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1. INTRODUCTION

Soil and water resources form the base of all human and animal life. An intensive utilization of these natural resources has been a prerequisite for all economic development. However, these resources are limited and highly interdependent, and intensification of the utilization of one resource can lead to its exhaustion. Man is overexploiting the natural resources, especially land and water, and this has a deleterious impact on other natural resources. The problem is increasing day by day and unless remedial measures are taken, the effects on the environment can be disastrous. Increased use of water and the need for increased food production coupled with expanding population has resulted in an increased pressure on the land and water resources. Erratic monsoon behaviour and monsoon failures have worsened the situation in many parts of India which are now facing shortage even for water drinking supply. Adding to the problem, unscientific cultivation practices, especially in hilly areas, have resulted not only in soil erosion which in turn leads to siltation of streams, rivers, tanks and reservoirs, but also in increased removal of rainwater as surface runoff. Thus, sustainability is being increasingly accepted globally as an explicit goal in the development and management of natural resources. The term sustainability implies the ability of a natural resource system to produce socially optimum level of output, which is necessary to meet in perpetuity the needs and aspirations of the people dependent on the system with no detrimental effects on the resource system and significantly greater risks on future generations. In other words, sustainability implies not only conserving natural resources but also maintaining ecological functions and supply of natural resource products which are essential to the livelihoods of local people. And for sustainable development it is essential that natural resources are used in a sustainable manner. Watershed management approach is an attempt towards attaining sustainability of the renewable natural resources of land, water and forests.

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1.1 The Watershed Approach With a view to ensure the utilization of basic natural resources and vegetation to the optimum extent and for achieving integrated development in a given area, the concept of watershed is strongly advocated. A watershed may be defined as a geo-hydrological unit draining at a common point by a system of streams. However, it is more than a geographical unit and includes the ecosystem within the confines of a drainage divide, an ecosystem being defined as the interacting system of biological community and its non-living environment. The importance of watershed lies in the fact that it directly influences water, soil and vegetation, which form the basis of human activity. In the watershed approach, a watershed is used as a unit for planning and management of land, water, forests, and other resources of watershed. The approach is holistic and multidisciplinary enabling the planners and mangers to consider simultaneously various physical, biological, socio-cultural, economic and institutional factors operating within a watershed and its surrounding environment and formulate a comprehensive and integrated development plan to achieve specific private and social objectives. In the watershed approach, natural and human resources are interdependent and interact with one another.

1.2. Need for watershed The need behind adopting a watershed approach is for stable economic growth of the area, proper and optimum utilization of natural land and water resources, particularly in the field of agriculture. A watershed affects the people in their every walk of life and this approach has a strong biophysical and economic logic. The technological advancement will constantly increase the output from a unit of land and water. This approach is ideal for managing vital resources of soil, water and vegetation and for an integrated development of different aspects in the watershed in accordance with their nature, problem and potential with least interference in other areas. Maintenance and evaluation of developmental works carried out in a watershed is also easy as it is possible to have a close watch over them by making

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observation at one point only. When a watershed is properly managed for water and soil, it is also properly managed simultaneously for other resources. Watershed being natural hydrological entities responds more effectively to the various engineering, biological and economical treatments designed to maximise production. Benefits from an integrated watershed management involving natural and human resources take into account socioeconomic, agro physical, geomorphologic, institutional and hydrological factors operating within its boundary. It is a process oriented development and is one of the proven methods of rural development. It is the menu of integrated development where all aspects are simultaneously considered.

1.3. Watershed Management Watershed management refers to the integrated use, regulation, and treatment of water and land resources aimed at achieving a complex development objective combining poverty alleviation and sustainable use of land, water and vegetation resources with the active participation of local communities, their institutions and organisations, and in harmony with the ecosystem. It is a process of formulating and carrying out a course of action involving manipulation of natural, agricultural and human resources on a watershed to provide resources that are desired by and suitable to the society, but under the condition that soil and water resources are not adversely affected. Thus, watershed management is an integrated participatory approach for holistic and sustainable development.

1.4. Watershed Development The terms watershed management and watershed development are often considered synonymous and are used interchangeably. Watershed management involves a series of functions like planning, organising, controlling, monitoring and decision-making etc. Watershed development on the other hand is understood as the creation of physical structures to harness the natural resources within the boundary of a watershed apparently without giving much emphasis to the aspects of management of the same. Some of the important components of watershed development are explained here: 3

Check Dams: Protecting channels means preventing injurious erosion in waterways within the flow channels. Check dams are one method that serves multiple purposes. They help conserve water, which can be used for irrigation. Secondly, they help to raise the water table and prevent erosion by being a barrier to the runoff. Impervious nature off the structure is obtained through using pre-fabricated sheets of concrete. Gully Plugging: This measure serves two purposes. Firstly, it helps in reduction of peak flow rates through the gully and secondly it provides a stable channel for the flow that must be handled. The former helps in preventing the siltation of the check dams. Stabilisation of gullies is accomplished best by providing vegetative protection for the gully channel and modifying the cross-section and grade of the channel to a level that vegetation can withstand. Gabion Structure: Gabion Structures consist of loose rocks enclosed within a wire mesh, which are established before the check dam to prevent the siltation of the latter and provide a barrier to the heavy monsoon flow in the gullies. They help slow down the flow of water and decrease its corrosive intensity, thereby decreasing erosion.

Trenching: Various treatments along the contours are very important soil conservation measures. They control run off and erosion, improve sub surface drainage for favourable aeration and workability in soil in root zones, and conserve soil moisture. Narrow excavations along the contours are other conservation techniques. The economical dimensions are 0.3 Mts. both in width and depth in this land. Wherever the degree off erosion is very high due to sub soil intensive rains or high runoff or velocity, higher dimensions of trenching are to be adopted. The soil excavated is to be conveniently put as a bund on the down slope side. Stone packing is done in the field; the soil can be conveniently put on the top of the pack or on a berth in between the thick wall and trench. Trenching proves to be a good conservation technique especially when plants are grown along the trench for utilizing the high moisture along the trench.

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Bench Terracing: Sloping lands with surface gradient up to 3% having adequate soil cover can be leveled through bench terracing with their slopes inwards towards the mountains for bringing under cultivation. It helps in soil conservation and holding runoff water on terraced area for longer duration giving rise to increased infiltration recharge. Irrigation Tanks: These are essential structures, which help in the conservation of water and in minimizing wastage. Through adequate connection with the source through pipes or channels, the farmers collect water in the tanks during the nighttime, which can be used, for irrigation in the daytime in the summers. Similarly the heavy runoff during the monsoon seasons can be diverted to these tanks and this water can be more efficiently used during the dry months. Earthen Dams: These structures serve the same purpose as served by concrete check dams where the intensity and quantum of flow is not very high. Besides they provide significant savings in cost over the former besides having a longer life. Impervious nature off the structure is obtained through using soil and stone mixture. Percolation Tanks (Joharis): These are simple mud structures, which provide water to the livestock and also help to recharge the underground water table. Farm Ponds: Farm ponds are similar to percolation tanks but for the concretization of their banks and provision for some layering of the bed to prevent quick seepage of the water. They serve the livestock’s need for water and can also be used for irrigation, besides helping in recharging the ground water table. Lift Irrigation: In villages where no upstream source of water is developed it becomes necessary to use lift irrigation to provide water for irrigation. In this the water is lifted up by means of an electric motor to a storage tank. Natural Spring Development: In some places in the mountains the Bawadis or natural springs need to be dug and their enclosure protected by means of enforcement of their boundary walls, which, increases their life and the availability of water.

