Oru Jathi Oru Daivam

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

Sn. apl-ΩZv

Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv tImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq¿, IÆq¿

{]kvXm-h\

`mc-Xob kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS Xmbvth-cp-Iƒ kkq£vaw ]cn-tim[n®v, Ah GI-ssZ-h-Xz-Ønepw skan-‰nIv {]hm-N-I≥am-cpsS {]t_m-[\ ktµ-i-ß-fn-ep-amWv sNs∂-Øn-\n-ev°p-∂-sX∂v ka¿Yn-°p-I-bmWv ]WvUn-X\pw Kth-j-I-\p-amb {KŸ-Imc≥. Xs‚ At\z-jW ]T-\-ß-fn¬ XnI™ kXy-k-‘X ]pe¿Øp-∂ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-a-\-߃ ]pXpa-bm¿∂Xpw bp‡n-`-{Z-hp-at{X. X]- -am-\-amb ka¿∏-WtØmsS \S-Ø-s∏´, kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS Cu Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w At\z-jW IpXp-In-I-fn¬ IuXp-I-ap-W¿Øm-Xn-cn-°n√. {]km-[-I≥

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

6

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw ""A√tbm a\p-jytc, Hcm-Wn¬ \n∂pw s]Æn¬ \n∂p-amWv \nßsf \mw krjvSn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]ns∂ \nßsf kap-Zm-b-ßfpw tKm{X-ß-fpam°n; \n߃ ]c- k v ] cw ]cn- N - b - s ∏- t S- ≠ - X n\v . A√m- l p- h n- ¶ ¬ G‰hpw BZ-c-Wo-b≥ IqSp-X¬ `‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cn°pw, \n›bw!''1

am\-h-Ipew H∂v Gjym- h≥I-c-bpsS a[y-]-›n-a- tZ-iØv "B¿ao-\nb' F∂p t]cmb Hcp-∂X ]¿h-X-ap≠v. B ]¿h-X-Øns‚ sXt° sNcn-hn¬ \n∂v c≠p \Zn-Iƒ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´v, c≠p kc-Wn-I-fn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂p. Ah-km\w Ah "iØp¬ Ad_v' (Shatt al arab) F∂n-SØv k‘n®v GI- \ - Z n- b mbn t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°- S - e n¬ sN∂p- t N- c p∂p. {]kv X pX \ZnIfnsem-∂ns\ "^pdmXv' F∂pw at‰-Xns\ "ZnPn-eXv' F∂p-amWv Ad-_n-Iƒ hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Ahbv°v bYm-{Iaw "bq{^´okv' F∂pw "ssS{Kokv' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. Ah-bpsS CS-bv°p≈ `q`m-K-Øn\v {Ko°v `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c-∑m¿ "saskm-s∏m-t´-anb' F∂p t]cn´p. \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ ÿew F∂¿Yw. C∂v B {]tZiw "CdmJv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. temIØv Adn-b-s∏´, G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bn-emWv Xg-®p-h-f¿∂-sX∂v s]mXpth hnNm-cn-°s∏-Sp∂p. "kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw' F∂mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ AXns\ hnfn-°p-∂Xv. CXns‚ Imew Dt±iw _n.kn. 6000-˛tam 7000˛tam h¿j-߃hsc FØp-sa-∂mWv Kth-j-I-cpsS \nK-a\w. {]kn≤ BwK-teb Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb F®v.Pn. sh¬kv Xs‚ "temIN-cn{X kw{Klw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""Dt±iw {In.ap. 6000˛-mam-≠nt\m 7000-˛mam-≠nt\m ASpØv Gjybnse ^e-]p-jvS-ß-fmb {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ss\¬ \Zo-Xo-cØpw s]dp kwkvIm-c-tØmSv InS-\n-ev°p∂ Hc¿[-kw-kvIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb a\pjy-k-ap-Zm-b-߃ Bhn¿`-hn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂p..... F∂m¬, saskm-s∏mt´-an-b(Cdm-Jv)-bpsS sX°p-`m-K-ß-fnepw CuPn-]vXn-ep-amWv BZyambn ]´-W-ßfpw t£{X-ßfpw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kmay-\-K-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw Aev]w Db¿∂ kmap-Zm-bnI LS-\-bpsS

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

7

a‰p e£-W-ßfpw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ bq{^-´okv \Znbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbpw hn`n∂ kc-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]m¿kn Dƒ°-S-en¬ sN∂p-ho-Wn-cp-∂Xv. Cu c≠p \Zn-Iƒ°pw at[y-bp≈ `q`m- K - Ø mWv kpta- c n- b - ° m¿ BZy- a mbn Ah- c psS ]´- W - ß ƒ ]WnXXv . '' 2 Cu kpta-cn-b-°m-cpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xnbpw a‰pw B[p-\nI ]pcm-XXz-K-th-j-I¿ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≠v. Xhn-´p-\n-d-tØmSpw apt∂m-´p-¥n-\nev°p∂ \mkn-I-tbmSpw IqSn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.3 ta¬]-d™ {]Imcw, kpta-cnbm P\-]-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn\v FÆm-bn-ctam Hº-Xn-\m-bn-ctam h¿jsØ Ime-∏-g°w C∂sØ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ Xs∂ I≠n-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬, kpta-cn-b≥ ]pcmW-{]-Imcw B P\-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn\v AXn-t\-°mƒ F{Xtbm sIm√sØ ]g-a-bp≠v. {In. ap. 2300-˛mam-≠n-t\m-S-SpØv kpta-cn-b-bnse ]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ \m´ns‚ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-sØ-∏‰n Hct\z- j Ww \S- Ø p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. Ah- c psS \nK- a - \ - Ø n¬ Pe- { ]- f b(Xq^m≥)-Øn\p apºv AhnsS ]Øp cmP-hw-i-߃ 4,32,000 h¿j߃ hmWn-´p≠v.4 CXp {]Imcw {In.ap. 400-˛-mam-≠n-t\m-S-SpØv Pohn® _m_n- t em- W n- b - b nse Hcp _m¬- t £{X ]ptcm- l n- X - \ mb s_dkqkpw (Berasus) B tZi-Øns‚ Hcp Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. aqe{KŸw \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-sb-¶nepw AXn¬\n-∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ PqX˛ bh\ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ ]I¿Øn-sh-®n´p≠v. s_d-kqkpw ta¬]-d™ IW-°p-X-s∂-bmWv AwKo-I-cn-®n´p-≈Xv .5 {]kvXpX IW-°n¬ Hcp ]qPyw IqSn tN¿∂m¬ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp "a\z¥c'ambn. ]pcmW {]Imcw Hcp a\phns‚ hmgvN-°mew 43,20,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-amWv. _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ ]pcm-W-Øn-em-Is´, {]f-b-Øn\p apºp≈ Imew 4,32,000 h¿jhpw. BI-bm¬, {]kvXpX c≠p IW-°pIƒ°pw XΩn¬ \nKq-V-amb Ft¥m _‘-ap-s≠∂pw At\ym\yw ]I¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ Hcp ]qPyw Gdp- I tbm Ipd- b p- I tbm sNbv X - X m- h m- s a∂pw Nne¿ A\p- a m- \ n°p∂p.6 Cu A\p-am\w ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-IqSm. GXm-bmepw CØcw IW-°p-Ifpw Ncn-{X-ßfpw B[p-\nI Ncn{X-hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-a√. J\-\-K-th-j-W-߃ sXfn-bn-°p∂ Ime-K-W\ am{Xta Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp≈q. Aßs\ IqSpX¬ kq£vahpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb IW°v sh®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ Xs∂ kpta-cn-b≥ \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v 8000˛-Øn¬]cw h¿jsØ ]ga Iev ] n°mw. saskm- s ∏m- t ´- a n- b ≥ kmln- X y- N - c n- { X- I m- c - \ mb {io.IrjvW-ssN-X\y Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{In.ap. 5262˛-¬ \n∏qdnepw {In.ap. 4500˛-¬ Injnepw {In.ap. 3500˛¬ Dudnepw cmP-hw-i-߃ `cn-®n-cp-∂Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v.''7

8

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

ss__nƒ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønepw Jp¿-B-\nepw H∂m-asØ a\p-jyk-ap-Zmb kap-≤m-c-I-\mbn h¿Wn-°-s∏´ Hcp alm-\mWv t\ml. Camw _pJm-cnbpw Camw apkvenapw D≤-cn® Hcp \_n-h-N-\-Øn¬ At±-lsØ "A∆-ep¿dp-kp¬' ({]Ya ZqX≥) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn°p∂p.8 Cu alms‚ aX-{]-t_m-[\ tI{µw saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bmbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B[p-\nI apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ {]K-ev`-\mb auem\m A_p¬ Iemw BkmZv Xs‚ Jp¿- B ≥ `mjy- Ø n¬ sXfnhpk-lnXw ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v.9 AXn-\m¬, alm-\mb \qlv\_n Hcp kpta-cn-b-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Icp-Xm≥ \ymb-ap≠v. IqSmsX t\mlbpsS ImeØv kw`-hn-®-sX∂v ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw {]Xn-]m-Zn°p∂ Pe-{]-f-b-IY Cdm-Jn¬ \n∂v J\\wsNbvsXSpØn-´p≈ inemtc-J-I-fn¬ ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. {io.IrjvW ssNX\y Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ temI-sØbpw a\p-jyh¿K-sØbpw \in-∏n® Hcp alm-{]-f-b-sØ-∏‰n At\Iw ]mTm-¥-cß-fp≠v. Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw Ah-km-\-tØ-Xn¬ Cu IY "Kn¬K-tajn' s‚ [oc-Ir-Xy-ß-sf-∏‰nbp≈ \o≠ Ihn-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØ-s∏-´n-cn°p∂p.'' 10 Ncn{X {]kn-≤-amb B alm-{]-f-b-Øn¬ \n∂p t\mlbpw IqsSbp≈ GXm\pw a\p-jycpw P¥p-°fpw am{X-amWv c£-s∏-´-sX∂v ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p. injvS-P-\-ß-sf√mw {]f-b-Øn¬ apßn-a-cn®p. t\mlbpw Iq´p-Imcpw Hcp I∏-en¬˛ s]´-I-Øn¬˛Ib-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p c£-{]m-]n-®Xv. {]f-bm-\-¥cw B I∏¬ Hcp ae-bpsS apI-fn¬ sN∂pd®p. B ae-bpsS t]¿ "Acm-dmØv' F∂mWv ss__nƒ ]d-™n-´p≈Xv; Jp¿-B-\n-em-Is´, "A¬PqZn' F∂pw. c≠pw XΩn¬ sshcp[y- a n- s √∂pw B¿ao- \ nbm ]¿h- X - a mWv hnh- £ - s b∂pw C∂sØ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p-s≠∂v auem\m BkmZv ka¿Yn-°p∂p.11 GXm-bmepw {]f-b-Øn\p tijw Ah-ti-jn-®Xv t\mlbpw A\p-Nc-∑mcpw am{X-am-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Jp¿-B\pw ss__nfpw GtIm]n-°p-∂p≠v. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn bmsXm-c-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-√mØ shdpw aX-]p-cm-WamWv {]kvXpX {]f-b-IYsb∂v ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc ]ecpw [cn-®ph-∂n-cp∂p. ]t£, Ct∏mƒ B [mc-W°v kzev]w am‰w h∂-Xmbn tXm∂p∂p. {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ ]pcm-X-Øz-K-th-j-W-]-c-amb At±-l-Øns‚ "iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-dØp \n∂p≈ i_vZ-߃' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI: ""temIw apgp-h≥ Hcp alm-{]-f-b-Øn¬ apßn-sb∂pw t\ml-bpsS I∏-en¬ GXm\pw a\p-jycpw arK-ßfpw c£-s∏-´p-sh-∂pamWv IY. Cu kw`-h-߃ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \S-∂-h-bm-sW-∂Xn\v Bh-iy-ap≈n-S-tØmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ CXp-hsc e`n-®n-cp-∂n√. ]t£, ASp-ØIm-eØv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ Acm-dm‰v (Ararat) ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS CS-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

9

bn¬, GI-tZiw Bdm-bncw ASn Db-c-ap-s≈mcp ae-bpsS apIƒ]-c∏n¬, Hcp I∏-ens‚ hn√n amXncn Hcp km[\w Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. \ne-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v teiw Db¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂Xpw Ipd®p XSn-®-Xpamb Hcp tcJ-t]mse am{X-amWv AXnt∏mƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. I√pw aÆpw emhbpw \nd™v Dd-®p-In-S-°p-I-bmWv a‰p `mK-ß-sf√mw. GItZiw \m\q-‰-º-XSn \ofhpw \q‰n-b-º-XSn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp Xma-cbn-X-fns‚ BIr-Xn-bmWv `oa-amb Cu hn√n-°p-≈Xv. GI-tZiw ]Xns\-´Sn Ipgn-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ ASn-`mKw I≠p. t\ml-bpsS I∏-ens‚ Af-hp-Iƒ tI´p-tIƒhn {]Imcw \ap-°-dnbmw. Ah Cu Af-hp-ItfmSv tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. Xp¿In-bnse thyma-tk-\mw-K-ß-fmWv BZyambn Cu km[\w Is≠-Øn-bXv. Ah-cpsS ssk\nI hIp∏p Kthj-W-im-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p≠v.''12 CsX√mw sXfn- b n- ° p- ∂ Xv t\ml- b psS {]t_m- [ \ tI{µw saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d°m-cmb kpta-cn-b≥ P\-X-bm-hWw, saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bn¬ BZyambn kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-bXv. ss__nƒ aX-{]-Imcw {]f-b-Øn\p tij-ap-ff a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw t\ml-bpsS k¥-Xn-IfmWv. a‰p≈ P\w {]f-b-Øn¬ \mam-h-ti-j-ambn. s]´-I-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ t\ml-bpsS tiw, lmw, bms^Øv F∂o aq∂v ]p{X-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS ]p{X˛ If-{X-ß-fp-amWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.13 Ch-cn¬ \n∂mWv am\-h -k-ap-Zmbw ho≠pw P∑wsIm-≠-sX∂v DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p. Cu hni-Zo-I-cWw icn- b m- b mepw As√- ¶ nepw, a\p- j y- k - a p- Z mbw Hcm- W n¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬ \n∂p-ap-≈-h-cm-sW∂v Jp¿-B≥ {]Jym-]n-®Xv \mw I≠p.14 alm- \ mb \qlv - \ _n GI- s sZ- h - k n- ≤ m- ¥ - Ø n- t e°mWv kzP\sØ £Wn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v Jp¿-B≥ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn {]tLm-jn°p∂p.15 CXn-s‚ A¿Yw, t\ml-bpsS Ime-Øn\p tijw saskms∏m-t´-an-b-bn¬ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n® At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-N-c-∑m¿ GIssZ-hm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, C∂-dnb-s∏´ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ AXn-{]m-No-\-amb kpta-cn-b≥ ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ inev]n-Iƒ icn-bmb kXy-Øns‚bpw [¿a-Øns‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. hyXn-N-e-\-ßfpw hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-sa√mw A\-¥-c-Ime krjvSn-Iƒ am{X-amWv.

`mc-Xob kwkvIm-tcm-Xv]Øn C\n \ap°v `mc- X ob kwkvIm- c - Ø ns‚ DZv`- h - s Ø- ∏ ‰n Nn¥n°mw. C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑m-cmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZna- in-ev]n-I-sf∂ [mcW ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ sh®p]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, as‰√m cwK-ß-fn-ep-sa-∂-t]mse, C¥ym Ncn-{X-Ønepw Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠v al-Ømb hnπhw krjvSn®p. Bcy∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ {]thin°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ChnsS ]ptcm-K-a-

10

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

\m-fl-I-amb Hcp kwkvImcw \ne-hn-ep≠mbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ak-µn-Kv[ambn sXfn-™n-cn-°p∂p. 1922-˛27 Ime-ß-fn¬ kn‘p kwÿm-\-Ønse eUv°m\ Pn√bn¬ s]´ taml≥P-Zm-tcm-bnepw ]©m-_nse tam≠vtKm-adn Pn√bn¬ s]´ lc-∏m-bnepw \S-Ø-s∏´ J\\ Kth-j-W-amWv C¥ym Ncn{Xw Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-®Xv. k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ 5000 h¿j-߃°p apºp- X s∂ kpkw- L - S n- X hpw kpk- ÷ - h p- a mb Hcp \K- c - P o- h nXw hf¿∂p-I-gn-™n-c∂p. Cu \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v "taml≥P-Zmtcm C≥Ukv knhn- s se- t k- j ≥' ( Mohen-jo- Daro Indus Civilization ) F∂mWv {]kvXpX J\-\-K-th-j-W-Øn\p taevt\m´w hln-®n-cp∂ k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬ \ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. s]mXp-hn¬ "kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw' F∂p hnfn-®p-h-cp∂p. kn‘p-\-Zn-bp-sSbpw dmhn-\-Zn-bpsSbpw Xmgvh-c-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu \mK-cn-IX Xg-®p-h-f¿∂Xv. kn‘phns‚ Hcp t]mj-I-\-Zn-bmWv dmhn. kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ D∞m-\-Im-ehpw ]pcm-X-ØzK-th-j-I-∑m¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v. _n.kn. 3250 apX¬ _n.kn. 2760 hsc-bm-WXv.16 CtXmsS `mc-Xob kwkvImc Ncn{Xw hfsc iXm_vZ-߃ ]nd-tIm´v \oßn-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv. F∂m¬, k]vX-kn-‘phn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb Ic-߃ Bcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p? thZm-Zn-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fmb Bcy≥ P\-X-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂v {]mtbW Kth-j-I-∑m-sc√mw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ssk‘-hcpw Bcy-∑mcpw XΩn¬ ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bnepw `mj-bnepw aX-Ønepw bmsXmc-Sp-∏hpw ImWp-∂n-s√-∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv. Bcy-tKm-{X-°m-cpsS \ndw sh≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah-cpsS ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy-߃ kqNn∏n-°p-∂p≠v. F∂m¬ kn‘p-\-Zo-XS \nhm-kn-I-fp-tSXv Xhn-´p-\n-d-ambn-cp∂p. CXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS apJm-IrXn, hep∏w, hkv{X-[m-c-WcoXn, thj `qjm-Zn-Iƒ Aßs\ ]eXpw Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-am-bn-cp∂p. {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ FgpXn: ""kn‘p-XS \nhm-kn-I-fpsS hep∏w, apJ-`mhw, hkv{X-[m-cW k{º- Z mbw apX- e m- b - h - s b- ∏ ‰n Ah- i njv - S - ß ƒ F¥p - ] - d - b p∂p? A∂sØ ivaim-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ Aÿn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw AhcpsS hep∏w Adnbmw. ]m{X-ß-fnepw Npa-cp-I-fnepw a‰p-ap≈ \nd-an√m-ØXpw \nd-ap-≈-Xp-amb Nn{X-߃, ]mh-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw apJ-Øns‚ BIrXn, km[m-cW \ndw, thj `qjm-Zn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ In´p-∂-XmWv. \√ \mkn-I-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ipds®m∂p \o≠ apJ-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tSXv F∂v A\p-am-\n-°Ww. Ipd-s®mcp Xhn-´p-(Brown) \n-d-ØnemWv Nn{X-Øn¬ Ahsc ImWp∂Xv. apSn Idp-∏p-Xs∂. an°-hmdpw Iri-Km-{X-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]pcpj-∑m¿ km[m-cW XmSn hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Duln°mw. XeapSn ]n∂n-te°v hen-®p-sI-´nb k{º-Zm-b-Øn-emWv ImWp-∂Xv. ]pcp-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

