes______________

23.What is your average annual household income? a.10-15 thousand b.15-25 thousand c.25-50 thousand d.50 thousand and above

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Questionnaire for people who have left rearing goats Name:

Caste:

Village:

1.It has been how many years since you left rearing goats__________________ 2.What was the herd size when you last reared goats___________ 3.What was the maximum herd size you ever had_____________ 4.Why you left rearing goats ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5.What was the primary source of livelihood when you left rearing goats a. Agriculture b. Business c. Labour d. Goatary d. Any Other________ 6.What is your present primary source of livelihood? a. Agriculture b. Business c. Labour d. Any Other________ 7.Months of food sufficiency a.12 months b.9-12 months c.6-9 months d. Less than 6 months 8.What was the average income from goatary when you last reared goat________ 9.What percentage of household income was from goatary when you last reared goats? a.60-80% b.40-60% c.20-40% d. Less than 20% 10.How did you compensate for the reduction in income from goatary when you left rearing goats? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11.Do you keep cattle

a. Yes

b. No

12.If yes i. How many cows, buffaloes a. Cows___________ b. Buffaloes______________ ii What is the average annual income from cows and buffaloes______________ 13.Is there any future plan to further purchase and rear goats a. Yes 14.If yes , why not from this year

15.What is your average annual household income? a.10-15 thousand b.15-25 thousand c.25-50 thousand d.50 and above

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b.No

Questionnaire for who never reared goats Name:

Caste:

Village:

1.What is your primary source of livelihood? a. Agriculture b. Labour c. Business d. Dairy e. Any other______________ 2. Months of food sufficiency a.12 months b.9-12 months c.6-9 months d. Less than 6 months 3. Do you keep cattle

a. Yes

b. No

4.If yes i. How many cows, buffaloes a. Cows___________ b. Buffaloes______________ ii What is the average annual income from cows and buffaloes______________ 5.Why don’t you keep goats? a. No manpower to graze b. Not profitable c. Grazing problem d. Not interested e. Any other____________ 6.Will you ever rear goats? a.Yes 7.If yes,

b.No when__________________

8. What is your average annual household income? a.10-15 thousand b.15-25 thousand c.25-50 thousand d.50 thousand and above

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