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Ferro-cement Tank: These are rainwater-harvesting structures of 5000 l capacity made up of Ferro-cement and chicken wire with a simple filter at the top used for supplementary drinking water collection from roof tops.

Plantation: The plantations serve multiple purposes, which have an important bearing on the livelihood systems of the people. Forest trees provide fuel and other goods essential to meeting basic needs at the rural household and community level. Forests and forestland provide food and environmental stability necessary for continued food production, besides also generating income and employment in the rural community. They also protect the cropland against wind and water erosion besides helping in countering gully erosion. The trees, which are to be planted for increasing the water table, include Beuns and Kashimiri Willow while Bamboo, Poplar, Pine are to be planted for commercial utilization. Trees like Lasunia, Shahtoot, Robinia, Beul and Kachnar are to be planted to supplement the fodder requirement of the people. Grassroots planting: Areas where plantation are difficult for reasons like very steep slopes, poor soil or other limitations, they can be developed as pasture lands by planting Bhabhar and Napier grasses which will provide firmness to the soils and at the same time can be used by the villagers for procuring fodder.

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2. THE STUDY 2.1 Scope of Study The study titled “Watershed management for environment friendly sustainable development” entailed conducting a baseline survey, analysis of the findings from the survey and formulating a project proposal. The study required a comprehensive examination of the socio-economic situation of the concerned region, evaluation of the status of the natural resources of the region, and formulation of a suitable plan to address the problems in the region. The proposal had to be formulated in a manner that was in conformance with the needs and aspirations of the local people, matching with the competencies of the implementing agencies, and meeting the requirements of the funding organisation.

2.2 Objectives of study Following objectives have been tried to achieve through this study: Identification of the characteristics of the area vital for watershed management. Identification of resources and resource use pattern. To study the socio-economic aspects of the area and ascertain the needs and requirements of the local people. Suggesting suitable measures for sustainable development without causing minimal interference to the ecology of the area in the form of a project proposal for watershed management.

2.3 Limitations Some of the limitations of this study are: Lack of technical expertise posed a major hindrance in conducting a comprehensive technical assessment of land and water resources. 7

The study was undertaken in the months of June and July, which fall in the season of Tomato harvesting, thus limiting the availability of respondents in villages. Due to very poor communication facilities in the project area and challenging terrains the mobility was restricted. The questionnaires used were not tested in the field before the operational study.

2.4 Methodology The methodology used for the study comprised of collecting both, the primary as well as secondary data.

2.4.1 Primary Data Extensive fieldwork was conducted in the beneficiary villages by using questionnaires for household survey, focussed group discussions and PRA techniques. 1. Questionnaire: A personal information questionnaire was developed to ascertain the socio-economic condition and the felt needs of the villagers for which there was an open ended question. 2. Resource mapping: Resource mapping was carried out to develop an understanding of the village resources and for gaining insight into the kind of watershed development needed and where the structures for the greater common good can be created. 3.

Village transect: This technique was employed to assess the availability of resources in the village and for locating the water sources which could be developed for more efficient usage. It also helped in triangulation of the information provided by the villagers.

4. Focussed Group Discussions: These were used to identify their primary needs and problems as well as for identification of suitable sites for the various soil and water 8

conservation measures, especially those related to irrigation. The local knowledge of the farmers was used to assess the sources of water and the variations in the availability of water at different times of the year.

2.4.2. Secondary Data The secondary data were collected from the following sources: 1. Survey of India: Topographic sheets of the area 2. Y.S.Parmar University of Forestry and Horticulture: They provided information regarding climate and rainfall. 3

Patwari records: Data pertaining to land use were obtained from the Patwari of the Shilanji Panchayat.

4. Reports: Existing reports and proposals based on comprehensive studies in the area of study were a source of invaluable information.

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3. THE PROJECT 3.1 The Title The title of the project is “Watershed management for environment friendly sustainable development.”

3.2 The location The micro-watershed selected comprises three villages viz. Katogara-Chamechi, Rohru-Bhuil and Chbiul-Kharmanji consisting of 570 hectares of land within the Giri river catchment, in Shilanji Panchayat of Rajgarh tehsil, within the Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh.

3.2.1 The state Himachal Pradesh, known as Dev Bhoomi (Land of gods) is a hilly and mountainous region known for its natural beauty and rich culture. It is situated entirely in the western Himalayas barring some parts, which fall under Shivalik ranges. It is well known for its fruits like apple, peach, plum etc. the state generates most of its income from forests, hydel power, road transport, tourism and industries like fruit processing, sericulture etc. Its geographic location is such that it is of strategic significance for the country. It is spread over an area of 55,673 square kilometers and has a population of 6077248. The decadal growth rate for the state has been 17.35 % for the decade 1991- 2001. The average density is 109 persons per square kilometer. Administratively the state is divided into twelve districts namely Chamba, Kangra, Lahul and Spiti, Mandi, Hamirpur, Una, Bilaspur, Solan, Sirmaur, Shimla and Kinnaur. The people of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and religious. They celebrate the festivals with great enthusiasm and are very keen to preserve their art and culture. The 10

inhabitants of different regions can easily be recognised particularly the women. Most of the population is confined to valleys and lower slopes of the hills. Economy of the state is largely agrarian. The industrial base is comparatively weaker. The agricultural production to a greater extent depends on the whim and fancies of the weather. The irrigation facility is not very good. Thus timely rainfall in sufficient amount is the only hope for the farmers. Agriculture being the major occupation of the people, the importance of the agriculture in the economy can hardly be overemphasised. Steep and hilly terrain, hazards of the climate, small and scattered land holdings, thin sandy soil, limited irrigation facilities are the major hurdle as far as the agriculture is concerned. The scope of increasing the cultivable area is not much. Since the alternative source of livelihood is limited, the peasantry has to make its existence under the difficult conditions where the nature is stern mother. High and torrential rainfall and the nature of the rocks combine to cause erosion, landslide and hinder transport. Soil erosion further leads to decrease in the agricultural yield. Difficult terrain, severe winter, lack of adequate transport facility and other infrastructure have been obvious hindrances in the industrial development. This limitation causes unemployment and compels people to depend on agriculture. Extensive, efficient and economical means of transport and communication are essential for economic, social and cultural development. On account of remoteness of location and hilly terrain, the state has remained practically isolated and thus economically and socially backward .

3.2.2 The district Sirmaur is one of the twelve districts if Himachal Pradesh. It lies in the outer Himalayan ranges commonly called Shivaliks between 77º01’12’’ and 77º49’40” East longitude and 30º22’30’’ and 31º01’20” North latitude and except of the Dun valley which is called Kiar-do-dun the district is predominantly mountainous with deep, valleys lying between ranges of varying elevation. It is bounded by Shimla district in the north, the rivers

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Tons and Yamuna in the east, district Panchkula of Haryana in south - west and by Solan in north- west. The river Giri is the biggest river in the district which originates from Katkhal / Jubbal tehsil of Shimla and flows down to south – east and divides the Sirmaur district into almost two equal parts known as cis-Giri and trans-Giri. It ultimately joins the river Yamuna near Paonta Sahib. The district is divided into six tehsils namely Rajgarh, Pachhad, Nahan, Paonta Sahib, Shilai and Renuka. The population of the district is 4, 58,351 comprising 7.54 percent of the state population with a density of 162 persons per square kilometres. The sex ratio is 901 with a literacy rate of 70.85 percent (male –79.73%, female-60.93%).