11

j-∑m¿ Nn{X-Ø-ø-tem-Sp-(Embroidery)IqSnb Hcp Xcw DSp∏v he-ØptXmƒ aqSmsX [cn-®n-cp∂p.''17 Bcy-∑m-cpsS `mj kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS {]mNo-\-kmln-Xy-ß-sf√mw B `mj-bn-emWv. F∂m¬, kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-\n-hm-knI-fpsS `mj kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. J\-\-Øn¬ e`n® Bbn-c-°W-°n\v ap{Z(Seals)-I-fn¬ Ah-cpsS `mj tcJ-s∏-SpØn sh®n-´p-≠mbn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Hcp-Xcw Nn{X-en-]n-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. B en]n CXp-hsc hmbn-°-s∏-´n-´n√. CØcw Imc-W-ß-fm¬ kn‘p-\-Zo-XS \nhm-kn-Iƒ Bcy-P-\-Xbn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv ]pcmhkvXp Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ ]ns∂ Ah¿ Bcm-bn-cp∂p? GXp h¿K-Øn¬ s]-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p? Cu {]iv\-Øn\v DØcw ImWp∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ]pcm-XXz ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v kp\n¿WnXhpw GIo-Ir-X-hp-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Xmsg D≤-cn-°p∂ \nK-a-\-߃ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ IqSpX¬ {it≤-b-ß-fm-Ip∂p. "AUzm≥kvUv lnÃdn Hm^v C¥y'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Ah-km-\-ambn kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcw GXp h¿K-°m-cpsS CS-bn-emWv hf¿∂p-h-∂-sX∂ tNmZyw DZn-°p∂p. Ah¿ {Zmhn-U-cmbn-cp∂p F∂v Nnecpw, {Zmhn-Ucpw kpta-cn-b-°m-cp-amb Ccp-h¿K°mcpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v thsd Nnecpw A`n-{]mb-s∏-Sp∂p.''18 AsX, kn‘p-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS inev]n-Iƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv Nne Kth-j-I-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. a‰p Nne¿ AhnsS \n∂pw HcSn ap≥I-S∂v, {Zmhn-U≥amcpw ]›n-ta-jy-bnse kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c(Ethnic)-ambn Htc h¿K-°m-cm-sW∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p. {io. Pb-kz-em¬ At±-l-Øns‚ "lnµp knhn-sse-tk-j≥' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""as‰mcp hn`mKw `qK¿`-im-kv{X-⁄¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p: ]Sn™m-d≥ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-bbpw XΩn¬ _n.kn. 6000-˛mam≠p Xs∂ hym-]mcw \S-∂n-cp∂p F∂pw kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw `mjm-]-c-ambpw h¿K- i m- k v { X- ] - c - a mbpw a‰pw ]c- k v ] cw kmayw hln- ° p- ∂ p≠v F∂pw.'' 19 kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-\n-hm-kn-Ifpw XΩn¬ I®-h-S _-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn J\-\-Øn¬ ]e sXfn- h p- I fpw e`n- ® n- ´ p≠v . {]kn≤ Kth- j - I - ] - W v U n- X - \ mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uns\ D≤-cn®p ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp Xs‚ "C¥ysb Is≠-ج' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI: ""kn‘p-X-S-Ønse Cu P\-߃°v A°m-esØ kpta-cn-b≥

12

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

]cn- j vIm- c - h p- a mbn ]e kº¿°- h p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. A°mU(Im¬Unb)\n¬ Hcp C¥y≥ tImf\n˛I®-h-S-°m-cp-tS-Xm-hWw˛ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\p-IqSn Nne sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. kn‘p-\-K-c-ß-fnse Nne hyh-km-tbm-Xv]-∂-߃ ssS{Kokv˛bq{^-´okv \Zn-I-tfmSp _‘-s∏´p InS-°p∂ Itºm-f-ß-fn¬ sNs∂Øn. ]Icw GXm\pw kpta-cn-b≥ Iem-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ, saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Ae-¶m-c-km-a-{KnIƒ, Hcp \mf-ap{Z F∂nh kn‘p-tZiw ]I¿Øn-sb-SpØp. AkwkvIrX ]Zm¿Y-ß-fnepw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°-fnepw am{X-a√ I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Ad-_n-°-S¬Xo-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]Xn-hmbn Cd-°p-aXn sNø- s ∏- ´ p- t ]m∂ a’yw taml≥P- Z m- t cm- b nse `£y- h n- ` - h - ß sf t]mjn-∏n®p.'' (hm´v lm∏≥Uv C≥ lnÃdn, t]Pv: 113)20 C¥y≥ hym]m-cn-I-fpsS ap{Z-Iƒ saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \n∂pw In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]cp-Øn-Øp-Wnbpw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-amWv kn‘pX-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Du¿, emKmjv, kqk, sS¬ Bkvam¿ apX-emb {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw C¥y≥ t{ijvTn-I-fpsS ap{Z-Iƒ In´n-bn-´p≠v.''21 shdpw I®-h-S-_‘w am{X-a√ kpta-cn-bcpw ssk‘-hcpw XΩnep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv; aX-]-chpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb _‘w IqSn-bp-≠m-bncp∂p.''22 `mc-Xo-b ]-WvUn-X-\mb {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ tcJs∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""{KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ "a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw' F∂ ]pkvXI-Øn¬, Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ Ako-cnb (saskm-s∏m-t´-anb) bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw \nhkn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah-cpsS kma-¥-k-ap-Zmbw A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ IS-°m≥ XpS-ßnb {]m-No\ Bcy-k-ap-Zm-bsØ At]-£n®v IqSpX¬ kap-∂-Xm-hÿ {]m]n-®n-cp∂p F∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.''23 kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ h∂p Xma-k-ap-d-∏n® saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-°m¿ kpta-cn-b-cm-bn-cp∂p. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬, t\ml-bpsS k¥-XnIƒ. B ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂mWv {Zmhn-U-hn-`mKw P∑-sa-Sp-ØXv. kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn H‰ hn`m-K-amWv F∂mWt√m Hcp hn`mKw `qK¿`-im-kv{X-⁄-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. BI-bm¬, `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ DXv]Øn kpta-cn-b-bn¬ \n∂m-Wp-≠mbXv. Ah-cm-Is´, t\ml-bpsS k¥-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p.

aX-Z¿i\w kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Ønse aX-Z¿i\sØ-∏‰n kp\n¿WnX-amb Hc-`n-{]m-b-a√ Kth-j-I¿°p-≈Xv. AhnsS inh-]q-Pbpw enwK]q-Pbpw tZho-]q-Pbpw \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. enwK-cq-]-߃ ]eXpw J\-\-Øn¬ In´n-bn-´p≠v. Ip´n-Isf G¥n-\nev°p∂ kv{Xocq-]-ßfpw [mcmfw e`n-®n-´p≠v. aq∂p inc- p≈ Hcp {]Xn-abpw Is≠Øn. CXv inhs‚ {]Xn-cq-]-am-hm-sa∂v k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬ kwi-bn-°p∂p. {]kvXpX Nn{X-ß-fmWv AhnsS enwK-]q-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

13

Pbpw tZho-]q-Pbpw inh-]q-Pbpw \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂ \nK-a-\-߃°m[mcw. F∂m¬, Cu \nK-a-\-߃ icn-b-s√∂pw Nne¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. inh-t‚-sX∂p tPm¨ am¿j¬ kwi-bn® cq]-Øn\v aq∂v inc- p-Ifn-s√-∂mWv Ah-cpsS hmZw.24 GXm-bmepw AhnsS hn{K-lm-cm-[\ \S- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂ \nK- a - \ - a mWv Kth- j - I - ∑ m- c n¬ Nne¿°p- ≈ Xv . AØcw Bcm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-߃ saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bnepw \S-amSn-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-hkvXp ]WvUn-X-\mb tUm. F.Aø-∏≥ Xs‚ "`mcX-∏-ga' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""lc-∏m-bn-sebpw taml≥P-Zm-tcm-bn-sebpw P\-߃ ]e tZl{]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]e PmXn Bcm-[-\m-k-{º-Zm-bßfpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Nne¿ tZhnsb ]qPn-®n-cp∂p (]›n-tajy-bn-se-√m-bn-SØpw sNbvXn-cp∂ amXncn). enwK-cq-]-Ønepw ]ip]-Xn-cq-]-Ønepw inh≥ Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p. aq∂v apJ-ßtfm-Sp-IqSn, Du¿[tc X mb Hcp tZhX sImºp-I-fp≈ Inco-S-tØmSp- I qSn, Im´p- a r- K - ß - f m¬ Np‰- s ∏´v , ]flm- k - \ - ÿ - b mbn X] p sNøp∂ Nn{Xw Nne koep-I-fn-t∑¬ sImØ-s∏-´n-´p≠v.''25 t\ml-bpsS ImeØv kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ Nne tZh-XI-fp-sS- t]¿ Jp¿-B-\n¬ D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v. C°q-´-Øn¬ Hcp tZhs‚ \maw "kphmD' F∂t{X. 26 Cu kphmD Xs∂-bm-hWw kn‘p-X-SØn¬ I≠ inh\pw. inh\pw kphmDw XΩn-ep≈ i_vZ-km-Zriyw Cu \nK-a-\-Øn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv. Atd-_y-bn¬ {]hm-N-Is‚ ImeØv kphmAv Bcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. Ad-_n-Iƒ B hn{K-lsØ sIm≠p- t ]m- b Xv C¥y- b n¬ \n∂m- s W∂v "kzlo- l p¬ _pJmcn'bpsS hymJym-\-{K-Ÿ-amb "^-Xvlp¬ _mcn'bn¬ D≤-cn-®n´p≠v.27 BI-bm¬ inhm-cm-[\ C¥y-°m¿ kpta-cn-b-bn¬\n∂pw, Ad_n-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw kzoI-cn-®-Xm-hWw. F∂m¬, GI-ssZ-h -hn-izm-kn-I-fmb Hcp hn`m-Khpw kn‘p-X-SØn¬ \nh-kn-®n-cp∂p F∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. ]pcm-hkv X p - K - t h- j - W - ] - c - a mb \nK- a - \ - ß ƒ t{ImUo- I - c n® "`mc- X ob kwkvImc km{am-Py-N-cn{Xw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {io. ]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ (ssk‘-h-∑m¿) F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv an°-hmdpw Kth-j-I∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv''28 Ch¿ t\mlm -{]-hm-N-Is‚ A\p-N-c-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°Ww. Fs¥∂m¬, At±-l-Øns‚ aXw GI-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.29 k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ kwkvIm-c-l¿ayw sI´n-∏-SpØ kpta-cn-b¿ Xß-fpsS ]nXm-hmb t\ml-bpsS aXm-hew-_n-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akmw-K-Xy-sam-∂p-an√. Nne ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ssk‘-h-∑m-cpsS GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ \mahpw khn-ti-j-X-bpw-IqSn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. "Hmw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-

14

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

cpsS ssZh-Øns‚ t]¿. "ZoZn-hn-I¨' F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ahs‚ Hcp KpW-\maw. auem\m A_p¬Iemw BkmZv Xs‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B-\n'¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-Isf ]n∂oSv h∂ Bcy-∑m¿ "Zkyp-°ƒ' (Zmk-∑m¿) F∂ lmky-\m-a-Øn-emWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Zkyp-°-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ ssZh-k-¶ev]w GI-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. "Hmw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p B GI-ssZ-h-Øn\v t]¿. kwkv I r- X - Ø n¬ CXn\p Xpey- a mb ]cymbw "Cµp- h m≥' (GI≥) F∂t{X. B ssZh-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw kIe Ncm-N-c-ßfpsS taepw hym]-I-am-Ip∂p. Ahs‚ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv k¿h tZh≥amcpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. Ahs‚ Hcp KpW-\maw "ZoZn-hn-I¨' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. "Hcn-°epw A{i-≤-_m-[n-°mØ ZrjvSn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bh≥' F∂¿Yw. "Xs∂ ab°tam Dd-°tam ]nSn-Iq-Sp-∂n√'30 F∂v A√mlp Jp¿-B-\n¬ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xpw CtX A¿Y-Ønem- W t√m.'' 31 . Cu A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv HmwIm-c-Øn\p \nL-≠phn¬ ImWp∂ hnh-cWw. {io. ImWn-∏-øq¿ i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSns‚ "kwkvIrX˛ae-bmf \nL-≠p'-hn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Hmw ˛iq{Z-∑mcpsS {]Whw.'' iq{Z-hn-`mKw Xß-fpsS {]m¿Y\m-cw-`-Øn¬ D®-cn°p∂ ssZh-\m-a-amWv Hmw F∂¿Yw. Bcy-∑m-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ Chn-SsØ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ iq{Z-∑m-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Bcy-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS a{¥-ß-fp-sSbpw {]m¿Y-\-I-fp-sSbpw Bcw-`-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv "Hmw' F∂mWv. CXns‚ A¿Yw ssZh-sa-∂p-Xs∂. hniz-hn-⁄m-\tIm-i-Øn¬ HmwIm-csØ hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p: ""]c{_-“ -hm-N-I-amb {]W-h-a{¥w.''32 CXp-t]mse A\m-cy-cmb iq{Z∑m- c psS GI- s sZh hmN- I - a mb {]W- h - a m- b n- c p∂p Hmw. {]Whw F∂m¬ a{¥-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-hm-°m-sW∂p kmcw. Npcp-°-Øn¬, Bcym-K-a-\-Øn-\p-apºv C¥y-bn¬ GI-ssZ-hsØ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ kpta-cn-bcnse Hcp hn`mKw \nh-kn-®n-cp∂p. kn‘p\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb Ic-߃ Ah-cptS-Xm-bn-cp∂ncn-°Ww. F∂m¬, k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ H∂n-e-[nIw tZiob-X-Iƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn J\-\-Øn¬ e`n® a\p-jym-ÿn-]-RvPc-߃ sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. {io. F.B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈ Xs‚ "{]mNo\ enJn-X-߃' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taml≥P-Zm-tcmbnepw lc-∏m-bnepw J\\w sNbvsX-Sp-°-s∏´ a\p-jym-ÿn-]-RvP-c-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-®p-t\m-°nb \c-hw-i-hn-⁄m\n- I ƒ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv Ah Htc h¿KØn¬ s]´ a\p- j y- c p- t S- X √ F∂mWv . '' 33 AXp-sIm≠v inh-]q-Pbpw a‰pw AhnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS BNm-c-k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fn¬s∏-´-Xm-IWw.

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

15

F∂m¬, kwkvImcw ÿm]n® Ic-߃ GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fptS-Xm-h-W-sa∂ \nK-a-\-amWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-k-l-ambn tXm∂p-∂Xv.

t\ml-bpsS k¥-Xn-Iƒ {]f-b-Øn\p tijw temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fnepw t\ml-bpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ hym]n®p. ss__nƒ aX-{]-Imcw CuPn-]vXn¬ \mK-cnIX ÿm]n-®Xv t\ml-bpsS ]p{X≥ lmans‚ aI-\mb an{k-boans‚ A\-¥-c-Km-an-I-fmWv. CXp-t]mse Atd_y, CdmJv, kndnb apX-emb \mK-cn-I-tI-{µ-߃ t\ml-bpsS as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb tians‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ A[o-\-s∏-SpØn. Ch-cmWv _m_n-tem-Wnb, Akocnb, Im¬Un-b, ^n\ojy XpS-ßnb {]mNo\ \K-c-cm-jv{S-߃ ÿm]n®Xv. A{_-lmapw k¥-Xn-Ifpw Cu hwi-Øn¬ s]-Sp∂p. Cu hwisØ-bmWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ "skan-‰n°p-Iƒ' F∂p hnfn°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬, t\ml- b psS as‰mcp ]p{X- \ m- b n- c p∂ bms^- Ø ns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-sc-∏‰n ss__nƒ Imcy-am-sbm∂pw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p -ImWp-∂n√. Ah¿ Zzo]p-I-fn-emWv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®-sX∂p am{XamWv D¬]Øn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv. 34 AXn-\m¬, bms^-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bmWv Zzo]p-I-fnse BZn-hm-kn-I-sf∂p hnNm-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. C¥y Hcp-]-Zzo-]m-Wt√m. bms^-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ C¥y-bn¬ h∂p IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp-sh∂v Icp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ Akw-K-X-ambn H∂p-an√. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw temI-k-©m-cn-bp-am-bncp∂ A_p¬l-k≥ akqZn (acWw: {In.956) Xs‚ "apdp-Pp-±-l_v' F∂ Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®Xv t\m°pI: ""t\ml-bpsS ]u{Xs‚ Hcp aI-\mb \q^o¿ Xs‚ k¥-Xn-I-tfm-sSm∏w C¥y-bnte°v˛ kn‘p-hn-te°v˛-bm{X sNbvXp. kn‘nse \nhm-kn-Iƒ \q^odns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]-´-h-cmWv.''35 At±lw Xs∂ {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øn¬ thsdm-cn-SØv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""t\ml-bpsS aI≥ bms^Øns‚ aI≥ kp-t_-en(Xq_¬)s‚ kpX≥ B_q¿ AYhm Baq¿ C¥y≥ AXn¿Øn-I-fn¬ sN∂p -]m¿∏p-d-∏n®p.''36 Cu {]kv X m- h - \ - b psS shfn- ® - Ø n¬, kpta- c n- b - b n¬ \n∂p kn‘n¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø hwiw t\ml-bpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Ahn-sS-bp-≠mb Hcp alm{]-f-b-sØ-°p-dn® IY-I-fp-s≠∂v \mw apºv kqNn-∏n®p. AXp-t]mse C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw Hcp {]f-b-IY ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. "a\p' F∂ Hcp alm-]p-cp-j-t\mSp _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv B IY ChnsS {]N-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. a\p-hn\v C¥y≥ ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ as‰mcp \mahpw ImWp∂p˛"kXy-{h-X≥'. Cu a\p {Zmhn-U-cpsS \mY-\m-bncp-∂p-sh∂v "alm-`m-cX'Ønse Hcp t«mI-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-Ip-

16

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

∂-XmWv: ""tbm ku kXy-{htXm \ma cmP¿jn¿ {Zhn-tU-izcx ⁄m\w tbmfXoX Iev]mt¥ tet` ]pcpj tkhbm.''37 ss__n-fnse {]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\mlbpw Jp¿-B-\nse {]fb IYm-\m-b-I-\mb \qlpw Hcmƒ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v hninjym ]d-tb-≠-Xn√. AXp-t]mse C¥y≥ {]f-b-I-Ym\m-b-I-\mb a\phpw At±lw Xs∂-bm-hWw. alm-\m-a-ß-fpsS BZn-bn¬ _lp-am-\-kqN-I-ambn "am' tN¿Øp-®-cn-°pI ]Xn-hm-Wt√m. "am_en' DZm-l-cWw. CXp-t]mse "\qln't\mSv "am' tN¿∂v "am\qlpw', Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ "a\p'hpw Bbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p-sh∂v Duln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. ]pcm-X\-Im-eØv GsX-¶n-ep-samcp Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS t]cn-emWv hwi-ßfpw tKm{X-ßfpw P∑-sa-Sp-°pI. skan-‰nIv hwiw "tiw' F∂ Ipe-]-XnbpsS t]cn-em-Wt√m DS-se-Sp-ØXv. CXp-t]mse C¥y-bnepw {ZmhnU-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bmb bm^n-Yns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p F∂p hnNm-cn-°m≥ hI-bp≠v. alm-\m-a-ß-fpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ "Xncp' F∂ hnti-jWw tN¿°pI ]Xn-hmWv. Aßs\ {Zmhn-U¿ AhcpsS Ipe-]-Xnsb "Xncp-b-^nsY'∂p ]d-™p-h∂p F∂pw Ah-km\w AXv "{ZmhnU¿' Bbn- Ø o¿∂p F∂pw Duln°mw; "Xncp´n' "ZrjvSn'bmb-t]mse. GXm-bmepw C¥y-bn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ BZysØ kwkvImcw Hcp {]hm-N-Is‚ {]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-S-se-Sp-Ø-XmWv. ssk‘-h-∑mcpsS GI-ssZ-h-Xz-hn-`m-h\w AXn-te-°p-Øa sXfn-ht{X. B ]mcº-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-bn¿s°m≠ [m¿anI k¶ev]w C∂pw `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p-≠p-Xm\pw.