4.2.3 The Tehsil The profile of Rajgarh tehsil also known, as the “Peach-valley of Asia” is as follows: Table 1: Profile of Rajgarh Particulars Geographical area Area under forest Area under grassland Area under cultivation Irrigated area Non-irrigated land Area under horticulture

Area in hectares 41249 15228 7716 6017 1685 4332 5000

3.2.4 The micro-watershed The micro-watershed area comprises 570 hectares of land spread out across three villages of Katogara-Chamechi, Rohru-Bhul and Chabiul-Kharmanji. The study area has a population of 604 and lies in Shilanji Panchayat. NH 6 from Solan passes through the area. The area is located 30 km. from Solan. The area extends longitudinally from the hamlets of Katogara-Chamechi in the North-east to the village of Rohru-Bhuil in the South-west.

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Table 2:Area Covered Sl.

Name

No.

Village Katogara-

1. 2. 3.

of

Chamechi RohruBhuil Chabiul-

Kharmanji Total Land

Area (in

Panchayat

Name of Hamlets

Shilanji

Tikkar, Suddar, Dhabri

236

Shilanji

Jubbel, Brad

158

Shilanji

Bagor

176

Ha.)

570

3.3 Physiography, relief and drainage The region is mountainous with deep and narrow valleys separated by spurs and ridges. The altitude varies from 1800m to about 300m. Rockslides and block falls have become more common since the construction of the road through the Katogara area. The region lies in the lower Himalayas. The area is drained by Baghra-Ka-Khala, which forms the primary water channel that ultimately flows into Pervi Khala and is a perenneiel source of water for the region. Numerous other seasonal streams also run across the area to drain into the Pervi Khala. Among the other water sources are the natural springs, the only source of water for drinking, irrigation and livestock for the people residing in the upper area and whose drying up are causing a serious threat to their livelihoods.

3.4 The Climate The region experiences a distinct summer, winter and monsoon season and there is a wide range of variation in temperature among the seasons as well as within them. The climate 13

varies with altitude, and is sub-humid in the valley floor in the lower part of the area. The temperature can vary to a large extent between the high pasturelands above Rohru to the habitations lying along the Pervi Khala. Usually the winter season is predominant and stretches from November to March. There is a large difference between the daytime and night-time temperature in the winters. In the valley floor frost is common during the winters. The region otherwise has distinct seasons of summer (April to June), monsoon (July to September), and autumn (October). June is the hottest month with near maximum temperature of 33°C. During the summers the melting snow leads to profuse surplus water in the rivers, and this is when irrigational channels or Kuhls get filled. The bulk of the precipitation is received in the monsoon season from June to August. Snowfall is a normal feature especially in the regions above 1600m, though the weather pattern is gradually changing according to the local populace and the amount of snowfall is on the decline and is often delayed. The months of March, April, May, October and November are generally dry. The snow may at times be received in December.

Figure 1: Temperature Variations

40 30 20 10 0

mean max mean min averege

ja n Fe b M ar ch Ap r il M ay Ju ne Ju Au ly gu st Se p O ct N ov D ec

TEMPERATURE (Centigrades)

TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS

MONTHS

Figure 2: Rainfall

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RAINFALL

RAINFALL 300 200 100 0 Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

August

July

June

May

April

March

Feb

Jan

mm

MONTHS

3.5 Geological Formation The Geological formation of the area mainly comprise of crystalline and metamorphic rocks, such as granite, limestone, shale, slate, mica schist and quartzite with un-fossiliferous deposits of ancient origin. Granite and gneiss rocks are generally confined to higher regions of the tract.

3.6 Soil The soil in this area was formed in-situ and is deficient is organic matter. Depth is variable. Texture varies from sandy-loam to clayey-loan with all the intermediate formations. Soil is deficient in nitrogen and phosphorous with poor nutrient holding capacity. Soils are acidic, in reaction and respond well to liming. The dipping strata have profound influence in the moisture regime of these soils. As a result of excessive grazing, faulty agricultural practices, road construction and other biotic influences gully and sheath-erosion is quite common.

3.7 Social Profile 3.7.1. Demographic overview

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The population of the area comprises of 107 households with a population of 604 persons of which 304 are males and 300 are females. Thus the sex ratio comes to 987, which is greater than the sex ratio of the district i.e. 901. The density of population is 106 persons per square kilometres The population of the area comprises only Hindus. The relation among different castes remains cordial. The caste wise break-up is shown in table 3 and the details of the demography are attached in annexure. Table 3: Caste wise break-up of population Other Backward Village General % Scheduled castes Katogara-Chamechi 91 43 119 Rohru-Bhuil 91 44 114 Chabiul-Kharmanji 142 75 27 Total 324 54 260

% 57 56 14 43

Caste

20 20

%

11 3

Total 210 205 189 604

Figure 3: Social profile of beneficiaries

CASTE WISE BREAK-UP 3% General

43% 54%

Scheduled castes Other Backward Caste

3.7.2 Literacy and education The literacy levels in the area is as high as 90.49 percent with 97.11 percent of male literacy and 83.70 percent of female literacy, which is quite higher than the literacy rates of India and Himachal Pradesh. 16

The drop out rates in the area are low for both male and female as people are aware of the benefits of education and they send their wards to the towns like Solan for acquiring higher education. The children take great pain to go to school as the nearest high school is at Chambi Dhar which is around 6 kilometres from all the villages.

Table 4: Educational status Village

Literate

Primary

Middle

Secondar

Plus

Graduate

Total

two 31

9

185

Katogara-

10

53

44

y 38

Chamechi Rohru-

28

44

39

22

12

3

157

Bhuil Chabiul-

8

39

40

36

22

8

153

145

123

96

65

20

495

Kharmanji Total 46

3.7.3 Role of women Women play a pivotal role in the family as well as on economic front. They are responsible for the household chore, collection of fuel wood and fodder as well as farming activities like sowing, sieving, winnowing. Each village of the area has a Mahila Mandal which is actively involved in educating the women through awareness on issues like health, education and sanitation. They are also involved in making savings and have a fund that can be used on some need based activity. 3.7.4 Health and Sanitation It was found that the common problems ailing women in the micro watershed area were anaemia and lower back pains as they have to fetch water from long distances in the difficult terrains in summer. There are a number of seasonal diseases too, like diarrhoea, gastro-intestinal infections due to unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities. Out

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of 107 households only 16 had latrines while there was no provision of community latrines. Thus open defecation is also a major problem in the route of sound health.

3.8 Economic profile Out of the 107 households surveyed 83 percent were primarily having agriculture as their source of livelihood with an average land holding of 5.32 hectares but irrigated land holding of 0.35 hectares per household and thus people engage in subsidiary activities like working as labour in Public Works Department of the Forest Department. In families where there is someone educated they join the Army or some other Government service. Over 42 percent of the beneficiaries fall into the category of marginal farmers i.e. with land holdings of less than 1hectares and 34 percent are small farmers with land holding of 1-2 hectares thus suggesting that the land holdings in the area are generally small and scattered, which is another hindrance in the better agricultural production. Scattered agricultural lands compel the farmers to put more efforts in their work. Figure 4: Economic profile of the area Classification of farmers based on land holding (in percentage) 0.83 Marginal farmer

6.67 15.83

Small farmer

42.5

Small Medium farmer Medium farmer

34.17

Large farmer

Table 5: Land holding pattern of the area Marginal farmer

Medium Large Small farmer (1-2Small Medium farmerfarmer

Village (< 1 ha) ha) Katogara-Chamechi15 15 Rohru-Bhuil 20 11

(2-4 ha) 4 8 18

farmer

(4-7 ha) (>7 ha) 2 0 6 1

Total 36 46

Chabiul-Kharmanji 16 Total 51

15 41

7 19

0 8

0 1

38 120

Figure 5: comparative profile of villages Clas s ification of farm ers

100%

0 6

90%

11

percentage

80%

2.17

0

13

18

17

70% 42

60%

39

Large farm er

24

50%

Medium farm er

40%

Sm all Medium farm er Sm all farm er

30% 42

43

42

KatogaraChamechi

Rohru-Bhuil

ChabiulKharmanji

20%

Marginal farm er

10% 0% villages

3.8.1 Standard of living On the basis of responses to the questionnaire, it was found that there are only 17 percent pucca houses and 83 percent kucha houses. During the survey the Stock of physical assets were also taken. It can help in assessing the economic status of the people in the area.

Table 6: Detail of assets Village Katogara-

TV 26

% 76

Radio 28

% 82

Telephone % 16 47

Fridge % 9 26

Car 3

% 9

Chamechi Rohru-

18

45

21

53

4

10

0

0

1

3

Bhuil Chabiul-

24

73

23

70

12

36

4

12

0

0

Kharmanji Total 68

64

72

67

32

30

13

12

4

4

19

Village Katogara-

Motorcycle / %

LPG/

Scooter

Stove

%

Sewing

%

Latrine

%

machine

3

9

20

59

24

71

13

38

Rohru-Bhuil 0

0

14

35

12

30

2

5

Chabiul-

0

0

20

61

21

64

1

3

3

3

54

50

57

53

16

15

Chamechi

Kharmanji Total

3.9 Land Usage Pattern The land of the watershed region is divided into cultivated land, irrigated land, cultivable wasteland, uncultivable wasteland and forestland. Table 7: Land Use S.N. 1

Village

Total Cultivate

Irrigated Cultivable Uncultivable Forest

Katogara-

area 236

land 15

d land 23

20

wasteland 28

wasteland 56

land 114

2

Chamechi Rohru-

158

24

6

24

94

10

3

Bhuil Chabiul-

176

29

16

25

90

16

570

76

37

77

240

140

Kharmanji Total

Figure 6: Land usage pattern of the area

LAND USAGE PATTERN 13%

25%

6%

14% 42%

Cultivated land Irrigated land Cultivable wasteland Uncultivable wasteland Forest land

The total land area of the proposed watershed is 570 hectares of which only 13% is cultivated land and only 6 % of the land is irrigated through Bandhas to which water is supplied by the Baghar-ka-Khala during the monsoons and thus the lands are provided to water but this only lasts for 6 months and is only possible in the two hamlets. The other hamlets are devoid of irrigation and only a minor part is irrigated through the natural springs and drinking water pipelines. Most of the lands are uncultivable wastelands which are a result of growing desertification due to decrease in rainfall and also due to erosive actions of gullies which cut away the land during rainy season.

43.10. Cropping Pattern 21

The cropping pattern of a region are determined by its local climatic conditions, soil type, topography, and availability of resources, farmer’s food requirement and marketability of farm products. Two principal harvests are cultivated in the succession in a year. The first harvest is known as the kharif and in it maize, potato, ginger, chillies and pulses are grown. Sowing of maize and pulses commences almost with the first shower of rain after the summer and harvesting takes place during October. The second harvest is known as rabi in which wheat, barley etc. usually sowing starts during the first half of October and the harvesting commences towards the last week of March. The usage of fertilizer is quite high. Commonly used chemical fertilizers are urea, NPK and CAN. Organic fertilizer is also used as almost all the farmers keep cattle. Peaches are commonly grown in this area, as the climatic conditions are suitable while other fruit trees include plum, walnut and apricots. The fruit trees are generally planted mixed with field crops or on bunds or on the private pasture lands.

Table 8: Major crops: Sowing and harvesting period Crop Maize Wheat Tomato Barley Ginger Pea Garlic Capsicum

Sowing Period May – June Nov – Dec Feb – March Nov – Dec May Nov – Dec Sep

Harvesting Period Sep – Oct April Nov - Dec April October March – Apr March – Apr

Table 9: Yield of major crops S.No.

Crop

Yield in quintals/Bigha Unirrigated Irrigated 22

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Maize Wheat Tomato Potato Capsicum Garlic French beans Pulses Paddy Peas

2 2 8 10 6 5 4 0.5 1.5 4

4 3 25 16 10 8 6 1.5 4 8

The lack of irrigation forms a major hurdle in getting a good yield of crops. The cash crops like vegetables such as tomato, potato, capsicum and ginger offer tremendous opportunity to the farmers, however these crops demand a greater amount of water and lack of irrigation poses a major hindrance to the betterment of the economic status of the farmers. Hence the risks and uncertainty pervades in the entire farming system of the region.

3.11 Livestock Livestock plays an integral role in the lives of the farmers. Almost all family own some form of livestock. The major livestock of the region are given in figure 4. Figure 7: Livestock and their number

LIVESTOCK DETAILS 400 300 200 100 0 e ul

ep

/m H

G oa

or

se

t /S

he

O x

lo ff a Bu

C

ow

number

23

The common animals kept are cows, buffalos, oxen, horses, mules, goats and sheep. Cows are tended for meeting the requirement of milk for the households. Beside the cattle are also sources of supply of manure. The cows kept mostly are local in breeds, which fetch around 2 litres of milk while the crossbred, and Jerseys are few in number due to their demand of more nourishing feed and fodder. Oxen are mainly kept for ploughing purpose. Buffaloes are meant for milk and Ghee. The goat is poor man’s cow. It is also a principal source of meat for the masses. It is also considered to be near cash as it can be sold during the hard economic times. Sheep is mainly for wool and also for mutton and manure. Horses and mules support in the transportation in the rough terrains. The primary sources of fodder are the Ghasnis and the forest. Often, farmers are compelled to buy fodder or rent Ghasnis from those who have them in excess. The farmers also have to purchase feed from the market.

3.12 Infrastructure One of the parameters for determining the development of the area is to make an assessment of the facilities that have reached the population of the area and the accessibility of the same. The infrastructure status of the area can be seen in table 9. Table 10: Infrastructure status Facility

Katogara-

Drinking water

Chamechi IPH

Rohru-Bhuil

Chabiul-

Remarks

IPH

Kharmanji IPH

2-3 taps in every village, not sufficient

Electrcity Road

Yes Yes

Yes No,

Yes nearest No, nearest road

road 4 kms 4 kms Primary Health No, Nearest at No, Nearest at No, Nearest at Center

Chambi dhar at 3 Chambi dhar at Chambi dhar at

Veterinary

kms 5kms 7kms No, Nearest at No, Nearest at No, Nearest at

center

Chambi dhar at 3 Chambi dhar at Chambi dhar at kms

5kms

7kms 24

Post office

Rohru

Ghati,2 Rohru Ghati

Bank School

kms Habban, 5 kms Primary school

Rajgarh, 6 kms No

Rohru Ghati, 2 kms Rajgarh, 5 kms No

Nearest High school

at

Chambi Dhar Public toilets

No

No

No

3.13 Objectives of the project The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the benefits from the micro watershed project are in line with the need of the villagers and thus aims at sustainability through environment friendly management of resources but for the varying gestation periods required for the results of the interventions to be visible it has been classified into long term objectives and short term objectives. Long Term Objectives  To improve the productivity and sustainability of agriculture and natural resource

management in the project area, so increasing the level and security of incomes, especially those of marginal farmers.  To improve watershed protection, reduce erosion and improve moisture retention in

priority areas.  To build and strengthen local institutions to enable them to assist the local population in

achieving viable and sustainable agriculture, natural resource management and watershed protection. Immediate Objectives  Increasing the availability of water through adequate conservation measures.  Improved stability of soils and water holding capacity of the area.