km_n-a-X-°m¿ C\n \ap°v Jp¿-Bs‚ `mj-bn¬ C¥y-bnse BZn-a-X-ÿ-cpsS t]sc-s¥∂p t\m°mw. Jp¿-B≥ ]q¿h-{]-hm-N-I-cpsS aX-߃ Ahew-_n® hn`m-K-ßsf FÆn-∏-d™ Iq´-Øn¬ "km_n-Iƒ' Fs∂mcp hn`m-KsØ ImWmw. Cu hn`m-K-°m-sc-∏‰n IqSp-X-em-sbm∂pw Jp¿B≥ hnh-cn-®n-´n√. F∂m¬, Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-Xm-°fpw apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw {]kvXpX hn`m-K-°m-cpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-∏‰n At\z-jWw \SØn. XZv^-e-ambn Ah¿ Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn-seØn. ]t£, kp\n¿Wn-X-amb Hcp \nK-a-\-a√ Ah¿°p-≈Xv. hyXy-kvXamb A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv Ah¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn sh®n-´p-≈Xv. C°q-´Øn¬ IqSp- X ¬ {]_- e - a mb GXm\pw A`n- { ]m- b - ß ƒ ChnsS ]I¿Ømw. kp{]-kn≤ apkvenw -N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p-∂Zow ({In. 936˛-995) At±-l-Øns‚ "A¬^n-lvcnkvXn'¬ km_n-I-sf-∏‰n kpZo¿L-ambn N¿® sNbvXn-´p≠v. Iq´-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C_vdmlow \_n-bpsS apºp≈ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cmb \qln-s‚bpw inYn-s‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

17

fmWv Xß-sf∂v km_n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. inYns‚ Hcp aX{KŸw Ah-cpsS ]°-ep≠v. [m¿an-I -\n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv AXn¬ {]Xn]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv.''38 as‰mcp {]Kev` apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb Aen-øp_v\p -lkw ({In. 994˛-1064) Xs‚ "A¬ ^nkvep ^n¬ aneen h∂nl¬' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""temI-Ønse G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\- a-X-amWv km_n-I-fp-tSXv''.39 hl-_p_v\p ap\∫, A_vZp¿d-lvam-\p_v\p sskZv, ^Jvdp-±o-\n¿dmkn, C_v\p-I-ko¿ apXemb H´-[nIw Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ GIssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p km_n-Iƒ.40 {]kvXpX A`n-{]m-b-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬, km_n-Isf \ap°v t\mlm {]hm-N-Is‚ A\p-N-c-∑m-cmbn hne-bn-cpØmw. km_n-a-X-°mcpsS Hcp tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p ]›n-ta-jy-bnse l¿dm≥. Ahn-sS-bmWv {]kn≤ ]Wv U n- X - \ mb C_v \ p- s sX- a n- ø - b psS P∑- t Ziw. Ct±- l Øns‚ ImeØv ({In. 1263˛-1328) l¿dm-\nepw Za-kvI-knepw km_nI-fp-tS-Xmbn ]e ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-ßfpw Ah-cpsS kvamc-I-ß-sft∂mWw ÿnXn- s N- b v X n- c p∂p. ]t£, A°m- e Øv Ah- s c√mw Ckvemw-a-Xm-h-ew-_n-I-fm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ as‰m-c-h-in-jvShpw AhnsS Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-∂n√. B tZhm-e-b-߃ Xs∂ apkvenw-]≈n-I-fm-bn-´mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Ahbv°v c≠p "Jn_ve'Iƒ (A`n-ap-J-K-Xn-Iƒ) D≠m-bn-cp∂p. H∂v DØ-c-{[p-h-sØbm-sW-¶n¬ at‰Xv "IAv_'sbbmWv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. km_nIƒ Xß-fpsS aXim-k-\-b-\p-k-cn®v {]m¿Y\ \S-tØ-≠-Xn-\mbn DØ-c-{[p-hsØ A`n-ap-J-am°n ]≈n-Iƒ \n¿an®p. ]n∂oSv Ah¿ Ckv e mw- a Xw kzoI- c n®p. Ckv e m- a - \ p- k - c n- ® p≈ {]m¿Y- \ - I ƒ°pw AtX ]≈n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h∂p. XZ-h-kcw IA-v_sb A`n-ap-Jam°n c≠m-asØ Jn_vebpw ]WnXp. Aß-s\-bmWv {]kvXp X tZhm-e-b-߃°v c≠p Jn_ve-I-fp-≠m-bXv. ("A¿d±p Ae¬ a≥XznJn-øo≥' t\m°pI)41 Cdm-Jn¬ km_n-I-fnse Hcp sNdnb hn`mKw A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂p. "am≥Un-b≥kv' (Mandaeans) F∂ t]cn-emWv Ah¿ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂Xv . ss{Ikv X h anj- \ - d n- a m- c psS {]h¿Ø- \ - ^ - e - a mbn Ah- c n¬ GXm\pw t]¿ {InkvXym-\n-I-fmbn. Cu ]pXp-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ]q¿h-a-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. "F≥sskt¢m-]o-Unb {_n´m-\n°'bpsS ]gb Hcp ]Xn-∏n¬ Ch-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃ khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®p -ImWmw. A°q-´-Øn¬ Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ ChnsS ]I¿Øp-∂Xv kwK-X-am-bn-cn°pw: ""Ah¿ aq∂v kabw DØ-c-{[p-hsØ A`n-ap-J-am°n \a-kvI-cn°pw. Hmtcm \akvIm-c-Øn-\pw-th≠n Ipfn°pw. [mcmfw {hX-߃ A\p-jvTn°pw. {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-Im-eØv BWpw s]Æpw sh≈-h-kv{X-amWv [cn-°pI. Pohn-Isf h[n-°n√. amwk-`-£Ww Ign-°p-I-bn√. aX-X-Øz-߃

18

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

A\y-cn¬ \n∂v tKm]y-am°n shbv°p-I-sb-∂Xv Ah¿ k\n-jvI¿jw ]men-®p-h∂ Hcp hg-°-amWv. t\ml°v tijw "Dudn'¬ P∑-sa-SpØ A{_lmw I≈-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv. C{k-tb¬ {]hm-NI≥am-cn¬ tPms\ (blvb) am{Xta Ah¿ AwKoI-cn-°p-∂p≈p.....''42 Cß-s\-t]m-Ip∂p Ah-cpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. Cu eLp-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw km_n-a-X-°m-cpsS ]°¬ kv\m\Øn-\p≈ {]m[m\yw \ap°v a\- n-em°mw. Ah-cpsS aX-]-c-amb Hcp NS-ßm-bn-cp∂p AXv. C\n, kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ ]d-bp-∂sX-s¥∂p t\m°mw. AhnsS Hmtcm hoSn\pw InWdpw Ipfn-ap-dnbpw Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬ \n∂v aen-\-Pew Zqsc -sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\p≈ Hmhp-Nmep-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX, sI´n-∏-SpØ s]mXp-Ip-fhpw AXn\p-Np‰pw [mcmfw Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ "temI-N-cn{X'Øn¬43 Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taml≥P-Zm-tcm-bnse Ah-in-jvS-߃ GXm≠v Hcp NXp-c-{i\m-gn-I-tbmfw ]c-∂p-In-S∂p. AXnse kahn-`-‡-amb sXcp-ho-YnIƒ°pw hoSp-Iƒ°pw Ah-bn-ep≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ°pw sXcp-hp-I-fpsS ASn-bn¬°q-Sn-t]m-Ip∂ Agp-°p-Nm-ep-Iƒ°pw AZv`p-X-I-c-amb Hcm[p-\n-I—m-b-bp≠v. hoSp-I-fpsS D≈n-semcp \Sp-ap-‰hpw B \Sp-ap-‰Øn\p Np‰p-ambn ASp-°f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-h-bp-ap≠v. InW¿ F√m-ho-´nepw ImWp∂p. F∂m¬, F√m-‰nepw IuXp-I-ta-dnbXv Ahn-SsØ sI´n-∏-SpØ Ipf-am-Ip∂p. Cu Ipf-Øn\p Np‰pw ap‰hpw B ap‰-Øns‚ \mep-`m-KØpw tImem-b-Ifpw tImem-b-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Ømbn Np‰pw Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-ap≠v. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn¬ Bhn-sIm≠v hnb¿∏n®p Ipfn-∏m-\p≈ G¿∏mSpw ImWp∂p.''44 CØcw sI´n-∏-SpØ Ipf-߃ l¿dm-\n-\-SpØpw Is≠-Øn-bXmbn ]pcm-X-Xz-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂p. l¿dm≥ km_na-X-°m-cpsS Hcp ]pcm-X\ tI{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v apºv kqNn-∏n-®pht√m. l¿dm-\n-t\m-S-SpØ ba-\ns‚ Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ aq∂p henb Ir{Xn-a-Ip-f-߃ Is≠Øn F∂v `A Journey Through The Yemen' P. 279˛ -¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. apkvenw-]-≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®p ]te-S-ß-fnepw Ir{Xn-a-Ip-f-ßfpw ]Wn-Xp-sh-®-Xmbn ImWmw. "luZv' F∂mWv AXns‚ t]¿. apkvenwIƒ \a-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-th≠n "hpZq-Av' (AwK-kv\m\w) \n¿h-ln-°p∂p. AXn-\p-≈-XmWv Cu luZv. CtX-{]-Imcw km_n-Iƒ°v {]m¿Y\°p-th≠n Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu Bh-iym¿Yw ]Wn-Xpsh- ® - X m- h Ww kn‘p- \ - Z o- X - S - Ø nse sI´n- ∏ - S pØ Ipf- ß ƒ. taml≥P-Zm-tcm-bn-se-∂-t]mse lc-∏m-bnepw CØcw Ir{Xna Pemi-b-߃ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. BI-bm¬, kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS aXw km_n-a-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

19

sh∂p hnNm-cn-°Ww. X߃ t\ml-bpsS A\p-N-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂psh∂ km_n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw Akzo-Im-cy-ambn X≈n-°-f-bW-sa-∂n√. Npcp-°-Øn¬, kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-amb Cu kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]m-Inb Ic-߃ t\ml-bpsS k¥Xn-I-fmb kpta-cn-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ GI-ssZ-h-sØ-bmWv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. CtX ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂m-hWw {Zmhn-U-hn-`mKw Df-hm-bXv.

Bcy≥am¿ CXp-hsc {]kvXm-hn-®Xv C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-UcpsS kwkvIm-c -]m-c-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv. ]n∂oSv h∂p IpSn-tb-dnb Bcy- ∑ m- c psS kmwkv I m- c nI khn- t i- j - X - I - s f- ° p- d n- ® mWv C\n kzev]w Btem-Nn-°p-hm-\p-≈Xv. Bcy≥ P\-X-bpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂ ImcyØnepw Ah-cpsS hwi-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n{]m-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. B hiw X¬°mew hnkvX-cn-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p∂n√. Ah¿ skan-‰nIv hwi-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B hwiØnse Acm-ans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-sW∂pap≈ \ΩpsS A`n-{]m-bØn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. Cu hwi-Øn¬s∏´ Hcp hn`m-K-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p Atd-_y-bn¬ lqZv\-_n-bpsS ImeØv B[n-]-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Jp¿B-\n¬ B hn`m-KsØ "BZv' F∂pw "Cdav' F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp∂p. Cd-ans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv "Bcy≥' F∂ t]cn¬ hn{ip-X-cm-b-sX∂v hnNm-cn°mw. ss__n-fn¬ Ahsc "Acmw' F∂pw t]¿jy-°m-cpsS ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ "sFdn-bm\' F∂p-amWv hnfn-®p-h-cp-∂Xv. GXm-bmepw CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ B hiw IqSp-X¬ N¿® sNøp-hm≥ apXn-cp-∂n√. \ap°v C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS aX hnizm-k-ß-sf-∏‰n am{Xw ]cn-tim-[n°mw. C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ht´sd ]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fp≠v. C{X-tbsd ]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fmbn Bcy≥ P\X-sb-t∏mse as‰mcp P\-Xbpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n√. X∂n-anØw AhbpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS aX-]-c-amb BNm-c-hn-izm-k-߃ ]cntim-[n®p hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Gh¿°pw km[n°pw; B kmln-Xy߃ hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ]Tn-°-W-sa-∂p-am{Xw. C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb kmln-Xy-߃ \mep thZ-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv. EIv, bPp v, kmaw, AY¿hw F∂n-ßs\ Ah hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-{]m-No-\-amb kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-emWv Ah. Iq´Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]pcm-X-\-am-bXv EtKz-Z-at{X. Dt±iw _n.kn. 1500 BWv EtKz-Z- Im-e-sa∂v ]m›mXy \ncq-]-I¿ s]mXpsh A`n-{]m-bs∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬, `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb _me-Kw-Km-[-c -Xn-e-Ins‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ _n.kn. 3500˛Hmfw h¿jsØ ]g-a-sb-¶nepw EtKz-

20

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

Z-Øn-\p≠v. GXm-bmepw C{X ]pcm-X-\-amb as‰mcp thZw temIØn-en-s√-∂p-Xs∂ ]dbmw. thZ-Øns‚ `mj-sb-∏‰n Kth-jWw \S-Ønb ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ AXn∂v a‰p ]e `mj-I-fp-ambn kmPm-Xy-ap-s≠∂p I≠n-cp∂p. C°q´-Øn¬ G‰hpw ASp-Ø-_‘w Cdm-\n-I-fpsS ]pcm-X-\ -`m-j-bp-ambmWv. Cdm-\n-I-fpsS thZ-amb "AhkvX'bpsS `mjbpw kwkvIrX- ` m- j bpw XΩn- e p≈ ASp- ∏ - s Ø- ∏ ‰n "kwkv I rX kmln- X y- N cn{X'Imc-\mb {io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y Fgp-Xp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""{]mNo\ Cdm-\o-b-cpsS BZn-a thZ-`m-j-bmb Ah-Ãn-°n-t\mSmWv AXn\v G‰hpw ASp-Ø_‘w. i_vZimkv{X \nb-a-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw sIm≠p-am{Xw˛AXm-bXv, D®m-cWw A\p-h-Z-\ob coXnbn¬ kzev]w am‰p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw˛ AhkvXbnse apgp-t«-mIßfpw sshZnI kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-te°v ]Zw-]-Z-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNømw. Ah icn°pw t«mI-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p am{X-a√, Imhy`wKn tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNømw.''45 ]gb t]¿jy≥ `mjbpw sshZn- I - ` m- j bpw XΩn- e p≈ Cu ASp∏w ImWn-°p-∂Xv C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑mcpw t]¿jy°mcpw BZnbn¬ Htc h¿K- Ø n¬s∏- ´ - h - c m- b n- c p∂p F∂mWv . Cdm≥ F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw Xs∂ Bcy-∑m-cpsS cmPyw F∂t{X.46 Npcp-°Øn¬, Bcy≥am-cn-ep≈ Hcp hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p ]pcm-X\ t]¿jy≥ P\X F∂p Xo¿®. Cdm≥Im-cpsS BZna aX-{K-Ÿ-amWv "AhkvX'. AXns‚ hymJym\- a t{X "skµ- h kv X .' CXp- t ]mse "Zkm- Ø odpw' Ah- c psS Hcp ]hn{X aX-{K-Ÿ-amWv. Cdm≥Im-cpsS Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂ kpcZp- j v S s‚ A[ym- ] - \ - ß - f mWv {]kv X pX {KŸ- ß - f nse D≈- S °w. "sskdkv' F∂v {Ko°p-Im¿ hnfn-®n-cp∂ tKmciv cmPmhv kpc-Zp-jvSs‚ aXw kzoI-cn® Hcp alm-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v auem\m A_p¬Iemw BkmZv Xs‚ Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬ sXfn-hp-k-lnXw ka¿Yn-®n´p≠v . 47 Jp¿- B ≥ h¿Wn® Zp¬J¿ss\\pw At±- l - a m- b n- c p∂p F∂mWv _e-s∏-´ -]£w.48 _m_n-tem-Wnbm N{I-h¿Øn-bm-bncp∂ \_q-°Uv \ ¿(_pJvØp-\-k¿˛{In. ap. 745˛-734) blq-Zn-IfpsS aX-tI-{µhpw cmjv{S-Xe-ÿm-\-hp-amb Pdp-i-e-ans\ \in-∏n-°pIbpw Ahsc \n¿aq-e-\miw hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-ti-jn® PqX-∑msc _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn ASn-a-I-fm-°n-sh®p. Cu Ime-Øn-\p -apºv C{km-Cu¬ {]hm-N-I≥am-cn-sem-cm-fmb sbiømhv Hcp {]h-N\w \SØn. AXn¬, hcm≥t]m-Ip∂ Hcp "aiol' (A`n-jn-‡≥)sb∏‰n ]d-bp-Ibpw At±lw _m_n-tem-Wnb Pbn®-S-°p-sa∂pw PqX≥amsc ]cn-c-£n-°p-sa∂pw kphn-tijw \evIpIbpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.49 am{X-a√, At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿ tImciv F∂mbn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-IqSn {]h-Nn-®n-cp∂p. Cu {]h-N-\-a-\p-k-cn®v sskdkv

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

21

_m-_n-tem-Wnb Pbn-®-S°n. PqX≥amsc tamNn-∏n®p, am\-ambn Pdpi-e-an-te°v Ab®p. \_p-°Uv \ ¿ \in-∏n® tZhm-ebw ]p\-cp≤-cn-°m≥ kΩXw sImSpØp. Abmƒ A]-l-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bncp∂ hkvXp-°-sf√mw PqX≥am¿°v Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ DØ-c-hn´p. Cu Imc-W-ß-fm¬ t]¿jy≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bmb sskd-kns\ PqX{]-hm-N-I≥am¿ Hcp ako-lmbn hmgvØn-bn-cn-°p∂p. 50 kpc-Zp-jvS-a-X-°msc Ad-_n-Iƒ "aPqkv' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Jp¿-B-\n¬ Ch-scbpw thZ-°m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ FÆn-bn-cn-°p∂p.51 Ch¿ BZn-bn¬ GI-ssZ-h-sØ-bmWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂Xv. A·n-IpWvUsØ Hcp "Jn_ve' (A`n-ap-J -tI{µw) Bbn kzoI-cn®p. Imem¥-c-Øn¬ Bcm-[\ Xs∂ A·n-°mbn. AXns\ Np‰n-∏‰n ]e XØzim-kv{X-ßfpw \n¿an-X-ambn. F∂m¬, kpc-Zp-jvSs‚ A[ym-]-\-߃ XnI®pw GI- s sZ- h - h n- i zm- k - Ø n¬ A[n- j v T n- X - a m- b n- c p∂p. "kµhkvX'-bnse Nne hcn-Iƒ CXn\v km£yw hln-°p∂p. ssZhsØ AXn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""BZnbpw A¥y-hp-an-√m-Ø-h≥; i{Xp-hn√, Xpey-\n√, ]nXm-hn√, amXm-hn√, ]p{X-\n√, If-{X-an√, hotSm ]m¿∏n-Stam C√, ico-ctam \ndtam K‘tam C√.''52 IqSmsX "kµ-h-kvX'-bn¬, hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Hcp {]hm-N-I-s\-∏-‰nbp≈ {]h-N\w ImWmw."tkmbvjym¥v' (Soeshyant) F∂mWv At±lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.53 (kwkvIrX-Øn¬ "kpim¥'). CXv A¥y-{]-hm-N-I-s\-°p-dn® Hcp {]h-N-\-am-sW∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ "dlv a - X p≥ en¬ Be- a o≥' (temIm- \ p- { Klw) F∂ hnti- j - W Øns‚ t]¿jy≥ ]cym-b-amWv F∂pw Nne apkvenw-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ]m¿kn-I-fpsS as‰mcp hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-amb "ZkmØo¿' 14˛-mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ kv]jvS-amb as‰mcp {]h-N-\ap-≠t{X, AXpw \_nsb Dt±-in-®m-hm-sa∂v hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ CkvemwaX {]-hm-N-Is‚ Hcp Acp-f-∏m-Sns‚ s]mcpƒ icn°pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p≠v. ""thZ- ° m- c p- a m- b p≈ AtX s]cp- a m‰w aPq- k n- t \mSpw A\ph¿Øn°pI'' F∂mWv Cu Acp-f-∏mSv.54 aPq-kn-Iƒ Hcp thZ-Øns‚ Ah-Im-in-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv \_n Cßs\ B⁄m-]n-®Xv. Jeo^m Da-dns‚ `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv apkvenw-Iƒ t]¿jy Pbn-®-S°n-bXv. XZ-h-kcw Ah-cp-ambn A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ \b-sØ-∏‰n ]cymtem-Nn-°p-hm-\mbn Jeo^ Hcp hnZz¬k-Z v hnfn-®p-Iq´n. {]iv\w kZ- p-ap-ºmsI sh®p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Aen-øp_v\p A_o-Xzm-en_v {]kvXm-hn®p: ""aPq-kn-Iƒ thZ-°m-cm-Ip∂p.''55 AsX, Ah-tcmSv B \ne°v h¿Øn-°Ww. C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬ \n∂v Bcy≥am-cn¬ Hcp hn`m-K-amb Cdm- \ nIfpsS kwkv I rX ]mc- º - c y- s Ø- ∏ ‰n \ap°v a\-   n- e mbn.

22

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

Ah¿ BZn-bn¬ Hcp {]hm-N-Is‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. C\n as‰mcp hn`m-K-amb C≥tUm˛ Bcy≥am-cpsS aX-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n°mw.

C≥tUm˛ Bcy≥am¿ C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb Bcy≥am¿°v [mcmfw aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fps≠∂v kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m. Ad_n ]WvUn-X≥am¿°v Adn-™p-Iq-SmXn-cp∂ kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-emWv Ah-sb√mw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. AXn\m¬, apkvenw ]WvUn-X≥am¿°v Bcy≥P-\-Xsb hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ hf-sc-b-[nIw t¢in-t°-≠n-h∂p. F∂n´pw Ah¿°v B {ia-Øn¬ th≠{X hnP-bn-°m≥ Ign-™n√. at[y-jy-bn¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn¬ h∂v ]Xn-aq∂v h¿jw `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-sØ-∏‰n ]T\w \S-Ønb Hcp alm-]-WvUn-X-\mWv A_p-ssd-lm-\n¬ _odq\n. At±lw XZm-h-iym¿Yw Nne {_m“-W -]-WvUn-X≥am-cpsS injyXzw -t]mepw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Xs‚ ]T-\-^ew ]e {KŸ-ßfnepw At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´p≠v. AXn-sem-∂mWv ae-bm-fØn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏´ "A¬_o-dq\n I≠ C¥y'. AXn¬ At±lw Xs‚ ]cm-Pbw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI: ""Fs‚ Ign-hns‚ ]cam-h[n D]-tbm-Kn®v, In´m-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®n´pw Ah-cpsS F√m \ne-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]q¿Wambn Adn-bm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ Rm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pthWw ]d-bm≥.''56 A{Xbpw {]bm-k-I-c-amb Hcp {ia-amWv C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-sb-∂Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw ]e apkvenw -]-WvUn-X≥amcpw `mc-Xo-b-scbpw Ah-cpsS aX-sØbpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. C°q-´-Øn¬ kp{]-kn≤ kzq^o-]-WvUnX-\mb A_vZp¬I-co-an¬ Poen({In. 1365) bpw s]Sp∂p. At±lw Xs‚ "A¬ C≥km\p¬ Iman¬' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{_m“-W-a-X-°m¿ {]]-©-Øn-ep≈ kakvX hkvXp-°fpw GIssZ-h-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-sW∂v hniz-kn-°p∂p. Ah¿ A√m-lphns‚ GIXzw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, ssZh-Øns‚ ZqX-∑m-sctbm {]hmN-I≥am-sctbm AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, {]hm-NI \ntbm-KØn\v apºp≈ kXy- k - ‘ - ∑ m- c psS \ne- ] m- S mWv Ah¿°p- ≈ Xv . C_vdm-low- \-_n-bpsS k¥-Xn-Ifn¬s∏-´-h-cmWv Xß-sf∂v {_m“W- a - X - ° m¿ kzbw Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p∂p. Ah- c psS hi- a p≈ thZw C_vdmlow Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wt{X. ]t£, AXv ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈Xm-sW∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂n√. B thZ-Øn¬ XXz-⁄m-\-ß-fmWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. thZ-Øn\v A©p `mK-ß-fp≠v. \mep `mK-߃ ]mcm-bWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v F√m-h¿°pw A\p-hm-Z-ap-s≠-¶nepw A©mw `mKw AXn-K-l-\hpw \nKqV XØz-ß-f-S-ßn-b-Xp-am-I-bm¬ {]tXyIw

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

23

Nne hy‡n-Iƒ°-√msX AXv hmbn-°m≥ Ah¿ A\p-aXn \evIp∂n√. thZ-Øns‚ A©mw-`mKw hmbn-°p-∂-]£w A\n-hm-cy-ambpw Ckvemw-a-X-Øn¬ tNcpw F∂ {]kvXmhw {_m“-W¿°n-S-bn¬ {]kn≤-am-bn-´p≠v.''57 C_vdm-low\-_n°v aq∂v ]Xv\n-am-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. kmdm, lmKm¿, sIXqd. kmdm-bpsS aI-\mWv CkvlmJv. At±-l-amWv PqX∑m-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. lmKm-dns‚ ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p Ckvam-Cu¬. Ct±l-at{X lnPm-knse Ad-_n-I-fpsS ]nXm-a-l≥. sIXq-dm°v Ggv B¨a- ° ƒ PmX- c mbn. Ch- c n¬ Hcm- f psS t]¿ anZym≥ AYhm "aZvb≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.58 anZyms‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ AJ-_m- Dƒ°-Sens‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv Bhm-k -tI{µw ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. aqkm\-_n-bpsS izip-c≥ ipsF-_v\_n (bnt{Xm) anZym-\y-cn-te°v \ntbmKn-°-s∏´ Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p.59 A°meØv AhnsS A©v cmP-hw-i-ß-fmWv hmWn-cp-∂Xv. Iq´-Øn¬ H∂mbn-cp∂p lq¿hwiw.60 Cu hwi-°m¿ Bcy-tZ-h≥am-cmb C{µ-s\bpw an{X-s\bpw hcp-W-s\bpw \mk-Xy-sc-bp-amWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v Gjym-ssa-\-dnse t_mLm-kvtIm-bn¬ \n∂v J\-\-Øn¬ e`n® Hcp inem-^-eIw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. lqdn-bm≥ cmPm-hmb aXn-h-kbpw lnXy≥ cmPm-hmb kn∏n-en-en-bp-akpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp Icm-dns‚ tcJ AhnsS \n∂v e`n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn¬ Icm-dn\p Znhy-km£n-I-fmbn ]d-™Xv ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Bcy-tZ-h≥am-sc-bmWv.61 AXn-\m¬, anZym≥ cm-P-hw-i-amb lqdn-bcpw C≥tUm ˛Bcy≥amcpw Htc aX-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p sXfn-™p. At∏mƒ Acy≥P\X anZym\y-sc-t∏mse A{_-lm-ans‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂ apkvenw ]WvUn-X-cpsS \nK-a\w ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-a√ Xs∂. F∂m¬, {_m“-W-a-X-°m¿ ssZh-Øns‚ ZqX≥am-scbpw {]hmN-I≥am-scbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√-∂ hm-Zhpw thZ-߃ ssZhn-Iam-sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂n-s√∂ hmZhpw icn-bmbn tXm∂p-∂n√. \Jvi-_µn ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏´ Hcp kq^n-h-cy-\mb an¿km akvl¿ Pms\ Pm\m≥ C¥y≥ thZ-߃ A√m-lp-hn¬ \n∂v Ah-X-cn-®n-´p≈h Xs∂-bm-sW∂v ]d-bp∂p.62 thZ -{Z-jvSm-°-fmb al¿jn-am¿ Ah ssZh-h-N-\-ß-fm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xmbn tZho-{]-kmZv Nt´m-]m-[ymb Xs‚ "`mc-Xob XØz-Nn¥'bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ ImWpI: ""F√m-‰nepw Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw Btcm]n®p ioen® Ah¿ CXn\pw Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw Xs∂ Imc-W-am-bn-°≠p. AXpsIm≠v Ihn (Ejn)Xs∂ {]Jym-]n®p: F∂n¬ Cuiz-c≥ {]th-in-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv F∂v, {_m“-W-a-X-Øn¬ GtI-iz-c-Xz-hmZw B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-®-t∏mƒ thZ-ß-fpsS {kjvSmhv k¿th-iz-c-\mWv F∂v hn[n-°-s∏´p. Cuizc\v BZn-bp-a-¥y-hp-an√. At∏mƒ thZ-Øn-\p-an√ BZn-bp-a-¥yhpw.

24

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

Cuiz-c-kr-jvS-amb AXn¬ {]am-Z-ap-≠m-hn√. kºq¿W kXyhpw kºq¿W ]mh-\hpw kºq¿W {]I-S-\-hp-am-WnXv.''63 CXm-bn-cp∂p {_m“-W-cpsS hnizmkw. Hcn-°¬ kwkvIrX almI-hn-bmb Imfn-Zm-ks‚ Pnlz-bn¬ \n∂v "a{¥-IrXx' F∂ hm°v hoWp-t]mbn. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ as‰mcp Ihn-bmb `h-`qXn s\‰n-Npfn®v shdp∏v {]I-Sn-∏n®p. a{¥-IrXw F∂√, a{¥-Zriw F∂mWv ]d-tb-≠-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p `h-`q-Xn-bpsS ]£w. Ejn-a-mc√ a{¥-߃ cNn-®Xv; Ah¿ a{¥-߃ Z¿in-®-h¿ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. 64 BI-bm¬ thZ-߃ ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]mSmbn Ejn-am¿°v e`n-®-XmsW∂ hnizmkw Xs∂-bmWv {_m“-W¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v {_m“-W¿°v {]hm-N-I- Zu-Xy-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂n√ F∂ Poen-bpsS A`n-{]mbw icn-bmbn tXm∂p-∂n√. `mc-Xo-b¿ {]hm-N-I-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂n-s√∂ hmZhpw A∏Sn icn-b√. Ah¿ Ah-Xm-c- ]p-cp-j≥am-cn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p. apkvenw-IfpsS \_n-am¿ Xs∂-bmWv, Dt±-iy-Ønepw XØz-Ønepw `mc-Xo-bcpsS Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j≥am¿. [¿a- kw-ÿm-]-\-amWv {]hm-NI \ntbmK-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-Xm-c-Øn-s‚bpw e£yw. thZ-hym-k≥ F∂ A]cm-`n-[m-\-Øm¬ hniz-hn-{ip-X-\mb _mZ-cm-bW IrjvW-≥ cNn-®-sX∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ "`K-h-ZvKoX'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""bZm bZm ln [¿aky •m\n¿`-hXn `mcX, A`yp-∞m-\-a-[¿aky XZm-flm\mw krPm-aylw. ]cn-{Xm-Wmb km[q\mw hn\m-imb NZp-jvIrXmw [¿a-kw-ÿm]-\m¿Ymb kw`-hman bptK bptK.'' 65 (`K-hm≥ {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\s\ D]-tZ-in-°p∂p: tl `c-X-tKm{X-Pm-X-\mb A¿Pp\m, Ft∏m-sg-t∏mƒ [¿a-Øn\v £Xhpw A[¿aØn\v A`yp-∂-Xnbpw kw`-hn-°p-∂pthm At∏m-sg√mw Rm≥ Bhn¿`hn-°p∂p. injvS-P-\sØ ]cn-c-£n-°m\pw ZpjvS-P-\sØ \in-∏n°m\pw, Aßs\ [¿aw kwÿm-]n-°m-\p-ambn bpKw-tXmdpw Rm≥ Ah-X-cn-°p∂p.) Ckvem-anI ho£-W-{]-Imcw {]hm-N-I≥ ssZhtam ssZh-Øns‚ Awitam A√. ]t£, At±-l-Øn¬ Znhy ssNX\yw {]h-ln-°p∂p≠v . Cu Znhy- { ]- h m- l - s Ø- b mWv `mc- X o- b ¿ Be- ¶ m- c n- I - a mbn "ssZhm-h-Xmcw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® t«mIß-fn¬ Znhy-ssN-X\yw bpKw-tXmdpw Bhn¿`-hn-°p-sa∂pw AXns‚ Bhiyw [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-am-sW∂pw ]d-™-Xn¬ \n∂pw `mc-Xob¿°v ssZh- k - t µ- i - h m- l - I - c n¬ hnizm- k - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p F∂ Imcyhpw hy‡-amWv. `mc-Xo-b¿ Zim-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p. Hcp ]£-{]-Imcw Ccp-]-Øn-\mev Ah-Xm-c-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. Ah-km-\sØ Ah-Xm-c-a-√mØ-sX√mw Ign™p. Ien-bp-K-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

25

s∏-Sp∂ Iev°n Ah-Xm-c-amWv Ah-km-\-tØXv. Iev°n F∂ AhXm-c-sØ-∏‰n sslµ-h-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ Zo¿L-Z¿i\w sNbvXn-´p≠v. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw Iev°n Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏‰n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xns‚ cXv\-®p-cp°w: A·n-]p-cmWw, {ioa-lm-`m-KhXw XpS-ßnb alm-]p-cm-W-ß-fnepw alm-`m-c-X-Ønepw (Bc-Wy-I-]¿hw) Iev°n-]p-cmWw F∂ D]-]pcm-W-Ønepw Iev°nbh-Xm-c- I-Y-bp≠v. Iev°n F∂ ]Zw "JUvKn' (hmƒ [cn-®-h≥) F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ cq]-t`-Z-am-sW∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. sh≈-°p-Xnc Fs∂m-c¿Yw I¬]n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Nne bqtdm-]y≥ ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p≠v. sh≈-°p-Xn-c-∏p-dØp Ib-dnbmWv Iev°n ZpjvS-P\ \n{Klw \S-Øp-I-sb-∂mWv ]pcm-W-߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv.... Iev°n-bpsS IYm-Np-cp°w: kw`m¬ {Kma-Øn¬ "hnjvWp-b-i v' F∂ Hcp kmXzn-I-\p-≠m-Ip∂p. "kpaXn' F∂p t]cmb aln-f-bmWv hnjvWp-b-i- ns‚ ]Xv\n. B Zº-Xn-am-cpsS ]p{X-\mbn Iev°n `qtemI-Pm-X-\m-Ip∂p. sshim-J-ip-¢-amkw 12-˛\mWv Iev°n P∑-sa-Sp-°pI. "]c-ip-cm-a≥' At±-l-Øn\v thZhpw a‰pw A`y-kn-∏n-°p∂p. "_rlZv{hX's‚ ]p{Xn-bmb ]flsb Iev°n thfn-I-gn-°p∂p. Iev°n tæO≥am-cpsS ]pcp-j-ssk-\ysØ ]q¿W-am-bpw ]cm-Pb-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. -kv{Xo-Isf h[n-°-bn-√. HSp-hn¬ "Ien'bpsS ]´-WØn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw A[¿a-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-a-Zv`m-h-amb Iensb ap´pIpØn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p...''66 CXmWv I¬°n-bpsS IYm-km-cw. Cu IYsb A¥y-{]-hm-NIs‚ Pohn- X - I - Y - b p- a mbn _‘n- ∏ n- ° m≥ Nne apkv e nw ]Wv U nX≥am¿ {ian- ® n- ´ p≠v . Ah- c psS \nK- a - \ - Ø n¬ Iev ° n- s Im- ≠ p≈ hnh£ apl-ΩZv \_n Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv. hnjvWp-b-i v \_n-bpsS ]nXmhv A_vZp-√m (ssZh-Zm-k≥)bpw kpaXn At±-l-Øns‚ amXmhmb Ban\ (kay-hXn)bpw kw`m¬{Kmaw Atd-_y-bp-amWv. sshimJ-ip-¢-Zzm-Zi sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv d_o-D¬ A∆¬ amkw 12-˛mw XnøXn-bt{X. A∂p {]`mX thf-bn-em-Wt√m A¥y {]hm-N-Is‚ ]pWyP≥aw. ]c- i p- c m- a - \ m- I s´, \_n°v Jp¿- B ≥ FØn- ® p- s Im- S pØ Pn_vco¬ (K{_n-tb¬) F∂ aeIpw. F∂m¬, Ihn-`m-h-\-I-fmepw {]Xo-Im-flI h¿W-\-I-fmepw \n_n-U-amb ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ GsX¶n-ep-samcp bYm¿Y kw`-h-hp-ambn tbmPn-∏n-°pI £n{]-km-[y-a√. CXp-t]mse AY¿h-thZw 20˛-mw ImWvU-Øn¬ "Ip¥]x' F∂ kq‡-ap≠v. AXn¬ Hcp "amam' Ejn-sb-°p-dn® {]kvXmhw Im-Wmw. Cu ama, apl-ΩZv F∂ kw⁄m-\m-a-Øns‚ `mc-Xo-b-cq-]-am-hm-sa∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬, CXn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ kv]jvSamWv "`hnjy ]pcmW'Øn¬ h∂ Hcp {]h-N\w. thZ-hymk ap\nbm¬ BN-cn-X-sa∂p hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B ]pcm-W-Øn¬ `mhn kw`-

26

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

h-ß-fmWv {]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. AXmWv "`hnjyx' F∂ t]cn\v \nZm-\hpw. temI-saßpw A[¿ahpw AXn-{I-ahpw hym]n-°p-sa∂pw XZ- h - k - c - Ø n¬ am\- h - I p- e sØ D≤- c n- ∏ m- \ mbn "alm- a Z' F∂p t]cmb Hcp hntZ-iob BNm-cy≥ Xs‚ injy≥am-tcm-Sp-IqSn {]Xy£-\m-hp-sa∂pw {]kvXpX ]pcm-W-Øn¬ Zo¿L-Z¿i\w sNø-s∏-´ncn-°p∂p. "alm-aZ' F∂Xv "apl-ΩZn's‚ C¥y≥ D—m-c-W-amhmw. hymks‚ `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ ImWpI: ""GX-kvan-∂-¥tc tæ— BNm-tcyW ka-\znXx alm-aZm CXn-JymXx injy-imJm ka-\znXw''67 (Aß-s\-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ "alm-aZ' F∂p-t]-cmb Hcp "tæO' BNmcy≥ At±-l-Øns‚ injy-im-J-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]Xy-£-\mIpw) "tæ—≥' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v hntZ-i-Øp-≈-h≥ F∂m-W¿Yw. AXn\m¬, C¥y-bn-e√ Cu BNm-cy≥ BK-X-\m-hp-I-sb-∂p-IqSn ap\n kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, `mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ Hcp alm BNm-cys‚ BK-a\w {]Xo-£n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp∂p. AXn-\m¬, {_m“-W-a-X-°m¿ {]hm-N-I≥am-cnepw {]hm-N-I-Zu-XyØnepw hniz-kn-°p-∂n√ F∂ hmZw icn-b√. {]hm-N-I-s\-°p-dn-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI kw⁄ hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂p am{Xw.