25

 Increased production of food, fodder fuel and income from grasslands and forests on a

sustainable basis.  Improve capacity of villagers and village institutions to manage the watershed included

the natural resources in the region.  Increasing awareness among the farmers about soil and water conservation practices and

the interrelatedness of soil, water and vegetation interaction.

3.14 Need of the project The project area is categorised as backward due to poor socio-economic condition of the people. The area is facing various problems like deforestation, land degradation, poorly developed agriculture system, transportation etc. in which the most important is the water problem. Besides the drinking water problem scarcity of irrigation facility is also there, which result in low crop, fuel and fodder yield. The base line survey was done and the project is an outcome of the findings. During the course of field visits, it came out very clearly that water, for drinking as well as irrigation needs, is the prime need in the area. Therefore, it is felt necessary to make efforts for ensured supply of water to every field, remove poverty from project area, restore-ecological balance, and improve socioeconomic improvement of the people. The overwhelming evidence from natural resource management projects is that without people’s involvement, the benefits are not sustainable in the long term. Participation policies are highly relevant to proposed area and are consistent with the overall development strategy of reducing the poverty, protecting environment, developing human resources and fostering farm-sector growth. The activities included in the project proposal will achieve all the need-based objectives of the project.

3.15 Approach to implementation of Watershed project

26

The strategies for generating sustained participation and capacity building at the grass roots level, in the project area involves a holistic approach to project implementation. The strategies for implementation of the project must correspond with the basic needs of the community. It must aim at utilisation of local resources of manpower, material, talent and leadership. The implementation strategy should be such that it leads to permanent improvements in community’s capacities and confidence levels. And lastly it must ensure equitable distribution on benefits across various segments of the community. Only then, in the long run, community participation in its true sense is achieved. The project implementation is carried out in phases and at each phase various levels of community participation in the project is desired.

3.15.1 Community Development The Community Development programme combines all elements of organized activity, which are needed to achieve effective participation of the local community in a project. The process of Community Development should involve the following steps: 1  Establishing rapport with the community.  Apprising the situation- identifying problems and needs of the community.  Planning the programme and projects.  Selecting the initial projects (entry point activities) and long-term projects.  Securing the participation of people and involving them.  Developing effective communication channels. Development and use of organisational

channels – Panchayat, farmer’s organisations, Mahila Mandals and Youth club etc.  Developing adequate leadership.

3.15.2 Community Participation The success of any developmental project or programme is dependent on the active participation of the local community and target groups in the process of programme planning,

1

Dahama .O.P. (1973), Pg.25, Extension and Rural Welfare.

27

implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The various ways in which community participation in micro watershed programmes can be sought are through:  Active participation in programme planning and formulation  Active participation in programme implementation.  Active participation in programme monitoring and evaluation.  Active participation in protection and maintenance of community assets created through

the programme.  Rendering shramdan for implementation of the project or entry point activities.  Formulations of equitable benefit sharing arrangement among all beneficiaries of the

project.

3.15.3 Community Organisation in watershed In order to seek community participation in all the activities of the project, formulation and strengthening of grass root organisations is required. Empowerment and strengthening of these groups are a must for sustainability of the project activities after the completion of the project. Community organisations decrease the dependence of people on the project implementation agency (referred to as PIA here after) thereby making the programme self-sustaining and gaining access to control the resources. The community organisation under watershed development includes organisation of awareness camps, watershed committees, self help groups, user groups and entry point activities. The entry point activities are essential to establish credibility of the PIA and create a rapport with the local community before the commencement of the project.

3.15.4 Institutional Set-up The institutional setup for the implementation of the project is one of the main components of the implementation strategy. The institutional setup for the watershed should be such that it encourages the community members to freely participate in the implementation and functioning of the project. The setup should encourage potential innovators and leaders of the community to develop their capacities and capabilities for 28

developmental activities. The setup should be such that, it’s functioning should be transparent and the rules and regulations of the institutions should be simple for the community members to follow. The roles and responsibilities of various members should be clearly defined and a mechanism for internal monitoring of the setup to every ones satisfaction should be in place, with a proper grievance redressal system in place. The institutional setup should strive to become not just a forum for watershed management but also other developmental issues in the project area. The following three tier institutional structure is recommended for the management of the watershed project: 1. Watershed User Group: From each village all the beneficiary farmers would constitute a users group. There can be more than one user group from a village depending on the physical location of the structures, depending on the number of hamlets. A total of 11user groups can be formed representing the entire population in the project area. The user group would be the basic unit from a village/ hamlet for participating in the project implementation. 2. Watershed Users Association: The watershed users association would consist of members of all the watershed users groups. This group shall be collectively responsible for charting out the time frame and action plan for individual activities in terms of precedence, precise location and manner of execution. It shall meet biannually to decide the plan of action for a half-year period as well as review the implementation of previous scheduled activities. It shall hold the members of the watershed committee accountable for efficient and timely conduct of the watershed plan prepared by them. 3. Watershed Committee: The watershed committee would be formed at the micro watershed level. Each users group would choose among themselves a member as their representative to the watershed committee. The representation of SCs, IRDP and women would be encouraged as the former have been historically underprivileged while women play a central role in the farmers’ livelihood system by playing a pivotal role in the family’s economic activity. The Pradhan of the Panchayat will also be member of the committee to facilitate co-ordination with the Panchayat. The committee would elect a president from among themselves who shall co-ordinate the functions of the watershed committee. The committee shall perform the following functions: 29

 Finalisation of the work schedule of the village in co-ordination with the PIA.  Ensuring contribution from the villagers in form of land clearing, site preparation, pit

digging etc.  Monitoring of construction works.  Settle any disputes arising in the way of implementation of the project.  Take responsibility for future maintenance of the structures.  To penalise people who damage the structures or allow their cattle in the plantation  Ensure equitable distribution of benefits accruing from the project to all intended

beneficiaries.  Organise co-operative effort for marketing of the farm and dairy produce.  Maintain liaison with different organisations and government departments to bring in

benefits of any new schemes to the area.  To review the progress in implementation of the different components of the project

periodically and to bring shortcomings arising thereof, to the notice of the watershed association members and RUCHI’s personnel involved with the project for satisfactory solution. A watershed development fund would be established in the name of the committee. The fund would be equivalent to the amount of contribution made by the community in the form of shramdan, construction material etc. These contributions will be calculated at the prevailing market prices. The fund shall be made available to villagers as short-term credit on a rotational basis. Also linkages with the Self Help Groups would be established by providing them interest on the money deposited by them in the committee fund In the long run the money of the fund shall be used for the maintenance and repair work of the structures constructed in the watershed. An elaborate rulebook of the committee shall be drafted listing in detail and clearly defining the various roles, regulations, rules and responsibilities of the members of the watershed committee. It would contain the water sharing mechanism within various user groups and also list the sanctions on various beneficiaries on non-compliance of the rules of the committee.