GI-ssZ-h-kn-≤m¥w `mc- X o- b - c psS G‰hpw ]pcm- X - \ - a mb aX- k m- l nXyw EtKz- Z - a msW∂p \mw kqNn-∏n®p. AXn¬ tZh≥amsc kvXpXn®pw A`o-jvSIm-cy-߃ A`y¿Yn-®pw-sIm-≠p≈ Ihn-X-I-fmWv ImWpI. Cu IhnX-Isf "E°p'Iƒ AYhm "a{¥'߃ F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Iptd a{¥ßƒ tN¿∂-XmWv "kq‡w.' EtKz-Z-Øn¬ 1017 kq‡-ß-fp≠v. Nne kq‡-߃°v Jp¿-B-\nse {]Y-am-[ym-b-amb "A¬^mXn-l-'tbmSv A]m-c-amb kmZriyw ImWmw. BI-bm¬ AsXmcp ssZhn-I-{K-Ÿa-s√∂p Xo¿Øp-]-d-bm≥ {]bm-k-ap≠v. thZ-Øn¬ ap∏-Øn-aq∂v tZh\m-a-߃ kvXpXn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xmbn Hcp E°n¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p.68 BcmWo tZh≥am¿? CtX-∏‰n kp\n¿Wn-X-amb Hcp Xocp-am-\-a√ thZhn-Øp-°-fmb ]WvUn-X≥am¿°p-≈Xv. GXm-bmepw AZr-iy-tem-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kXz-ß-fmWv Ah¿ F∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ kwi- b - a n√. Hcp- ] t£, apkv e nw- I ƒ "aeIp'Iƒ F∂pw ss{IkvX-h¿ "amemJ'am¿ F∂pw hnfn-®p-h-cp∂ AZriy kXz-ß-fmhmw {]kvXpX tZh-X-Iƒ. F∂m¬, ]m›mXy \ncq- ] - I ≥am- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - Ø n¬ shdpw {]IrXn i‡n- I - f mWv tZh≥am¿. C≥tUm˛ Bcy≥ P\X BZn-bn¬ {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-sfbmWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw Ah-km\w GI-ssZ-h-Xz-Øn-se-Ønt®¿s∂-∂p-amWv Ah-cpsS \nK-a\w. F∂m¬, `mc-Xo-b ]WvUn-X≥am-cn¬ ]ecpw Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

27

FXn¿Øn-´p≠v. kz¥w ho´nse Imcyw at‰-h-sc-°mfpw ho´p-Im¿°mWt√m Adn-bpI. AXn-\m¬, C°m-cy-Øn¬ `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X≥amcpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\mWv ap≥K-W\ Iev]n-t°-≠Xv. thZ-Ønse tZh-\m-a-߃ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ GtI-iz-cs‚ hnhn[ \ma-ß-fm-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬, Htc ssZh-sØ-Ø-s∂-bmWv Bcy≥am¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂-sX-∂p-amWv Ah-cpsS ]£w. Cßs\ \qdv \ma-ß-fmWv thZØn¬ GtI-iz-c-∂p-≈-sX-∂mWv "Bcy-k-amP' ÿm]-I-\mb {io. Zbm-\µ kc-kz-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. At±lw Xs‚ thZ-`m-jy-Øn¬ B \ma-߃ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Zbm-\-µPn FSp-Øp]-d™ \ma-߃ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ sXmÆq-s‰m-º-tX-bp-≈q-sh∂pw "inh≥' F∂ \maw c≠p XhW Bh¿Øn-®-Xn-\m-emWv \qdm-bsX∂pw auem\m kønZv lman-Zen Xs‚ "lnµp-aXv Hu¿ XuloZv' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p. Ckvem-anepw sXmÆq-s‰m-ºXv \ma-ßfmWv A√m-lp-hn-∂p-≈Xv.69 Zbm-\-µ-Pn-bp-sSbpw a‰pw {]kvXpX hymJym-\sØ EtKz-Z-Ønse Nne a{¥-߃ {]_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1-˛mw aWvUe-Ønse Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C{µw an{Xw hcp-W-b-·n-amlp ctYm Znhyx kkp-]¿tWm Kcp-flm≥ GIw kZzn{]m _lp-[m-hZ ¥y·nw baw amX-cn-izm-\-amlq'' 70 (At±-lsØ C{µ-s\∂pw an{X-s\∂pw hcp-W-s\∂pw A·n-sb∂pw ]d- b p∂p. hm\Øv hSn- h n¬ ]d- ° p∂ Kcp- U \pw At±- l - a mWv . hn⁄≥-am¿ H∂ns\ ]e-Xm°n ]d-bp-I-bmWv. ssh-Zyp-Xm·n, ba≥, amX-cn-izmhv F√mw At±lw Xs∂) CXn¬ \n∂pw, Htc-sbmcp kXz-sØ-bmWv Ejn-am¿ ]e \ma-ßfnepw hnfn-®p-h-∂-sX∂v sXfn-bp∂p. hnhn[ `mh-ßfpw KpW-ß-fpap≠v GI-ssZ-h-Øn\v. Ahsb Bkv]-Z-am°n Ihn-Iƒ Ahs\ hnhn[ cq]-Øn¬ k¶-ev]n-®p-sh-t∂-bp≈q. Hmtcm Iev]-\-b-\p-kcn®pw Hmtcm \maw \evIn. as‰mcp thZ-a-{¥-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""GIw kXzw _lp-[m-I-ev]-b¥n''71 (AXm-bXv, kØmb Hcp¨asb [IhnIƒ] ]e {]Im-c-Øn¬ k¶-ev]n-°p∂p). Npcp-°-Øn¬, \ma-߃°√msX \ma-[m-cn°v \m\m-Xz-an√. AXmWv thZw ]d-bp-∂Xpw: ""bm tZh\mw \ma[m GI Ghx''72 (tZh-\m-a-߃ [cn® kXzw H∂p Xs∂-bm-sW∂p kmcw). Cu a{¥-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ {]mNo\ Bcy≥am¿ _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-Itfm hn{K-lm-cm-[-Itcm Bbn-cp-∂n-s√∂v Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ""EtKzZw bmsXmcp BƒssZ-h-sØbpw Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ B⁄m-]n-°p-∂n√''73 F∂ Kth-j-I-cpsS \nK-a\w CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {it≤-b-amWv. BZn-bn¬ Hcp◊ am{Xta-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q: Ah-\mWv BIm-

28

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

i-`q-an-I-fpsS˛AYhm kIe PK-Øn-s‚bpw ˛ A[o-im-[n-]-Xn-bmbn h¿Øn-®Xv. BIm-i-`q-an-I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw {kjvSmhpw \nb-¥mhpw Ah-\t{X. EtKzZw 10˛-mw aWvUew 121˛mw kq‡-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn°p∂p: ""lncWy K¿`x ka-h¿Ø-Xmt{K `qXky PmXx ]Xn-tcI BkoXv kZm-Zmc ]rYnhow Zymap-tXamw Ikvssa tZhmb lhojm hnt[am.''74 (krjvSn-°p-apºv lnc-Wy-K¿`-\mb ]c-ta-iz-c≥ am{Xta Cu PKØn\v A[o-im-[n-]-\mbn h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p≈q. Cuiz-c≥ ]rYn (`qan) apX¬ {]Im-i-tem-Iw-h-sc-bp≈ kIe PK-Øn-s\bpw krjvSn®p [mcWw sNøp∂p [Xmßn-\n-dp-Øp∂p]. kpJ-kz-cq-]-\mb B tZhs\ R߃ D]m-kn-°p∂p [hW-ßp∂p]. a‰m-scbpw D]m-kn-°-bn√.) krjvSn-°p-apºv bmsXm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw Hcp◊ am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-sh-∂p-amWv Ckvem-anI in£Ww. EtKz-Zhpw AXp Xs∂- b mWv ]Tn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv . "\mk- Z yb' kq‡- Ø n¬ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv ImWpI: ""\mk-Zm-kot∂m kZm-ko-Ø-Zm\ow \mko-{ZtPm t\m thymam ]tcmXv Ioam-h-cohx Ipl-Iky i¿Ω-∂av`x Ioam-koZv Kl\w K`ocw \ arXyp-cm-ko-Z-arXw \ X¿ln \ cm{Xym Alv\ BkoXv {]tIXx B\o-Z-hmXw kz[bm XtZIw Xkvam-≤m-\y∂ ]cx -In-©-\mk.''75 Cu a{¥-߃°v Zbm-\µ kc-kzXn \evInb A¿Y-amWv ChnsS ImWn-°p-∂Xv: ""Cu Imcy-P-KØv D≠m-Im-sX-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, AXmbXv krjvSn-°p-apºv, iq\y-amb BImiw t]mepw C√m-bn-cp∂p. Cuiz-c\pw krjvSn-bpsS aqe-Im-c-Whpw am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. Fs¥-∂m¬, BIm-ihpw a‰pw hymhlm-cn-I-ambn h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂n√. At∏mƒ AXv, AYhm {]Ir-Xn-sb∂ Ahy‡w, (AsX) kXvkw⁄-I-amb PK-XvIm-c-Ww-t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. thymaw AYhm hncmSv F∂ ÿqe-P-K-Øns‚ \nhm-k-ÿm-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬, ]c-{_-“-Øns‚ kma¿Yy-sa∂ AXo-h-kq-£vahpw F√m‰n-s‚bpw aqe-Im-c-W-hp-am-bXv am{Xta At∏mƒ D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p≈q. h¿j-Ime {]`m-X-Øn¬ ]pI-t]mse ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ipd®p Pe-Øn\m¬ `qan Bh-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n√. \Zn-bn¬ Hgp-°p-≠m-Ip-∂p-an√. At∏mƒ B Pew Fßs\ Kl-\hpw Kw`o-chpw BIpw? C√-Xs∂. AXp-t]mse bmsXm∂pw {_“-Øns\ Bh-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Ignhp-≈-X√. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ah-sb√mw AXyp¬]-ß-fm-Ip∂p. Cu PK-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

29

sØ√mw Cuiz-cs‚ kma¿Yy-Øn¬ D≠m-b-XmWv. B {_“-sØ°mƒ Kl-\hpw Kw`o-c-hp-am-bXv as‰-¥p≠v? H∂p-ta-bn√. AXn-\m¬, B {_“-Øns‚ Bh-c-W-ambn bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ C√. F¥p-sIms≠-∂m¬, {_“w A\-¥hpw PKØv XpO-hp-amWv. {_“-{k-jvSmhmb Cu PKØv Cuiz-cs\ At]-£n-®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ AXn-Xp-Oam- I p∂p.'' 76 Jp¿-B-\nse krjvSn-hn-h-c-W-hp-ambn {]kvXpX hnh-cWw F{Xam{Xw ASp-Øn-´p-s≠∂v hninjym ]d-tb-≠-Xn√. F∂m¬, Jp¿Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\pw Bbn-c-°-W-°mb h¿j-߃°p-ap-ºmWv EtKz- Z - I mew F∂ kwKXn \mw Hm¿t°- ≠ - X mWv . EtKz- Z - Ø n¬ kvXpXn-°-s∏´ Hcp tZh-\mWv hcp-W≥. hcp-Ws‚ khn-ti-j-Xsb-∏‰n AY¿h- thZw ]d-bp∂p: ""c≠m-fp-Iƒ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-tºmƒ aq∂m-a-\mb hcp-W-cm-Pmhv AXv Adn-bp∂p.''77 CtX ssien-bmWv A√m-lp-hns\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Jp¿B\pw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. t\m°pI: ""aq∂mƒ Ipip- I p- i p- ° p- t ºmƒ \mem- a - \ mbn Ah≥ D≠m- b ncn°pw. A©mƒ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-tºmƒ Bdm-a-\mbn Ah≥ D≠m-bncn°pw. Ipd-™mepw Gdn-bmepw icn, Ah-cpsS IqsS Ah≥ D≠mIm-Xn-cn-°n√''78 Npcp- ° - Ø n¬, thZw GtI- i z- c - h n- ` m- h - \ - a mWv temI- k a£w ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]t£, ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS hymJym-\-°-k¿Øp°ƒ thZ-Ønse A[ym-]-\-ßsf sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n®p. Aßs\, {_m“W-aXw hn{K-lm-cm-[\bmbn amdn. temI-Ønse CX-c -a-X-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿbpw Gd-°psd CXp Xs∂-bmWt√m.

D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fnse GI-Xz-k-¶ev]w `mc- X - Ø n¬ ]nev ° m- e Øv hf¿∂p- h ∂ Hcp {]tXyIXcw kmlnXy kwLm- X - a mWv D]- \ n- j - Ø p- ° ƒ. AXn- \ n- K q- V - ß - f mb {_“- ⁄ m- \ - ß - f mWv D]- \ n- j - Ø p- ° - f n¬ AS- ß n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . F∂m¬ Ckvem-anI XXz-Nn¥ {Kln® Hcmƒ°v D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fnse {_“-hn-⁄m\w a\- n-em-°m≥ bmsXmcp hnj-a-hp-an√; `mj ]Tn°-W-sa-∂p-am{Xw. D]-\n-jXv IrXn-Iƒ \qdp-I-W-°n-\p≠v. apKƒN{I-h¿Øn-bmb AIv_-dpsS ImeØv Hcp ]pXnb D]-\n-jØpw \nehn¬ hcp-I-bp-≠mbn. "At√m-]-\n-jØv' F∂t{X AXns‚ t]¿. A√m-lp-hns‚ t]cn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ Cu IrXn lnµp-°ƒ°v kzoImcy-am-hp-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. F∂m¬, Ah¿°v kzoIm-cyhpw {]mamWn-I-hp-amb Iptd D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fp-ap≠v. ]Xn-aq-s∂Æw IqSp-X¬ {]am-W-tbm-Ky-at{X. {io. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Ah-bn¬ an°-Xn\pw `mjyw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. Cuim-hmkyw, OmtµmKyw, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw, sFX-

30

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

tcbw, ssXØn-cobw, {]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, Iujo-XIn, ssa{Xn, tizXm-iz-Xcw F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv Ah hnfn-°s∏-Sp-∂Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ sFln-I-Po-hn-XsØ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm a\p- j ys\ tIh- e - s amcp B[ym- fl nI Pohn- b m- ° n- Ø o¿°p- I tbm sNøp-∂n√. ]e £{Xn-b- cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fpsS BNmcy≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. {]hm-lW ssPhen, APm-X-i{Xp, P\-I≥, Aiz]Xn apX-em-b-h¿ DZm-l-cWw. cmPm-°≥am¿ ssIImcyw sNbvXph∂n-cp∂ Cu hnZy P\-ßsf sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-‰phm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-hn-s√∂v kzbw hy‡-amWv. IqSmsX, D]-\n-j-Øp°ƒXs∂ Cu temIØv Zo¿L-Imew Pohn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°-W-sa∂mWv D]-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv. Cuim-hm-ky-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""I¿h-t∂th- l - I ¿amWn PnPo- t h- j - O - X wkamx'' 79 (I¿a- ß ƒ A\p- j v T n- ® psIm≠v Cl-tem-IØv \qdp-sIm√w Pohn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-hn≥.) Ckvem-anI Pohn-X-X-Øzhpw Cß-s\-Ø-s∂-bmWv. Hcp B]vXhm-Iy-Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWmw: ""\o Fs∂∂pw Pohn°pw F∂ `mhØn¬ \ns‚ sFlnI Pohn-X-Kp-W-Øn-\mbpw \msf-Øs∂ acn°pw F∂ `mh-Øn¬ \ns‚ ]mc-{XnI tam£-Øn-\mbpw I¿a-a-\p-jvTn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°pI.'' ""kXvI¿a-a-\p-jvTn-®p-sIm≠v Zo¿L-Imew Pohn°p∂ a\p-jy-\mWv G‰hpw DØ-a≥'' F∂v Ckvemw-aX {]hm-NI\pw Acpƒ sNøp∂p.'' 80 Cuimhmky- Ø nse XtØzm- ] - t Ziw as‰mcp ssien-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv {]hm-N-I≥ sNbvXn-´p≈Xv. \ap°v D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fnse GI-ssZ-hXz Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n°mw. "{_“w', "]c-{_“w', "]c-am-flmhv' apX-emb t]cp-I-fn-emWv GI-ssZ-hsØ D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ hyh-l-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ckvem-anse GIssZ-h-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf√mw "{_lva'sa∂ i_vZw Dƒs°m≈p-∂p≠v. ""Ah\p Xpey-ambn bmsXm∂pw C√''81 F∂pw ""Bcpw Ah\p Xpey-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂n√''82 F∂p-amWv Jp¿-B≥ GI-ssZ-hsØ ]cn- N - b - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- ´ p- ≈ Xv . AXm- b Xv , a\p- j ys‚ _mtly- { µn- b ߃t°m B¥-tc-{µn-b-߃t°m hnj-b-am-hmØ H∂mWv ssZhkØ F∂¿Yw. CXp Xs∂-bmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ \ap°v a\- nem-°n-Ø-cp∂ Bi-bhpw. tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""\ X{X N£p¿K-OXn \ hm-K-OXn s\m a\x \ hnZvtam \ hnPm-\otam bssY-X-Z-\p-in-jymXv A\y-tZh XZzn-Zn-Xm-ZtYm Ahn-Zn-Xm-Z[n CXn -ip-{ip-a -]q¿t∆jmw tb \kvX-Zym-N-£ntc.''83 (t\{XmZn C{µn-b-߃t°m hm°nt\m a\- nt\m B {_“sØ {]m]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√. AXv Fß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂p R߃ Adn-bp-∂n√. AXn-s\-∏‰n ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-sX-ßs\ F∂pw R߃°-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

31

dn-™p-IqSm. {_“w Adn-b-s∏-´-Xn¬ \n∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-am-bn-´p-≈-Xt{X. Cß-s\-bmWv AXns\ hymJym-\n-®pX∂ BNm-cy-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw R߃ tI´n-´p-≈Xv) Bfl- ⁄ m- \ n- b mb Jeo^ A_q- _ Iv ¿ kn±oJv ssZh- k - Ø bpsS A\n¿h-N-\o-b-X-sb-∏‰n hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv Cu hm°p-I-fn-emWv: ""Ahs\ Adn- b m≥ Ign- b n√ F∂v Adn- b p- ∂ - X mWv bYm¿Y ⁄m\w.'' 84 CtX Bibw tIt\m-]-\n-jØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p: ""bkym-aXw Xky-aXw aXw bky \ thZ kx Ahn-⁄mXw hnPm-\Xmw hn⁄m-Xa hnPm-XXmw''85 ({_lvasØ X\n°v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bn√ F∂v Adn-™-h≥ Adnbp∂p. {_“sØ Adn™p F∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-h≥ Adn-bp-∂p-an√. Adn-s™∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h¿°v Adn-bm-ØXpw, Adn-bn√ F∂p a\ n-em-b-h¿ Adn-™-Xp-am-Ip∂p {_“w.) {_“-sØ-b-√msX as‰m-∂n-s\bpw D]m-k\ (Bcm-[\) sNøcp- s X∂pw P\- ß ƒ {_“- s a∂p k¶- e v ] n®p D]m- k \ sNøp- ∂ sXm∂pw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ {_“a-s√∂pw tI\w ]d-bp∂p: ""b®-£p-jm \ ]iyXn tb\ N£pw-jn- ]-iyXn XtZh {_“-Xzw hn≤n \Zw bZn-Z-ap]m ktX.''86 (IÆp- s Im≠v ImWm≥ Ign- b m- Ø Xpw F∂m¬ IÆn\p Imgv N \evIp-∂-Xp-amb ssNX-\y-tatXm AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn™mepw. {_“-sa∂p Iev]n®p [P\-߃] D]m-kn-°p-∂-sXm∂pw {_“-a-√-Xs∂.) AXm-bXv, A⁄-∑m¿ {_“-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øn¬ ]e-Xn-s\bpw Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p≠v. AsXm∂pw {_“-a√. {_“sØ t\t{X-{µnb-Ønt\m a‰n-{µn-b-߃t°m {]m]n-°m-\m-hn√. ]t£, t\{XmZn C{µnb-߃°v hkvXp-°sf {]m]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-sIm-Sp-°p∂ ssNX\yw {_“-a-am-Wp-Xm\pw. Cu Bibw Ckvem-an\p kzoIm-cy-am-sW∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-amWv.87 D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fnse ssZh-k-¶ev]w a\- n-em-°nb Nne kq^nh-cy-∑m¿ Ah {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akm-am-\y-amb D’mlw {]ISn- ∏ n- ® - X n¬ AZv ` p- X - Ø n\v Ah- I m- i - a n√. apKƒkm- { am- ´ mb jmPlms‚ aqØ-]p-{X\pw JmZn-cnøm kzq^o ]c-º-c-bnse Hcm-Nm-cy-\pam-bn-cp∂ apl-ΩZv Zmtdm-jnt°m ({In. 1615˛-1659) C°q-´-Øn¬ Hcmfm-bn-cp∂p. Zmtdm-jnt°m Aº-tXmfw D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ t]¿jy≥ `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøn-®n-´p≠v. B X¿P-a-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv ]m›m-Xy-temIw D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n BZy-ambn Adn-bm≥ CSh-∂Xv. kp{]-kn≤ "{KŸm-hen'bn¬ B kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI: ""1775 F.Un.bn¬ t]¿jy `cn-®n-cp∂ ^phm-Zp±u-e-bpsS Ac-a-\-

32

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

bn¬ \n∂v {^©p dkn- U ‚mb Fw.sP≥Sn¬ ( M. Gentle) Zmtdmjnt°m Xøm-dm°n sh® D]-\n-j-Zzn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hcp ssIsb-gpØp-tIm∏n Ic-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw AXv {]kn≤ ]WvUnX k©m-cnbmb A¶zn-‰n¬ Uqh-d\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. s_¿\n-b¿ (Bernier) AXp {^m≥kn- t e°v sIm≠p- t ]mbn. Uqh- d ≥ {^©n- t e°pw em‰n≥`m-j-bn-te°pw B D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ X¿Pa sNbvXp. em‰n≥ X¿Pa 1801, 1802 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ bYm-{Iaw c≠p `mK-ß-fmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. "Hu]v\n-OXv' (Oupnekhat) F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXn\v At±lw \evInb t]¿''88

ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnX k¶ev]w Ckvem-anI ho£-W-Øn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-amb auen-I-X-Øz-߃ aq∂m-Wv: 1. XuloZv AYhm, GI-ssZ-hXzw. 2. cnkm-eXv AYhm, {]hm- N - I - Z uXyw. 3 BJn- d Øv AYhm, ac- W m- \ - ¥ c PohnX hnizmkw. lnµp-[¿a-sØ- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kØns‚ \ne- ] mSv \mw I≠p- I - g n™p. C°m- c y- Ø n¬ Ckv e mapw lnµp-a-Xhpw XΩn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb A-¥-c-sam-∂p-an-s√-∂p-≈XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. C\n \ap°v ac-Wm-\-¥-c Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n lnµpa-X-Øns‚ \ne-]m-sS-¥m-sW∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw. C∂sØ lnµp-°ƒ ]p\¿P-∑-Øn-emWv hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv. AXmb-Xv, Cu P∑-Øn¬ kXvI¿a-a-\p-jvTn-®m¬ hcpwP∑-Øn¬ kpPmX-\mbn P∑-sa-Sp°pw; AYhm, ZpjvI¿aw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-]£w \mbbmtbm ]∂n-bmtbm iq{Z-\mtbm at‰m P\n°pw. kXvI¿a˛ ZpjvI¿aß-fpsS ^ew Cl-Øn¬ sh®p Xs∂-bmWv A\p-`-hn-°pI. CXmWv ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Z-Øns‚ Xm¬]cyw. Cu hmZw Ckvem-ap-ambn s]mcpØ-s∏-Sp-∂-X-s√∂p Xo¿®-bmWv. F∂m¬, thZImesØ `mc-Xo-b¿ ]p\¿P-∑ -hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂n√. {]XypX, ]c-tem-I-Ønse I¿a-^-e-ß-fnepw kz¿K˛ \c-I-ßfn-ep-amWv Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. thZ-ß-sf-∏‰n Iqe-¶-j-ambn ]T\w \S-Ønb `mc-Xo-b-]-WvUn-X-\mb {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xymb≥ At±-l-Øns‚ "hniz-Z¿i\ßfn'¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Ønse Ejn-am¿ Cu temI-Øn¬\n∂pw `n∂-amb as‰mcp temI- a p- s ≠∂pw hniz- k n- ® n- c p∂p. Ahn- t S°mWv ac- W m- \ - ¥ cw k¬°¿an-Iƒ t]mhpI. Ah¿ AhnsS B\-µ-]q¿hw Pohn-°p-∂XmWv . Xmsg- b p≈ ]mXmfw A‘- I m- c ab- a mb \cI- t em- I - a mWv . Ahn-tS°mWv ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ t]mIp-∂Xv. sshZn-I-Im-esØ Ejnam¿°v ]p\¿P-∑-hm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.''89 BI-bm¬ ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-sØ- w-_-‘n®pw Ckvemw ]Tn∏n® AtX Bi-b-amWv thZ-Im-esØ Ejn-amcpw aXm-Nmcy≥amcpw {]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]t£, Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ B hnizmkw ]p\¿P-∑-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

33

kn-≤m-¥-ambn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. ac-Wm-\¥cw e`n°m-\n-cn-°p∂ kz¿K˛\c-I-ß-fn¬ P\-߃°v hnizm-kw- Ip-d-™t∏mƒ A°m-esØ [m¿an-Im-Nm-cy≥am¿ I≠p-]n-Sn® Hcp \qX-\ kn- ≤ m- ¥ - a mWv ]p\¿P- ∑ - h m- Z - s a∂p kmwIr- X ym- b ≥ as‰m- c n- S Øv ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v.90 C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ]pcm-X\ aX-kn-≤m¥-ßfpw Ckvem-anI kn≤m-¥-ßfpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb ASp-∏-aps≠∂p hy‡-am-bt√m. `mc-Xo-b-cmb \Ω-fn∂p ]c-kv]cw Adnbm\pw ASp-°m\pw {ian-°p-∂n√. ]Icw Bhp-∂n-S-tØmfw AIem\pw sX‰p-[m-c-W-Iƒ ]c-Øm-\p-amWv Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ {ian-°p∂Xv. bYm¿Y aX-in-£-W-ß-fn-te°v lnµp-°fpw apk¬am≥amcpw aS-ßp-∂-]£w \m´n¬ C∂p hf¿∂p-Im-Wp∂ h¿Kob am’-cy߃°v hen-sbm-c-f-thmfw eLq-I-cWw hcp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂ptXm-∂p∂p.

KuX-a-_p-≤s‚ [¿a-k-tµiw C¥y- b n¬ Hcp- I m- e Øv {]Np- c - { ]- N mcw kn≤n- ® - s X- ¶ nepw A\¥cw \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏´ Hcp Znhy-k-tµ-i-amWv KuX-a-_p-≤s‚ [¿a-k-tµiw. \qX-\-amb Hcp [¿a-am-bn-cp-∂n√ _p≤≥ D]-tZ-in®Xv; {]XypX, apºv ]e _p≤-∑mcpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xpw Imem-¥-tcW tX™p-am™p t]mb-Xp-amb Hcp k\m-X\ [¿a-]-≤Xn ]p\x-ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw am{X-amWv At±lw sNbvXXv. Cu hkvXpX At±lw Ak-µn-Kv[amw hn[w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. _u≤-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ {]mam-Wn-Ihpw kp{]-kn-≤-hp-amb "kwbpØ\n-Imb'Øn¬ _p≤≥ Acp-ƒsN-bvX-Xmbn D≤-cn-®-Xp-t\m-°pI: ""Hcp h\m-¥-c-Øn¬ Hcp-Ø≥ AI-s∏´p F∂p hnNm-cn-°pI. AhnsS Atßm-´n-tßm-´p-g∂p \S-°p-tºmƒ AXn-{]m-No-\-amb Hcpam¿Kw Abmƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p∂p F∂p-sh-bv°pI. t]mbvt]mb Imeß-fn¬ hfsc Bfp-Iƒ B hgnsb k©-cn-®n-´p-≈-XmWv. Im´n-e-Is∏´ B ]mŸ\pw AtX am¿Kw Ah-ew-_n®v, ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp \K-cØn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp∂p. AhnsS at\m-l-c-ß-fmb ku[-߃, Ah-tbm-Sp-tN¿∂v DZym-\-߃, sXcp-ho-Yn-Iƒ, XSm-I-߃ XpS-ßnb \mK-cn-I-ß-fmb D]-I-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp∂p. ]n∂oSv Abmƒ Xs‚ \m´n¬ aS-ßn-sbØn, B I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-sØ-∏‰n \mSp-hm-gn-tbmSpw \m´m-tcmSpw ]d-bp-Ibpw B {]mNo\ \K-csØ ]pXp-°n-∏-WnXv, P\hm-k-tbm-Ky-am-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. At±l-sØ-t∏m-se-bmWv, Rm\pw (_p≤-tZ-h\pw) {]mNo-\-amb Hcp c£mam¿Kw˛[¿a- a m¿Kw˛ Is≠- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . B am¿K- Ø n- e qsS ap≥Im-e-ß-fnse _p≤≥am-sc√mw [¿am-\p-jvTm\w sNbvXp-h∂p. AtX am¿K-Øn-ep≈ Ah-cpsS Ime-Sn-Iƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂v, Rm\pw Pohn-

34

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

X-c-l-ky-߃ [cn®p. AXp-sIm≠v B hI kwK-Xn-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ {]Jym-]n-°p∂p. AXns‚ Dt±iyw F√m-bn-SØpw ]mh-\-amb [m¿anI-Po-hnXw ]pe¿Øp-I-bmWv Xm\pw.''91 KuX- a - _ p- ≤ ≥ D]- t Z- i n® [¿a- a m¿Kw AYhm aXw apºp≈ _p≤≥am-cp-tSXp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ta¬hm-NIw kv]jvS-am°p-∂p≠v. At±lw _p≤≥am¿ F∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv Ckvem-anI kmt¶-Xn-I-`m-j-bnse \_n-am¿ F∂ A¿YØn¬X-s∂-bmWv. _p≤≥ F∂m¬ Znhy-t_m-[\w e`n® hy‡n F∂t{X A¿Yw. CØcw hy‡n-Iƒ°mWv apkvenw-Iƒ \_n-am¿ AYhm, {]hm-N-I∑m¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw. _p≤≥ Ah-Xmc hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw, B {]tbmKw kzoI-cn-°msX \n¿tZm-j-amb _p≤-i_vZw sXc-s™-Sp-ØXv. GXm-bmepw _p≤s‚ [¿a]≤Xn ]pcm-X\ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-tS-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ ktµ-l-an√. temIØv BK-X-cmb {]hm-N-I≥am-sc√mw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Htc-sbmcp [¿a-k-tµ-i-amWv P\-k-a£w ka¿∏n-®-sX∂ bmYm¿Yyw Jp¿-B≥ hnhn[ ssien-I-fn¬ {]Jym-]\w sNbvXn-´p≠v. Jp¿-B≥ Hcn-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""({]hm-N-I-∑mtc,) \nß-fpsS Cu kap-Zmbw Htc-sbmcp kapZmbw Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p. Rm\m-Is´ \nß-fpsS k¿hm-[n-\m-Y\pw. AXpsIm≠v Fs∂ D]m-kn-°p-hn≥.''92 ]Xn-s\´p ]q¿h-{]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \ma-߃ FSp-Øp-]-d-™-tijw, Jp¿-B-\n¬ as‰m-cn-SØv A√mlp A¥y-{]-hm-N-Is\ D]-tZ-in-°p∂p: ""Ah¿°t{X A√mlp kXv]Ÿmhv ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS am¿K-Z¿i\w A\p-K-an-°pI'' 93 BI- b m¬, _p≤- ∑ m- s c√mw H‰ [¿a- ] - ≤ - X n- b mWv D]- t Z- i n- ® sX∂pw AtX ]≤-Xn-bmWv Xm\pw \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-sX-∂p-ap≈ KuXas‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZw Ckvem-an-I-ZrjvSym icn-bmWv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ _p≤s‚ [¿a-]-≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏Sp∂ Nne sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ \ot°-≠Xv Hcm-h-iy-ambn tXm∂p∂p. KuX-a-_p-≤≥ Hcp \mkvXn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]≤Xn-bn¬ Cuiz-ct∂m Bflm-hnt\m ÿm\-an-s√-∂p-amWv ]m›mXy˛ ]uckvXy \ncq-]-I-∑m-cn¬ Nne-cpsS Btcm-]Ww. CXv icn-b√. _p≤a-X-sØ-∏‰n Ah-Kmlw t\Snb ]e {]K-ev`- ]-WvUn-X-∑mcpw Cu Btcm-]Ww \ntj-[n-®n-´p≠v. IqSp-X¬ hnkvX-cn-°p-hm≥ ChnsS kµ¿`-an√. {io. B\-µ-Ip-am-c-kzman At±-l-Øns‚ "KuX-a-_p-≤≥' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ {]kn≤ _u≤-km-ln-Xy-ßsf B[m-c-am°n FgpXn-bXv ImWpI: ""as‰mcp alm-]-WvUn-X≥, {]mNo\ _p≤-aXw ssZh-sØbpw Bflm-hn-s\bpw \nXy-X-sbbpw \ntj-[n-®n-´p-s≠∂pw Bflm-hns√∂v _p≤≥ D]-tZ-in-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn an°-hmdpw km¿h-{Xn-I-am-bn- Xs∂

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

35

Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Dd-∏n®p {]Jym-]n-°p∂p. kXy-Øn¬ At±lw (_p≤≥) \ntj-[n-®n-´p-≈Xv am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-amb Al¥-sb-bmWv. AXm-bXv, imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpamb hy‡n-XzØns‚ kXym- h - ÿ - s b- b mWv . CXv B ]- W v U n- X ≥ Adn- b m- s Xt]mbn.'' [kwbp-Ø-\n-Imbw iv, 384 F 401, 402; DZm\w 47 CXymZn t\m°pI. ]94 {io_p-≤≥ Bfl-{]tNm-Zn-X-\mbn Ipd-®p-Imew ITn-\-amb X] p- I ƒ A\p- j v T n®p. X]-   p- s Im≠v Imcy- k n≤n D≠m- h n- s √∂p t_m[y-am-b-t∏mƒ At±lw AXp-t]-£n®p. Dcp-the F∂ ÿeØv \nc-RvP-\m-\-Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ Hcp kme-hr-£-®p-h-´n¬ [ym\-\n-c-X\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\p t_mt[m-Zbw e`n®p. as‰mcp `mjbn¬ ]d-™m¬ shfn-]m-Sp-≠mbn. CtXmsS At±lw _p≤-\mbn. ]t£, X\n°v e_v[-amb [¿aw A\y-∑msc D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øn\v BZn-bn¬ a\- p-h-∂n√. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ "alm-{_“mhv' {]Xy-£-\m-hp-Ibpw [¿tam-]-tZ-i-Øn-\mbn Bh-iy-s∏-SpIbpw sNbvXp. Aß-s\-bmWv _p≤≥ [¿tam-]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-Zyp-‡\m-b-Xv. _p≤s‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Hcp IrXn-bmWv "alm]Zm\ kpØ-JWvUw'. AXn¬ \n∂v [¿am-\µ tImkw_n At±-lØns‚ "`K-hm≥ _p≤\n'¬ D≤-cn-®Xv t\m°pI: `K- h m≥ Xs‚ injy- ∑ msc Adn- b n- ° p- I - b mWv: ""`n£p°tf...{]bm-k-s∏´v kºm-Zn® Cu [¿aw A\y-tcmSv ]d-b-cpXv; cmKtZz-j-ß-fn¬ apßn-bn-cn-°p∂ P\-߃°v Cu [¿aw kpK-a-a√. {]hml-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]mbp-∂Xpw \n]p-Whpw Kw`o-chpw Zp¿Zihpw AWpcq-]yhpw Bb Cu [¿aw A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ Bhr-X-cmb Imam-k-‡∑m¿°v D]-tZ-in-°-cpXv. `n£p-°tf, A¿l-¥\pw kay-Ivkw-_p≤\pw Bb hn] n `K- h m≥ (KuX- a - _ p- ≤ ≥) Cßs\ Nn¥n®v [¿tam-]-tZ-i-Øn¬ a\- p-sh-bv°msX GIm-In-bmbn Ccn-°m≥ Xocpam-\n®p. AXv alm-{_-“mhv Adn™v Cßs\ Bfl-KXw sNbvXp: IjvSw! PK-Øn\p \miw -`-hn-°m≥ t]mIp∂p; hn\miw `hn-°p∂p! Fs¥-∂m¬, A¿l-¥\pw kay-Ivkw-_p-≤\pw Bb hn] n `Khms‚ a\ v [¿tam-]-tZiw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ X¬]-c-am-ImsX GIm-Inbm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ {]oXn-s∏-Sp∂p. `n£p-°tf, At∏mƒ _e-hm-\mb Hcp-h≥ AS-®n-cp∂ ssI Xpd-°p-Ibpw Xpd∂ ssI AS°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ thK-tØm-Sp-IqSn, alm-{_-“mhv {_“-tem-I-Øn¬ \n∂v A¥¿[m\w sNbvXv hn] n `K-hms‚ apºn¬ {]Xy-£-\m-hp-Ibpw Xs‚ DØ-cobw Hcp tXmfn¬ C´p-sIm≠v `qanb kv]¿in®v ssIIq∏p-Ibpw sNbvXn´v `K-hm-t\mSv {]m¿Yn®p: "`K-hm≥, [¿tam-]-tZiw sNbvXmepw! Pohn-I-sf√mw A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ B≠p-In-S-°p-I-bmWv. Ah¿ [¿tam-]-tZiw tIƒ°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v \miw {]m]n°p∂p. B [¿aw Adn-bm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ h∂p-tNcpw.''95

36

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

Cu Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ \nth-Z-Is‚ `mh-\bv°pw Gd-°psd ]¶p≠mhmw. F∂m¬, CXn¬ AS°wsNbvX auen-Im-ibw \ntj-[n°m≥ Imc-W-sam-∂p-an√. hn]- n- `-K-hm-\mb KuX-a\v kn≤-amb [¿a-Øns‚ Kmw`o-cyhpw Xo{h-Xbpw A∂sØ P\-ß-fpsS A‘Xbpw hnap-J-Xbpw Imc-W-ambn, AXv D]-tZ-in-°p∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v BZn-bn¬ a\x-{]-bmkw tXm∂n. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ At±l-Øn\v Znhy-Z¿i-\-ap-≠mbn: "[¿aw D]-tZ-in-°pI-Xs∂ thWw. P\ßsf hn\m-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hntam-Nn-∏n-°m≥ AsXmt∂ am¿K-ap≈q.' Aß-s\-bmWv _p≤≥ [¿tam-]-tZ-i-Øn\v DZyp-‡-\m-bXv. apl-ΩZv \_n°pw Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ _p≤-∂p-≠mb t]mse Cu hnj-am-hÿ t\cn-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. At±lw ssZh-k-tµiw {]t_m[\w sNøp-∂-Xns\ Bi-¶n-°p-Ibpw kzKr-l-Øn¬ sN∂v ]pX-∏n´p aqSn- ° n- S - ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. XZ- h - k - c - Ø n¬ ssZh- Ø n¬ \n∂pw B⁄-bp-≠m-bXv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""A√tbm ]pXp-∏p-[mco, Fgp-t∂ev°pI; (P\-ß-tfmSv kXyw) {]t_m-[\w sNøpI.''96 Npcp-°-Øn¬ KuX-a-_p-≤≥ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√; {]hmNI \ntbm-K-\n-tj-[n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, XnI™ Cuiz-c-hm-Znbpw {]hm-N-I-ZuXy hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. At±lw "\n¿hmW'Øn\pth≠n {]h¿Øn-°m≥ injy-P-\sØ D]-tZ-in®p. a\p-jy-P-∑-Øns‚ km- £ m¬ e£yw t\SpI, AYhm {]]- © - \ m- Y s‚ kw{]o- X n°v ]m{X-am-hpI; CX-√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√m-bn-cp∂p B \n¿hmWw. ssZhkva-cW, [ym\w, AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw F∂n-h-bmWv {]kvXpX e£y{]m-]vXn-°mbn _p≤≥ \n¿tZin-®Xv. AjvSmw-K-am¿K-Øn¬ Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn-°m-ØtXm Jp¿-B\pw kp∂Øpw D]-tZ-in-°m-ØtXm Bb Hcp am¿Khpw \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√. Ckvem-anI PohnX-{I-a-Øns‚ kmc-k¿h-kz-am-Ip∂p AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw. F∂m¬, ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb hymJym-\-°-k¿Øp-Iƒ°-Sn-s∏´v AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw hfsc-b-[nIw sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cn-°bmWv.