30

A nominal user levy on the use of water from the structures created will be charged on a per Bigha basis. The money collected would be deposited in the fund of the watershed committee, and would be used for future maintenance work. If some does not require water he can sell his share to someone else.

3.15.5 Self Help Groups Apart from the watershed committee formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for credits in the project area would be encouraged. SHGs are very effective tools for generating resources within the community and creation of awareness for social issues. These SHG’s would be formed for men and women separately, The SHG’s to be formed should be a homogeneous group, as people with common needs would be able to function better together; they should take up activities jointly which are meant for the welfare of the entire group. The groups are to develop thrift habits out of their earnings and meet their consumption / production needs out of the savings generated on a repayable basis with interest charged on the borrowed amount. The interest to be paid on the borrowed amount can be fixed by the members through mutual consent; it generally varies from 12 percent to 24 percent. The SHGs would have linkages with the watershed committee wherein they will be able to deposit money with the committee and earn interest on it. On its part the watershed committee shall be entitled to further lend the money to anyone in the project area on the guarantee of the member representing that particular area. Non-repayment of principal or interest would attract penalties in form of restrictions on project benefits on the entire user group, thus imposing social responsibility on the entire user group to ensure compliance with regard to repayment of principal and interest by the debtor.

3.15.6 Farmer’s Organisation Farmer’s organisations play a very important role in watershed development projects. Development of Kissan Clubs would be promoted in the watershed. These clubs would be encouraged to adopt new and better, environmentally sustainable farming practices.

31

The clubs would be organised at the village level and farmers would be encouraged to come forth and share their experiences regarding various farming practices. Collective learning and discussions on the best practices would be initiated with the help of the implementation agency. Linkages with the local Agriculture and Horticulture University at Solan (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University) would be developed. Opinion leaders and innovators from these Kissan clubs would be taken on educational trips to the University, where they would learn about the new farming practices and disseminate the same to local farmers in their respective villages. Till date no efforts has been made by the farmers to collectively market their produce, they are at the mercy of the middle men, who exploit the farmers by quoting prices lower than that prevailing in the markets. The Kissan Clubs would also act as co-operatives and initiate collective marketing of the cash crops grown in the watershed. The use of collective bargaining power would enable the farmers to obtain better prices for their produce and even directly ship their produce to markets in Chandigarh. 3.15.7 Local Leadership and change Agents Local leadership can play a vital role in organizing community members and mobilizing social action for carrying out the programmes of environmental security. Similarly there are change agents who come from outside but assimilate in the society by working with the local people to build up local capability for developmental works. It is very necessary to organize local leadership at various levels to manage collective action of the community. In the hill regions the services of ex-army personnel and retired government servants who have come back from active service and have settled here must be utilized as a catalyst of change. Similarly the educated youth in the region must be mobilized and educated on the various aspects of the project. Educated youth are more receptive to new concepts and change in the community. Their leadership qualities must be developed and utilized effectively for community participation. 3.15.8 Participation Beneficiary contribution to project activities is necessary both to ensure participation and ensure sustainability. Beneficiaries will be involved in the planning for activities, where they are clear about who is to be benefited and to what extent. Besides a participatory 32

approach leads to a certain degree of self-reliance and instils a sense of ownership towards the project in the beneficiaries. In keeping with these objectives a contribution of 10 percent is expected from those who shall benefit from a particular intervention. The amount of the contribution shall be put in through by means of contribution through labour/ material of an equivalent amount.

3.16 Action Programme On the basis of the problems identified specific measures have been suggested but in keeping the whole environment of the region as the unit.

Table 11: Problems identified and recommendations Resource Lands

Problem

Recommended measure

Landslide Soil erosion

Afforestation Gully plugging, check dam,

Top soil erosion

trenching, terracing Plantations of useful trees or

Reduction in soil fertility Desertification

grassroot plantation Use of organic manure Proper land and water

Undulated topography

management Land levelling

Irrigation

Development

Water sources,

of

water

conservation

Drinking water

structures Development, protectionand

Lowering water table

repair of water sources Percolation tank, trenching,

Water storage

plantations Irrigation tank, ferro cement tanks

Livestock Lack of fodder 33

Planting fodder trees nad

grasses

4.17 Duration of the project The project shall be for duration of one year. The break up of the activities in quantifiable terms that are to be done in a year is given in Table 12.

Table 12: Physical targets and time schedule Items

I Year

Time required for

Community organisation

Round

completion the Continuing process

Check Dam Channel for collecting water Gabion structure Trenching Farm Pond (20ftx30ftx6ft) IrrigationTank (15ftx188ftx6ft) Percolation Tank HDPE Pipe (0.75”) GI Pipe (1.0”) Ferro cement Tank Filter Chamber Earthen dam Gully plugging Terracing Plantaions

year 3 2400m 90cum 600cum 3 6 6 2000m 1500m 24 10 1 300 cum 600 m 15000

6 months 1 year 3 months 6 months 6 months 6 months 6 months 3 months 2 months 2 months 4 months 1 month 2 months 6 months 1 year

3.18. Personnel required for implementation of the project Table 13: Full-time Personnel S.No. No.

of Already

personnel needed,

available with

Additional

Cost

Proposed

annum)

with

(Rs.)

their

CAPART

qualifications

assistance 34

(per

1 2

2 2

3 2

4 2

5 1,20,000

To get the latest information technology of various sectors, to update the knowledge of project workers, to get low cost & sustainable technology and to get innovative ideas against various problems of the area, one part time consultant will be hired. The cost to be incurred on the consultant’s services is estimated to be rupees 50000/- per annum. The expert services will be utilised for technical inputs during the course of project execution.

3.19

Technology to be adopted The technology to be used for socio-economic development through natural resource

management would be simple, low-cost and self-representative based on vegetative measure and people’s movement. The indigenous as well as the modern but low cost technologies will be taken up. Improvements may be introduced as the project marches on through a continuous joint learning process. The technology selected encompasses natural resource conservation measures and diversified mixed production systems. It is meant to address the livelihood support systems of the farmers and its central focus is the improvement of rainfall productivity through a judicious blend of water conservation engineering structures and farming and irrigation practices. It is also meant to target soil fertility through reduction in the intensity and quantum of erosion.

3.20. Marketing arrangements Solan, Rajgarh and Parwanoo are the nearest markets with permanent shops. Yashwant Nagar, Sanora and Dhanech are also nearest marketing centres where surplus grains and cash crops can be sold.

3.21

Arrangements for maintenance of assets

35

The post-implementation period involves the functioning of systems set up during the implementation phase, which carry with them the burden of sustainability in terms of ensuring that soil and water conservation works remain an integral part of the land use systems and do not disappear in the future through neglect. To achieve this a Resource Development Fund shall be set up through a five percent one time contribution from the users group. These sums shall be deposited with the users committee, which will release the same as and when needed for repair, maintenance or renovation work on the structures that would have been created.