]mc-{XnIPohn-X- hn-izmkw C\n \ap°v ]mc-{XnI Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n _p≤-[¿a-Ønse hn`mh-\-sb-s¥∂v t\m°mw. am\-kn-I-amb A[¿am-N-c-WsØ hni-Zo-Icn-®p-sIm≠v _p≤≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""Krl- ÿ tc, am\- k n- I - a mb aq∂p- h n[w A[¿am- N - c - W - ß ƒ Fs¥-√mw? (1) Hcp a\p-jy≥ ]c-[\w A]-l-cn-°m≥ Nn¥n-°p∂p; A\y-cpsS kºØv X\n°v In´-W-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p. (2) Ah≥ tZzj_p-≤n-sb ]pe¿Øp∂p. Cbmƒ acn-°Ww, \in-°Ww Fs∂√mw Btem-Nn-°p∂p. (3) Abmƒ anYym-ZrjvSn D≈-h-\m-bn-Øo-cp∂p; Zm\w C√, kpIrX˛ZpjvIr-X߃°v ^e-an√, Cu temIhpw C√ F∂nß-s\-bp≈ \mkv-Xn-I-hn-Nmcw sNøp∂p˛ Cu aq∂p-amWv am\-kn-I-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

37

amb A[¿am-N-c-W-߃''97 XpS¿∂v am\-kn-I-amb [¿am-N-c-W-ßsf At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂Xv ImWpI: ""Krl-ÿtc.... Krl-ÿs‚ aq∂p hn[-Øn-ep≈ am\-knI [¿amN-c-W-߃ Fs¥√mw? ]c-{Z-hy-Øn¬ Bi-bp-≠m-Im-sXbpw ]c-[\w ssI°-em-°m≥ hnNm-cn-°m-sXbpw Pohn-°pI; tZzj-ap-‡-amb NnØtØmSpw kI-e- Po-hn-Ifpw sshcw shSn™v, ]c-kv]-c-_m-[bpw ZpxJhp-an-√msX kpJ-am-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ k¶-ev]-tØmSpw h¿Øn-°pI; kay-IvZrjvSn (icn-bmb ho£Ww) ]pe¿ØpI; Zm\-[¿a-ß-fp-sSbpw kpIrX˛ZpjvIr-X-ß-fp-sSbpw ^e-Ønepw Cl-]-c-tem-I-ß-fnepw hnizm-k-tØm-Sp-IqSn {]h¿Øn°pI˛Ch-bmWv aq∂v hn[-Øn-ep≈ am\-knI [¿am-N-cWw.'' [aPvQn-a-\n-Imbw (A°w: 41) kmte-øI kpØw ]98 XYm-K-X≥ ]mc-{XnI kpJ˛ZpxJ-am-Ip∂ I¿a-^-e-tØmSp _‘s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv kpIrX˛ZpjvIr-X-ßsf \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-sX∂p ta¬h-cn-I-fn¬\n∂v kpXcmw hy‡-amWv. Jp¿-B\pw Cß-s\-Øs∂-bmWv "aA-vdq^n' (kpIrXw)s\bpw "ap≥Idn' (ZpjvIrXw)s\bpw \n¿h-Nn®n´p-≈Xv. sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Hcp {]hrØn F{X Xs∂ em`-I-c-am-sW-¶nepw ]mc-{XnIPohn-X-Øn¬ ZpxJ-tl-Xp-hm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ZpjvIr-Xy-amWv. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Hcp I¿aw F{X Xs∂ \mi-I-c-am-sW-¶nepw ]mc-{Xn-I- Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kpJ-Zm-b-I-am-sW-¶n¬ AXv kpIr-X-amWv˛ CXmWv Ckvem-anI [¿a-hn-`m-h\w. _u≤-[¿a-Ønse kpIrX˛ ZpjvIrX k¶-ev]hpw Aß-s\-Ø-s∂-bm-sW∂v apIfn¬sIm-SpØ hni-Zo-I-cWw sXfn-bn°p∂p. apkvenw Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X≥am¿ "KmZn-aq≥' F∂ Hcp {]mNo\ {]hmN-I-s\-∏‰n Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´p≠v. Ct±-lØns‚ XtØzm-]-tZ-i-߃ XnI®pw AwKo-Ir-X-am-sW∂ \ne-bnemWv Ah¿ D≤-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂ ioYpw Cu KmZn-aq\pw Hcm-fmWv.99 _p≤s‚ km£m¬ \maw "KuX-a≥' F∂t{X. KuX-a\pw KmZn-aq\pw XΩn-ep≈ D®m-cW-kmayw hfsc hy‡-amWv. BI-bm¬, apkvenw-]-WvUn-X≥am¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb KmZn-aq≥\_n `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-\mb KuX-a_p-≤≥ Bbn-°q-Sm-bvI-bn√. CXp-t]mse Jp¿-B-\n¬ "Zp¬In^vev' F∂p t]cmb Hcp {]hmN-Is\ ImWmw. {]mtbW, C{km-Cu¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \nbp-‡cmb {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-dp-≈Xv. F∂m¬, Zp¬In^v e v F∂ {]hm- N - I s\ kw_- ‘ n® Hcp kqN- \ - t ]mepw ss__n-fn¬ ImWp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, At±lw Hcp C¥y≥ {]hm-NI-\m-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. _p≤s‚ P∑-tKlw I]n-e-h-kvXp-hmWv.

38

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

Zp¬In^vev F∂m¬ In^vep-Im-c≥ F∂m-W¿Yw. BI-bm¬ I]n-eh- k v X p- h nse {]hm- N - I ≥ F∂ A¿Y- Ø n- e m- h Ww Jp¿- B ≥ Zp¬In^vev F∂p {]tbm-Kn-®-sX∂v A\p-am-\n°mw. CtX A`n-{]mb-amWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X-\mb lpa-bq¨ I_o-dn-s\-t∏mep≈ Nne¿°p-≈Xv. C¥y≥ `mj-bnse "]' Ad-_n-bn¬ "^' bmbnØo¿∂-Xmhmw. GXm-bmepw imIy-ap\n Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ \nK-a\w A_-≤-am-sW∂p ]d-™p-IqSm. {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS-sb√mw IY Jp¿B≥ \ap°v hnh-cn-®p-X-∂n-´n√. ""\mw IY hnh-cn-°mØ {]hm-N-I∑m-cpap-≠v''100 F∂v Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√mlp ]d-bp∂p. AtX-b-h-k-cØn¬ ""{]hm-N-Is\ \ntbm-Kn-°mØ Hcp kap-Zm-bhpw Ign-™pt]m-bn-´ns√''∂pw101 ""F√m Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-ap≠v ssZh-Zq-X∑msc''∂pw102 A√mlp Xs∂ Jp¿-B-\n¬ Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®n-´p≠v.

KuX-a-_p-≤s‚ {]h-N\w XYm- K - X s‚ al- Ø mb Hcp {]h- N - \ w- I qSn ]I¿Øn Cu {]_‘w Ah-km-\n-∏n°mw. _u≤-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ hfsc {]mam-WnI-ambn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ "kpØ-]n-SI'Ønse BZysØ D]-hn-`mK-amb "Zo¿L-\n-Imbw' iii, 75˛-76-˛¬ _p≤≥ Zo¿L-Z¿i\w sNbvXXmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""`n£p- ° tf, a\p- j ym- b p v F¨]- X n- \ m- b ncw h¿j- a m- I p∂ ImeØv, hnZym-Nm-c-k-º-∂\pw kpK-X\pw temIsØ Adn-™-h\pw A\p-]-a\pw \nb-{¥-Wwth≠ a\p-jy¿°v kmc-Ynbpw tZh˛a\p-jyKp-cphpw _p≤-\pw `K-hm-\p-ambn `K-hm≥ "ssat{X-b≥'˛- A¿lØpw kay-Ivkw-_p-≤\pw˛Ah-X-cn°pw. hnZym-Nmc kº-∂\pw kpK-X\pw temIsØ Adn- ™ - h \pw A\p- ] - a \pw \nb- { ¥Wwth≠ a\pjy¿°p kmc-Ynbpw tZh˛ a\p-jy-Kp-cphpw _p≤\pw `K-hm-\p-ambn C∂p Rm≥ Ah-X-cn-°p-∂-t]mse Xs‚ A`n-⁄m-\w -aqew At±lhpw tZh- ∑ mcpw amc- ∑ mcpw (]nim- N p- ° ƒ) {_m“m- ° fpw {iaW˛{_m“W krjv S n- I fpw tZh˛a\p- j ycpw \nd™ Cu temIsØ Adn-bp-Ibpw (a‰p-≈-hsc) Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw˛C∂v Cu Rm≥ -Fs‚ A`n-⁄m\w aqew Ch-sb√mw Adn-bp-Ibpw Adnbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse. Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ sN-bvXp-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂-Xp-t]m-e-Øs∂ At±-lhpw [¿asØ D]-tZ-in-°pw; awK-fmZnbpw awK-f-a-[yhpw awK-fm-¥hpamb {_“-N-cysØ e£ym¿Y-]p-c cw ]cn-]q¿W-ambpw ]cn-ip-≤-ambpw DZvt_m-[n-∏n°pw. At\-Imbncw `n£p-°ƒ (injy-∑m¿) Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp kwLsØ Rm≥ C∂v \bn- ° p- ∂ - X p- t ]mse At±- l hpw At\- I m- b ncw `n£p- ° ƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp kwLsØ \bn°pw.''103 KuX-a-_p-≤-\m¬ {]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ B "ssat{X-b≥' Bcm-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

39

bn- c n°pw? "Icp- W - b p- s Sbpw kv t \l- Ø n- s ‚bpw aq¿ØoaZv ` mhw' F∂t{X ]men-`m-j-bn¬ B KpW-\m-a-Øn-\¿Yw. CtX A¿Y-ØnemWv A¥y-{]-hm-N-I-\mb apl-ΩZv \_nsb Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√mlp "dlva-Øp≥ en¬ Be-ao≥' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xpw. BI-bm¬ Xs∂-t∏mse [¿aw D]-tZ-in-°p∂ Hcp _p≤≥ Ah-X-cn-°p-sa∂v XYm-K-X≥ {]h-Nn-®Xv A¥y-{]-hm-N-I-s\-°p-dn-®m-hm≥ hfsc km[yX-bp≠v. ChnsS a\p-jym-bp v F¨]-Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-am-Ip∂ Imew F∂v ]d-™-Xns‚ s]mcpƒ Fs¥∂v Hcp tNmZy-ap-Zv`-hn-t®°mw. A¥y-{]-hm-N-Is‚ kap-Zmbw Imem-h-km-\w-hsc \ne-\n-ev°p-sa∂mWv \_n-bpsS Nne hN-\-߃ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.104 CXm-hWw KuXa-_p-≤\pw {]kvXpX hmN-I-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®Xv. F{Xbpw kw£n-]vX-ambn \mw hnh-cn-®p-h∂ ta¬h-kvXp-X-Iƒ {Kln® Hcmƒ Cßs\ Bfl-KXw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ AZv`p-X-an√: ""Hcp PmXn, Hcp ssZhw...!''

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Jp¿-B≥, A[ymbw 49, kq‡w 13 2. ``A Short History of the world''- H.G. Wells. hnh¿Ø\w: "temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw', tNem´v ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ (B.A, B.L.) t]Pv 68, 69. (1943) amXr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-cWw. 3. AtX {KŸw. t]Pv 69 4. "saskm-s∏m-t´-anbm kmlnXy Ncn{Xw'-IrjvW-ssN-X\y, t]Pv 13-˛¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ]g-°-amb tijw ˛{In.ap. 2300 \SpØv˛ cmPy-Ønse ]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ cmPy-Øns‚ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-sØ-∏‰n Hcp Kth-jWw \SØn. Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]´nI \ap°v e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, Cu cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hmgvN-bpsS Imem-h-[n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IW-°p-Iƒ {]Xy-£Øn¬Xs∂ km¶-ev]n-I-amWv. ImcWw, B IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw Cu cmPm-°-∑msc-√m-hcpw IqSn ({]f-b-Øn\p apºv) 4,32,000˛tØmfw sIm√w \mSp-hm-Wn-cp∂p.'' 5. "A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥' (Hcp Ncn-{X-K-th-jW ]pkvXIw). auem\m kønZv kpsseam≥ \Zvhn. (D¿Zpaqew hmeyw 1, t]Pv 135-˛¬ "s_d-kqkn's‚ ]´nI Cßs\ D≤cn-°p∂p: FÆw 10 86 8 11 49 9

cmP-hw-iß - ƒ Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v apºp≈ cmP-hwiw Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v tij-ap≈ cmP-hwiw 34000 sIm≈-°m-cmb anUnb cmP-hwiw ....cmP-hwiw Im¬Unb cmP-hwiw Atd_ym cmPhwiw

h¿jw 4,32,000 224 448 458 225

6. "Ien-bpKw'- ˛t]m™n-°c dm^n, t]Pv 185˛-¬ hn¬Up-dm‚ns‚ "Our Oriental Heritage's\ D≤-cn®p ]d-bp∂p: ""kpta-cn-b-bnse ]ptcm-lnXNcn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS cmPy-Øns‚ Hcp ]pcm-

40

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

X\ Ncn-{X-ap-≠m°n F∂pw AX-\p-k-cn®v Hcp ]c-º-c-bpsS hmgvNmImew˛ Pe-{]f-b-Øn\v apºp≈Xv˛4,32,000 h¿j-ß-fm-sW∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´p-s≠∂pw hn¬Up-dm‚ v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p. Cu IW-°n¬ Hcp ]qPyw tN¿Øm¬ C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp a\z¥cw (a\p-hns‚ hmgvN-mImew) Bbn.'' 7. "saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw,' t]Pv 14. 8. kzlo-lp¬_p-Jmcn, kzlo-lp-apkvenw F∂o lZo-kv{K-Ÿ-߃. "i^m-AØv' A[ymbw t\m°pI. 9. "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' (B[p-\nI Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp D¿Zp Jp¿-B≥ `mjyw)-˛ auem\m A_p¬Iemw BkmZv. hmeyw 2, t]Pv 192,193 t\m°pI. 10. "saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw', t]Pv 49. 11. "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥', hmeyw, 2, t]Pv 193-˛¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""B¿ao-\nb ]¿hXw Acm-dmØv {]tZ-i-ØmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ss__nƒ B ]¿h-XsØ Acm-dmØv F∂v hnfn®p. t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ \n∂ ae-bpsS t]cmWv Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ "A¬PqZn'. B[p-\nI ss__nƒ hymJymXm-°-fn¬ Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-\n-c-sbbpw tPm¿Pnb ]¿h-X-\n-c-sbbpw XΩn¬ Iq´n _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]¿h-X-]w-‡n-bpsS t]cm-Ip∂p A¬PqZn. Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS Ime-Øp≈ Nne {Ko°p- tc-J-I-sf-bmWv Ah¿ {]kvXpX A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v B[m-c-am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. {In. 18˛-mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc AhnsS Hcp t£{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. "I∏¬t£{Xw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXn\p t]¿.'' 12. "iXm-_vZß - ƒ°-∏p-dØ - p-\n-∂p≈ i_vZß - ƒ' (]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jW - ] - c - a - mb Hcp eLp-]p-kvXIw)- ˛Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥. Fkv.]n.Fkv. {]kn-≤o-I-cWw, t]Pv 86,87. 13. DXv]Øn 9: 18 t\m°pI. 14. Jp¿-B≥ 49:13 15. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 59 16. "iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃'. t]Pv 197 17. AtX {KŸw, t]Pv 206 18. "Advanced History of India'bn¬ \n∂v IrjvWm-\-µ-kzman Xs‚ "C¥y-bnse h¿Wk-acw' F∂ sNdp-Ir-Xn-bn¬ 11-˛mw t]Pn¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. 19. Pb-kz-em-ens‚ "Hindu Civilization' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v "C¥y-bnse h¿W-kacw' 11--˛mw t]Pn¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. 20. "Discovery of India' by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. hnh¿Ø\w: "C¥ysb Is≠-ج'˛ kn.F®v. Ip™∏, 89˛-mw t]Pn¬ tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uns‚ "hm´v lms∏≥Uv C≥ lnÃdn' (t]Pv: 112) (s]en-°¬ _pIvkv) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-®Xv. 21. "`mc-X-∏-ga'-˛ (]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-]-c-amb Hcp sNdp-IrXn, tUmIvS¿ Fw. Aø∏≥, amXr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-cWw) t]Pv 71,72. 22. "Z¿i≥˛ZnKvZ¿i≥' (lnµn -˛Hcp Z¿i\˛\ncq-]W {KŸw) cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xymb≥, hnh¿Ø\w: "hniz-Z¿i-\-߃' ]n.Fw. Ipam-c≥\m-b¿, 542, 543 t]Pp-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bnse {]mNo\ kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm≥ XpS-ßnbXv Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ ZznXob ]mZ-Øns‚ Bcw`w sXm´mWv. taml≥P-Zmtcm, lc∏ F∂o ÿe-ß-fnse J\-\-Øn¬ \n∂v A°m-esØ \K-c-ß-fp-sSbpw \mKcnI Pohn-XØ - n-s‚bpw Ah-in-jvSß - ƒ \ap°v In´p-Ib - p-≠mbn. AXn¬ \n∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bnse ]pcm-X\ ]cn-jvIrX P\-X-sb-t∏mse kma¥ hyh-ÿm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-amWv kn‘p Xmgvh-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv F∂mWv. Irjn, inev]-the, hmWnPyw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n]p-W≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Xm{a-bpKw! Cu Ime-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-t]mepw Ah¿ hfsc ]ptcm-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