3.22. Economic and Social Benefits expected The project shall deliver benefits to the people that shall be spread over a long period of time (at least 5 years). These benefits have been enumerated below:  It would help bring about 50 ha of land under irrigation and 70 ha. of cultivable wasteland

under cultivation.  Increase the agricultural output through provision of better irrigation facilities and

improved agricultural practices (20%-30% increase in cash crops).  Build capacity in the user groups to plan, implement and monitor natural resource

management activities, and provide experiential learning for future enterprise by the farmers.  Rehabilitation and regeneration of wastelands and poor scrubland in the watershed

through extensive plantation of trees.  Increased awareness among farmers about how to implement and maintain appropriate

land use systems brought about through use of innovative agricultural practices and soil and water conservation techniques.  Increased availability of fodder, fuel, timber and other forestry produce due to increased

soil moisture.  Improved accessibility to water for both livestock and human beings .  Reduction in soil erosion through check of water run off.  Recharging the underground water table.  Building and strengthening of local institutions technically, managerially and financially.

36

 Reduction in migration rate.

S.N

Name of Activity

Unit cost

Quantity

Total

Beneficieries

Funding Required

Cost

contribution 415800

1.

Check Dam

154000

3

462000

@ 10% 46200

2.

Earthen Dam

90000

1

90000

9000

81000

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Percolation Tank Farm Pond (20’x30’x6’) IrrigationTank (12’x18’x6’) Gully plugging Gabion Structure Trenching Terracing Ferro cement Tank (5000 l)

35000 90000 57000 225/cu.m 630/cu.m 83/cu.m 12/m2 12500

6 3 6 300 cu.m 90 cu.m 600 cu.m 600 m2 24

210000 270000 342000 67500 56700 49800 7200 300000

21000 27000

189000 243000 307800 60750 51030 44820 6480 270000

2400 m 2 2000m 2000m 15000 1000 9000 3 3 10 30 6 1 for 5 days

432000 150000 60000 20000 150000 10000 9000 60000 9000 8320 33000 18000 75000 2889520 288952 3178472

43200 15000 6000 2000 15000 1000 900 6000 900 832 3300

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

@ 2.5/l Channel 180/ m Lift Irrigation @ 75000 HDPE pipe ( 1” dia ) 30/m Pipe laying cost 10/m Plantation 10/ plant Vegetative Barrier 10 \ plant Grassroot Plantation 1 Bawri (natural spring) 20000 Khurli (str. for livestock) 3000 Filter chamber 832 Fuel efficient chulha 1100 Training Camp 3000 Exposure tour for 30 farmers 500/far/d TOTAL Administrative cost @10% GRAND TOTAL

6750 5670 4980 720 30000

245452 245452

388800 135000 54000 18000 135000 9000 8100 54000 81000 7488 29700 18000 75000 2682768 288952 2971720

3.23 Financial implication of the Project

REFERENCES

Negi, S S. Himachal Pradesh – The Land and the People. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company (1993). 37

FAO of the United Nations. Forestry for Local Community Development. Rome: Publications Division, FAO of the UN (1978). Sati, Dinesh; Oberoi, Rajeev and Rautela, Piyoosh. Handbook on Watershed Management. Dehradun: Society of People for Development (1998). SCSA. Resource Conservation Glossary (3rd ed.). Iowa, USA: Soil Conservation Society of America. (1982) Jensen, R Jens. “Watershed Development: Concept and Issues.” Watershed Development: Proceedings of Danida’s International Workshop on Watershed Development. New Delhi: The Watershed Development Coordination Unit (1996) SIDT. Participatory Process Documentation. Bandh: RUCHI (1999) S Bagchi, Kathakali and Phillip, Mini. Wastelands In India: An Untapped Potential. New Delhi: UPALABADHI, Trust For Developmental Initiatives (1993)

ANNEXURE 1 Budget estimates 1.

Ferro cement Tank of 2,500 lt. Capacity

38

S.N a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8. b). c). 1. 2.

Quantity

Cost (Rs.)

8 Bags 13 Kg. 2.5 Kg. 30Kg. 30 m. 40 cu.ft. 20 cft. LS -

160/30/30/20/40/300/15/15/LS -

1280.00 390.00 75.00 600.00 1200.00 300.00 600.00 300.00 140.00 200.00

7 days 200/10 days 80/Total Rupees Seven Thousand two Hundred Eighty Five Only.

1400.00 800.00 7285.00

2.

Item Material & Supply Cement 8 No. G.I. wire Binding wire M.S. Bar 6 mm dia Wooven wire mesh G.I. Nipple/tap Sand Stone aggregate Water sealant Carriage Labour Cost : Mason (Skilled) Labour

Amount (Rs.)

Detailed Estimate Of Gabion Structure

Take 1 cu.m. = 10 cuft. Materials: 1. Stone for packing inside of 8 No

15 cu.m.

@ Rs. 150/- cu.m

2250.00

G.I. wire mesh (add 20% for porosity) 2. 8 No. G.I. wire mesh for cage

18.5 cu.m. @ Rs. 90/- cu.m.

1665.00

---------Sub total

=

3915.00

Labour : 5 skilled man days

@ Rs. 200/- day

1000.00

12 unskilled man days

@ Rs. 80/- day

960.00 ---------

Sub total

=

1960.00 ---------

Total (A+B) Add contingencies

=

5,875.00 425.00

Grand total = 6,300.00 Unit rate 6,300/10 = Rs. 630/-cu.m.

3.

Detailed estimate of check dam

39

S.

Particulars

Nos

L

B

D/H

Quantity

N 1

Excavation in earth work. Lead

2

1.50

2.30

6.60

45.54cu.m.

1

12.00

2.30

1.80

2

Stone soling in foundation 10 cm 1

12.00

2.30

0.10

49.68cu.m. 95.22cu.m. 2.76 cu.m.

3

thick RCC 1:2:4 in foundation

1

12.00

2.30

0.10

2.76 cu.m.

4

Stone masonry with 1:6 C/S

1

12.00

2.30

1.60

44.16 cu.m.

mortar in foundation Stone masonry in super structure

1

12.00

2.30+1.50

4.80

109.44cu.m.

30 mtr Lift 1.5 mtr. For anchoring In main wall foundation

with 1:6 C/S mortar 5

2 1

12.00

0.20

6.40

1

12.00

--

6.60

153.60cu.m 15.36cu.m 138.34cum 79.20sq.m. 79.92sq.m.

6

Deduction for RCC filler wall Actual quantity Plastering with 1:4: C/S mortar

7

(inner) Plastering with 1:6 C/S mortar

1

12.00

--

6.66

8

(outer) RCC 1:2:4 work in filler wall (as

1

--

--

--

per item no.5)

15.36cu.m.

Detailed cost estimate for check dam S.N 1 2 3 4 5 6

Particulars Stone for soling Masonry stone Cement Sand Stone ballast MS Bar Total

Quantity 2.70 cu.m. 117.5 cu.m. 267 bag 1135 cu.ft. 380 cu.ft. 7.21 qtl.

Rate (Rs.) 55/80/160/15/18/2000/-

Amount 148.50 9,400.00 42,720.00 17,025.00 6,840.00 14,420.00 90,553.50

Labour requirement S.N 1 2 3 4 5

Particulars Excavation in earth work Stone soling RCC work Stone masonry work Plastering work (inner)

Unskilled 54 18 62 260 18

Skilled -4 14 80 6 40

6 Plastering work (outer) Total

12 424

7 111

Labour cost : 424 unskilled mandays @ Rs. 80/-day

=

33,920.00

111 skilled man days @ Rs. 200/-day

=

22,200.00

=

56,120.00

Total Total cost

= labour cost + material cost = Rs. 1,46,673.50

Add 5% contingencies

= Rs.

Total

= Rs. 1,54,007.00

Say Rs. 1,54,000/-

7, 333.50

(One lac fifty four thousand only)

Estimate of cost for Irrigation tank size 12’x18’x6’:

(A)

Material cost

80 Bags of cement @ Rs.160/Bags

-

12,800.00

470 cuft sand @ Rs.15/cuft

-

7,050.00

200 cuft stone ballast @ Rs.15/cuft

-

3,000.00

255 cuft stone for soling @ Rs.12

-

3,060.00

4712 Nos. stone for masonry @ Rs.4/No.

-

18,848.00 --------------44,758.00 ---------------

(B)

Labour cost 30 days of skilled person @ Rs.200/days

-

6,000.00

80 days of unskilled person @ Rs.80/days

-

6,400.00 --------------

41

12,400.00 -------------Grand total = (A)+(B) 57,000/-

5.

=

57,158 or say

Fifty seven thousand rupees only.

Estimate of cost for Irrigation tank size 20’x30’x6’:

Material cost 120 Nos. of cement bags @ Rs.160/bags

-

19,200.00

600 cuft sand @ Rs.15/cuft

-

9,000.00

250 cuft. Stone Ballast @ Rs.15/cuft

-

3,750.00

350 cuft stone for soling @ Rs.12/cuft

-

4,200.00

7505 Nos. of masonry stone @ Rs.4/Nos.

-

30,020.00 ---------------66,170.00 ----------------

(B)

Labour cost 60 days skilled labour @ Rs.200/day

-

12,000.00

150 days of unskilled labours @ Rs.80/day -

12,000.00 ---------------

42

24,000.00 --------------Total cost

=

or say 90,000/-

(A)+(B)

=

90,170.00

Rupees Ninety thousand only.

6. Abstract of cost of Gully plugging Material cost: S. N. Item 1.

Dry stone

No.

L 4.5

masonry in

B

B/H

Qty.

1.5+0.75

2.25

Rate Amount

11.39 cum.

2

super structure Deduction for

11.39(-20%)

9.112 cum. 195.00 = 1776.84

Porosity 20% of the total qty. for actual stone consumption Labour cost :Mason

1 Nos.

@ Rs. 150/43

150.00

Unskilled

2 Nos.

@ Rs. 70-

140.00 290.00

Grand Total

= Rs. 2,066.84 Say Rs. Two thousand seventeen only

Unit rate/cum. 2,066,84/9.112= Rs.226.57/ cu.m.

7.

= Rs. 225/-cum.

Details of measurements/abstract of cost rain water filter chamber

S.N.

Description of items

Qty.

Rate

Unit

Amount

1.

Excavation of earth work in

1.11

125.70

Per cum.

in Rs. 139.50

2. 3.

foundation 1.37x1.07x0.76 Stone soling 1.37x1.07x0.08 P/L of plain cement conc. In

0.11 0.11

670.00 1702.69

Per cum. Per cum.

73.70 187.20

0.23

1702.69

Per cum.

391.60 792.00

1:3:6 at foundation 4.

1x1.37x1.07x0.08=0.11 P/L of plain cement conc.in walls of chamber (1:3:6) Long walls 2x1.37x0.08x0.60=0.13 Short walls 2x1.07x0.08x0.60=0.10 0.13+0.10=0.23

Add 5% contingency charges.

=

39.60

44

Grand Total

=

792.00+39.60 = 831.60 Say Rs.832/-

45

8.

Estimate of Percolation Tank

________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sr. No. Description of Item

No.

L

B

H/D

Qty.

Rate/Unit

Amount

184.63 m³

92.85/ m³

17143.00

1.00

19.78 m³

800.80 m³

15840.00

1.00

43.96 m²

11.30/ m²

497.00

Excavation in earth Work ˆ d²*h

1

3.14 x 142 x 1.20

1

43.96 0.45

4 Dry Stone Masonry With mud mortar 3.

Mud Plaster inner side 1

43.96 -

Add excavation of Trenching to canalizing The water & Protection of silt

-

lum-sum

-

16.37m³

92.85/ m³

1520.00 ---------35000.00

Grant Total

=

35000.00 Say Rs. Thirty Five Thousand Only

46

9. Estimate of Trenching ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sr. No. Description of Item

No.

L

B

1

10.00 0.60

H/D

Qty.

Rate/Unit

Amount

0.60

3.60

75.95/m³

273.00

Excavation in drains & Channels (P/J work) Add 10% contingencies

(+) 27.00

Grand Total

=

300.00

Rate for 3.6 m³

=

300

Rate for 1 m³ =

83.33/ m³

Say Rs. = 83/ m³ (Say Rs. Eighty Three Only Per cum.)

47

10. Estimate of Channel ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sr. No. Description of Item

No.

L

& Channels (P/J work)

1

2.

Stone soling in bed

3. 4.

B

H/D

Qty.

Rate/Unit

Amount

10.00 0.65+0.35/2

0.42

2.125m³

75.95/m³

161.39

1

10.00 0.35

0.10

0.35m³ 362.30/m³

126.80

Stone soling in bed

2

10.00 0.375

0.10

0.75m³ 362.30/m³

271.72

P.C.C. in bed (1:3:6)

1

10.00 0.20

0.075 0.15

P.C.C. in sides (1:3:6)

2

10.00 0.075

0.33

Excavation in drains

0.495

---------0.645 5. Providing Form Work

2

10.00 0.33

-

6.60

1271.30/m³ 44.30/m²

819.98 292.38 ---------1672.27

Add extra for carriage of material Lum-Sum

130.00 ----------

48

Grand Total

1802.27

Rate for/RM 1802/10 Say Rs. = 180.00/mtr.Say Rs. One Hundred & Eighty Only 11 Abstract Cost Of Natural Springs (Bawdies) S.No.

ACTIVITY

QUANTITY

Cost (Rs)

Amount

01 02

Stone soling in foundation Stone for masonry in substructure and

25 cu ft

8

Rs 200

03 04 05 06 07 08 09

superstructure Stone filling Stone ballast Sand Cement Steel Skilled mandays Unskilled mandays

1950 200 cu ft 80 cu ft. 150 cu ft 25 bags 105 kg 8 35

3 3 16 15 150 16kg 150 60 Total

5850 600 1440 2250 3750 1680 1200 2100 19070

Total Amount

Rs. 19,070 + contingencies =

Rs. 20000 (twenty thousand only)

ANNEXURE 2 Resource development in the watershed

49

Sl. No .

Name of Village/ Hamlet

1

Katogara

2

Chamechi

1

3

Rohru

1

4

Bhuil

5

Jubbal

6

Brad

7

Chabiul

1

yes

8

Kharmanji

1

yes

1

9

Bagor

1

yes

1

10

Dhabri

1

11

Tikkar Total

No. of Irrigation Tanks

Gully Plugging (Y/N)

Chec k Dam

Earthe n Dam

Farm Pond

Ferrocement Tank

1

Gabion Structur e

yes

yes

Pipeline

Channel Repair

Natural Source Developmen t

Percolation Tank

1000m

1

Yes 1

1

Yes

yes

yes

1

yes

1

yes

1

yes yes

3 1

1

1 yes

1

3

1

3

yes

1

yes

1

yes 3

50

yes

yes

yes 6

yes

1

1400m

yes

yes

Lift Irrigation

yes

yes

1

Plantation (Y/N)

yes

yes

yes yes

Contour Trenching (Y/N)

3

6

2