41

KXn {]m]n®p. kmwtKm-]mw-K-amb Hcp [¿ahpw Hcp Nn{X-en-]nbpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bncp∂p. Nn{X-en]n-_≤ - a - mb \mW-bß - fpw a‰p-hk - vXp-°fpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw CXphsc Ah hmbn-∏m≥ Ign-™n-´n√. F¶nepw a‰p e£-W-߃ sIm≠v Adn-bm≥ km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv, kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IX, Akpc˛Im¬Unb (Chaldean) \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ka-Im-enIw am{X-a√, `Kn-\nbpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv. c≠n-Sß - f - n-sebpw [m¿anI-`m-h-\-Iƒ°v hfsc ASp-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.'' saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b-bnse A ocnb˛Im¬Unb \mK-cn-I-Xbpw kn‘p-XS \mK-cn-I-Xbpw XΩn¬ aX˛[m¿anI hn`mh-\-I-fn¬ ASp-∏-ap-s≠∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ah ktlm-Z-cn-I-fm-sW-∂p-amWv kmwIrXy-mbs‚ ]£w. 23. "hniz-Z¿i-\-߃,' t]Pv 540, 541 24. "{]mNo\ enJn-X-߃' (]pcmX\ en]n-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ß-f-S-ßnb Hcp aebm-f-{KŸw) by: {io. hn.B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈ (M.A). t]Pv 26, 27-˛¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""enwK-cq-]-߃ ]eXpw In´n-bn-cn-°p∂p. inip-°sf G¥n \nev°p∂ kv{Xocq-]ßfpw [mcmfw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p. tbmKm-`ym-kn-I-fpsS cq]-ß-fmWv Nneh. a‰p Nneh tZh-X-I-fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p∂p. A°q-´-Øn¬ Hcp sNdnb {]Xna inhs‚ ]q¿h-cq-]-amb aq∂p inc- p≈ tZh-\m-sW∂v Hcp am¿j¬ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xns\ At\Iw t]¿ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n√. B hn{K-l-Øn\v aq∂p Xe-I-fn-s√-∂mWv Hcp Kth-j-I≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. F∂p am{X-a√ AXns‚ apJw ]pen-I-fp-tS-Xn\v kZr-iy-amWp-t]m¬.'' 25. "`mc-X-∏-ga,' t]Pv 67. 26. Jp¿-B≥, A[ymbw 71, kq‡w 23˛-¬ \qlv\-_n-bpsS A`n-kw-t_m-[n-X-cmb P\-X-tbmSv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ D]-tZ-in-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: \n߃ \nß-fpsS tZh-∑msc ssIhn-S-cpXv; h±n-s\bpw kphm-C-s\bpw bKq-Yn-s\bpw bDuJn-s\bpw \kvdn-s\bpw ssIhn-S-cpXv. CXn¬ \n∂pw kphmD t\ml-bpsS ImeØv kpta-cn-b-bpsS Bcm[y tZh-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v hcp-∂p-≠t√m. 27. "kzlo-lp¬ _pJmcn'°v A√mam C_v\p lP-cn¬ AkvJ-em\n Fgp-Xnb Ad_n hymJym-\-{KŸw. hmeyw 10, t]Pv 269˛-¬ _Jn-øp_v\p Jmen-Zns\ D≤-cn®v tcJs∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""{]kvXpX \ma-߃ C¥y-°m-cn-te°v ]I¿∂p. Ah-cpsS tZh-XIƒ°v B \ma-߃ sh®p. ]n∂oSv Atd-_y-bn-te°v B hn{K-l-߃ sIm≠p-h∂Xv Awdp_v\p eqløv F∂ Ad_n ]ptcm-ln-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p.'' C∏-d™ X - n¬ \n∂v kphmD tZh≥ BZn-bn¬ kpta-cn-b-cp-tSXpw ]n∂oSv C¥y-°m-cp-tSXpw Ah-km\w Ad-_n-I-fp-tS-Xp-ambn F∂p a\- n-em°mw. Cu kphmD C¥y-°m-cpsS inh≥ Xs∂-bm-hWw. 28. "`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{amPy Ncn{Xw: ]pcm-XØz Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®Øn¬' ({io. ]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xn-bXpw ]n.F. tPmk^v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXpw tPmk^v tXmam k¨kv B‚ v Iº\n {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X - p-amb Hcp Ncn-{X-]p-kvXIw) t]Pv 18˛¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kn‘p-XS \nhm-kn-If - psS aX-t_m-[sØ Ipdn-°p∂ ¢n]vXamb tcJ-Iƒ C\nbpw ssIh-∂n-´n√. Kth-j-I≥am¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ AkwJyw ap{Z-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn-t∑¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Aam-\pj hrj-`(Imf) Øns‚ {]Xna Hcp-]t£ Ah-cpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bpsS {]Xn-cq-]-am-bn-cn°mw.... GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-Ifm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv an°-hmdpw Kth-j-I¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p≈Xv.'' 29. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 71, kq‡w 3. XpS¿∂p-≈-hbpw t\m°pI. 30. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 2, kq‡w 255 31. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥˛BkmZv, hmeyw 1, t]Pv 129, 130. 32. hniz-hn-⁄m-\t- Imiw (kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic - W kwLw {]kn-≤o-Ic - Ww,

42

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

H∂mw-]-Xn∏v, 1971) hmeyw 3, t]Pv 321. 33. {]mNo\ enJn-X-߃, t]Pv 28. 34. DXv]Øn 10: 2-˛5-˛¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""bms^-Øns‚ ]p{X-∑m¿: "tKmsa¿, amtKmKv, amZmbn, bmhm≥, Xq_¬, tasiIv, Xocmkv'. tKma-dns‚ ]p{X-∑m¿: "Akvs°-\mkv, co^Øv, tXmK¿Ωm'. bmhms‚ ]p{X≥am¿: "Feoim, X¿ioiv, InØow, tZmZm\ow'. Chcm¬ PmXn-I-fpsS Zzo]p-Iƒ AXXv tZi-Øns‚ `mj `mj-bmbpw PmXn PmXnbmbpw Ipew Ipe-ambpw ]ncn™p.'' CXn¬ \n∂pw bms^Øv k¥-Xn-Iƒ Zzo]pI-sf-bmWv Bhm-k-Xm-h-f-ambn kzoI-cn-®-sX-∂p-h-cp∂p. 35. {In. 956-˛¬ A¥-cn® Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb A_p¬l-k≥ akq-Zn-bm¬ hnc-NnX-amb Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-{KŸw, 2˛-mw hmeyw, 144, 145 t]Pp-Iƒ ImWpI. 36. AtX {KŸw, hmeyw 1, t]Pv 131, 132 t\m°pI. 132˛-¬ ]d-bp∂p. ""B_q-dns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fn¬ Hcp kwLw C¥y≥ AXn¿Øn-I-fn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp∂p....Ah¿ C¥y°m-cpsS h¿W-߃ kzoI-cn®p.'' 37. alm-`m-cXw (thZ-hym-k-\n¿an-X-sa∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS alm- C-Xn-lmk-Imhyw), kvI‘w 9 t\m°pI. CXp-{]-Imcw a\p-hns\ {Zmhn-U-cpsS Cuiz-cs\∂p Iev]n-°p∂ Hcp t«mIw AtX-{KŸw 8-˛mw kvI‘-Ønepw ImWmw. AXv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""kXy-{h-tXm-RvP-en-KXmw kltXm tb\- `m-cX D’ k¿÷-\-Zm-tXmtb i^cow {Zhn-tU-izcx'' CXn¬ \n∂pw a\p, {Zmhn-Uc - psS henb Ipe-]X - n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p a\- n-em°mw. {]`p, \mY≥, c£n-Xmhv, cmPmhv Fs∂ms° "Cuizc' i_vZ-Øn\v A¿Y-ß-fp≠v. 38. "A¿Zp¬Jp¿-B\n'¬ (hmeyw 2, t]Pv 195) D≤-cn-®Xv. 39. AtX {KŸ-Øn¬ (hmeyw 2, t]Pv 196) D≤-cn-®Xv. 40. Jp¿-B≥, A[ymbw 2, kq‡w 62-˛s‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬ C_v\p-I-ko¿ Xs‚ X^vko¿ hmeyw 1, t]Pv 104-˛¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. {]kvXpX Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-Øns‚ kmcw CXt{X: "apkvenw-Iƒ, PqX-∑m¿, ss{IkvX-h¿, km_n-Iƒ Ch-cn¬ A√m-lp-hnepw A¥y-Zn-\-Ønepw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw k¬°¿aw A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h¿°v Ah-cpsS c£n-Xm-hn-¶¬ {]Xn-^e - a - p≠v. Ah¿°v `b-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an√. Ah¿ tJZn°p-∂-Xp-a√.' CXn¬ \n∂v a‰p aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-sf-t∏mse km_n-Ifpw Hcp {]hm-NIs‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v [z\n-°p-∂p-≠t√m. 41. {]kn≤ \nco-£-I-\mb Alva-Zp_v\p ssXanø ({In. 1263˛-1328) Fgp-Xnb "A¿dZvZp Ae¬ a≥Xzn-Jn-øo\n'¬ \n∂v, A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmeyw 2, t]Pv 196-˛¬ D≤-cn®Xv. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""l¿dm≥ Cu km_n-I-fpsS Hcp {]tXyI tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p. Ckvemw Bhn¿`-hn® ImeØpw {]kvXpX km_n-Ifpw XØz-Nn-¥I - ∑ - mcpw Ckveman-I-cm-jv{S-Øn¬ Ah-km-\-k-abw hsc \ne-\n-ev°p-I-bp-≠mbn. _KvZm-Znepw a‰pw sshZy-∑mcpw A[ym-]I - ∑ - m-cp-ambn tPmen t\m°n-bn-cp-∂Xv B km_n-If - m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw A∂v Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. {]kn≤ apkvenw Zm¿i-\n-I\mb ^mdm_n l¿dm- \ n¬ h∂- t ∏mƒ Ah- c n¬ \n∂pw XØz- i mkv { Xw ]Tn®p....ss{IkvXh [¿aØn\p apºv Za-kvIk - p-Im-cp-sSbpw a‰pw aXw AXm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ DØ-c-{[p-hsØ A`n-ap-J-am-°n-bmWv {]m¿Y\ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. C∂pw ZakvI-kn¬ [mcmfw ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-߃ ImWmw. Ah-bpsS Hcp Jn_ve(-A-`nap-J-K-Xn) DØc {[ph-Øn-te-°m-Wv. Za-kvI-knse Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bpsS Xmsg Hcp henb tZhm-e-b-ap≠v. AXns‚ Hcp Jn_ve DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn\p t\sc-bmWv. CXv (apºv) km_n-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p.'' km_n-I-fn¬ C_vdm-low-\-_nsb AwKo-Icn® GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw A√m-Ø-h-cp-ambn c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw At±lw XpS¿∂p-]-d-bp∂p. Cu c≠p- hn-`m-K-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

43

∏n-®n-´p-≠s{X. 42. Cu hnh-c-ß-sf√mw F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb {_n´m-\n-°-bpsS 11˛-mw ]Xn∏v, hmeyw 17, t]Pv 555˛-¬ \n∂v kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Xs‚ "A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥' hmeyw 2, t]Pv 198 apX¬ 201 hsc kw{K-ln-®-Xns‚ cXv\-®p-cp-°-amWv. 43. "temI-N-cn{Xw'. (Hcp amXr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-cWw˛ 1954) {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-tat\m≥. hmeyw 1, t]Pv 66. 44. "A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥' hmeyw 1, t]Pv 47-˛¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. 45. "kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' IrjvW-ssN-X\y (Fkv.]n.Fkv. {]kn-≤o-I-cWw). t]Pv 58. 46. "hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw', hmeyw 2, t]Pv 471. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Cdm≥ F∂m¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS \mSv F∂¿Yw.'' 47. "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' hmeyw 1, t]Pv 414. 48. "Zp¬J¿ss\≥' F∂m¬ Ccp-sIm-º≥ F∂mWv A¿Yw. ""t]¿jy-bnse ]mk¿KmU F∂ ÿe-Øp-\n∂v J\\w sNbvsX-SpØ sskdkns‚ {]Xn-a°v c≠p sImºp-≠m-bn-cp∂p'' ("X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' hmeyw 2, t]Pv 400, 401). ""Zm\n-tb¬ {]hm-N-I≥ Hcp Z¿i-\-Øn¬ c≠p sImºp≈ Hcp B´p-sIm-‰≥ \Zo-Xo-cØv \n¬°p-∂Xv I≠p. Ah≥ ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw hS-t°m´pw sXt°m´pw CSn-®n-cp∂p. CXp-t]mse H‰-s°m-ºp≈ Hcp tImem-Sn-s\bpw At±lw Z¿in®p. Ch≥ AXyp-{K-t{Im-[-tØmsS sN∂p Ccp-sIm-ºs\ CSn®p. AXn-\m¬, Ahs‚ sImºv c≠pw AS¿∂p-t]mbn. A\-¥cw Zm\n-tb¬ {]hm-N-I≥ Cu Z¿i\-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ {Kln-°m-\m-hmsX Aº-c-∂p -\n¬°p-tºmƒ K{_n-tb¬ (Pn{_o¬) F∂ amemJ h∂v s]mcpƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXv Cß-s\-bm-bncp∂p: ""Ccp-sIm-º≥ t]¿jym-cm-Pmhpw H‰-s°m-º≥ bh\ cmPm-hp-amWv'' (ss__nƒ, Zm\n-tb¬ ]pkvXIw 8-˛mw A[ymbw t\m°pI). CXn¬ \n∂pw t]¿jybpw anUn-bbpw `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv sskd-km-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em°mw. sskd-kns‚ cmP[m-\n-bn¬ Zm\n-tb-en\v hep-Xmb _lp-aXn Iev]n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. sskdkv ÿm]n® hºn® km{amPyw ]n∂oSv bh\ cmPm-°-∑m-cm¬ tXmev]n-°-s∏´p. CXmhWw, Zm\n-tb¬ {]hm-N-I∂p-≠mb Z¿i-\-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. 49. sbi-ømhv, 44: 28˛Dw 45: 1˛-4 ˛Dw t\m°pI. AhnsS tImcin (sskdkv)s\∏‰n ]d-bp∂p: ""tImciv Fs‚ (btlm-h-bpsS) CS-b≥, Ah≥ Fs‚ lnX-sam-s°bpw \nh¿-Øn°pw F∂pw bcp-itew ]Wn-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw Rm≥ Iev]n-°p∂p. btlmh Xs‚ A`n-jn-‡-\mb tImc-in-t\mSv C{]-Imcw Acp-fn-s®-øp∂p: Rm≥ \n\°p apºmbn sN∂p Zp¿L-S-ßsf \nc-∏m-°p-Ibpw Xm{a-hm-Xn-ep-Isf XI¿Øv Ccptºm-Sm-º-ep-Isf JWvUn-®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. \ns∂ t]cp-sNm√n hnfn-°p∂ Rm≥ btlmh, bn{km-tb-ens‚ ssZhw Xs∂ F∂p \o Adn-tb-≠-Xn∂v Rm≥ \n\°v Ccp-´n-ep≈ \nt£-]ß - s - fbpw ad-hn-Sß - f - nse Kp]vX\ - n-[n-Is - fbpw \evIpw.'' sskdkv _m_n-tem-Wnbm km{amPyw \njv{]-bmkw Iog-S-°p-sa-∂mWv Cu {]hN-\-Ønse kqN\. sskd-kns‚ 160 h¿jw apºm-bn-cp∂p sbiøm {]hm-N-Is‚ Imew. (X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥, hmeyw 2, t]Pv 403) 50. AtX ]pkvXIw, 45 t\m°pI. 51. Jp¿-B≥ 22:17˛¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""apkvenw-Iƒ, blq-Z≥am¿, km_n-Iƒ, ss{IkvX-h¿, aPqkv, _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ A√mlp Jnbm-a-Xp-\m-fn¬ JWvUnX-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv.'' Cu kq‡-Øn¬ _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ hnh£ hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-cmWv. injvSw A©p hn`m-K-ßfpw GsX-¶nep-samcp {]hm-N-I-s\bpw BIm-i-{K-Ÿ-sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-®-h-cp-at{X. C°q-´-Øn-

44

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

emWv kpc-Xp-jvSs‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb aPq-kn-s\bpw Jp¿-B≥ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈Xv. 52. ]q¿h aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ aplΩZv \_n-sb-∏‰n kw⁄m-\m-a- cq-]-Øntem KpW-\ma-Øntem {]h-Nn-°s - ∏-´n-´p-s≠∂p ka¿Yn-°p-Ibpw AØcw {]h-N\ - ß - ƒ t{ImUoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ Hcp B[p-\m-X\ Kth-jW {KŸ-amWv A_vZp¬lJv hnZym¿Yn-bpsS "Mohammad in world Scriptures.' 53. "Mohammad in World Scriputes' p. 47 t\m°pI. 54. A_vZp- -em-an-_v\p-ssX-anø (ln. 590˛-652, {In. 1193-˛1244) F∂ Ad_n ]WvUnX-\m¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb Hcp lZokv {KŸ-at{X. "ap≥X-J¬ AJv_m¿'. AXn¬ "Pnkvbm' A[ym-b-Øn¬ Camw im^nCu dnt∏m¿´p sNbvX-Xmbn D≤-cn-®mWv {]kvXpX \_n-h-N\w. 55. "ap≥X-J¬ AJv_mdn'\v A√mam iuIm\n Fgp-Xnb "ss\ep¬ HuØm¿' F∂ hymJym-\-{KŸw, hmeyw 6, t]Pv 57 t\m°pI. 56. A¬_o-dq\n ({In. 973-˛1048)bpsS "InXm-_p¬lnµv' hnh¿Ø\w: "A¬_o-dq\n I≠ C¥y' (kmlnXy A°m-Zan {]kn-≤o-I-cWw), t]Pv 17. 57. "A¬ C≥km-\p¬ Iman¬' (kq^n-If - psS XØz-imkv{Xw hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ad_n {KŸw) hmeyw 2, t]Pv 80. 58. DXv]Øn, 25: 2 t\m°pI. 59. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 7, kq‡w 85. 60. kwJym-]p-kvXIw 31: 8,9˛-¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""btlmh tamsi-tbmSv Iev]n-®-Xp-t]mse Ah¿ anZym-\y-tcmSv bp≤w sNbvXp. BWp-ßsf Hs°bpw sIm∂p, \nl-X≥amcpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Ah¿ anZym-\y-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cmb Ghn, tcs°w, kq¿, lq¿, tc_ F∂o A©p cmPm-°∑ - m-scbpw sIm∂p.'' CXn¬ \n∂p lq¿hwiw anZym≥tZ-isØ A°m-eØv `cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p a\- n-em-°m-at√m. 61. "an´mWn' AYhm "anØ∂n' F∂mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ Ch-cpsS cmPysØ hnfn-°p-∂Xv. tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ Xs‚ "`mc-X-∏-ga'bn¬ Ipdn-°p∂p: ""{In. ap. 1500\SpØv A\-t‰m-fn-bbv°p Ing-°p-`mKw kndn-b-hsc "lqdn-b¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn™p-h-cp∂ P\-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. lqdn-b-cpsS Hcp sNdp-km-{amPyw anØm\n F∂ t]cn¬ ]n∂oSv ÿm]n-°-s∏´p. lqdn-b-cpsS _‘p-°-fmb "lnIvtkmkv' (CS-bcm-Pm-°-∑m¿) Fs∂mcp Iq´¿ hfsc i‡-cm-bn-Øo¿∂v CuPn]vXv B{I-an-°p-Ibp-≠mbn.'' (`mc-X-∏-ga', t]Pv 103, 104). At±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""kq∏neqen-bp-akv N{Ih¿Ønbpw anØm\n N{I-h¿Øn-bmb aXn-hk - bpw XΩn-ep≈ Hcp Icm-dn¬ km£nI-fmbn ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. C{µ, an{X, hcpW, \mk-XymZn sshZnI tZh-X-I-sf-bmWv'' (t]Pv 107). CXn¬ \ns∂√mw lqdn-b¿ AYhm anZym-\y¿ Bcy-h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂p sXfn-™t√m. anZym-\y-cm-Is´, C_vdm-low-\-_n°v sIXqd F∂ `mcybn¬ P\n® anZyms‚ ]n≥ap-d-°mcpw. At∏mƒ C≥tUm ˛Bcy-∑mcpw C_vdm-loans‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬s∏-´-h-cm-Ip-∂-XmWv. CXp-{]-Imcw {_m“-W-aXw BZnbn¬ A{_-lm-ans‚ aX-am-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-amWv. 62. Ckvemw Hu¿ Akvsd PZoZv (Z¬ln) F∂ amknI (hmeyw 1, e°w: 43) bn¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. 63. `mc-Xob XØz-Nn¥ (Id‚ v _pIvkv {]kn-≤o-I-cWw, t]Pv 336) 64. AtX {KŸw, t]Pv 336 65. `K-h-ZvKoX, A[ymbw 4, t«mIw 7,8 66. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw, hmeyw 3, t]Pv 823, 824 t\m°pI. `mK-h-X-Ønse hmNIw

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

45

Cß-s\-bmWv: ""AYm-ku-bp-K-k-‘ymbmw Zky-{]m-tb-jp-cmP kpP-\nXm hnjvWp bitkm \mav\m I¬°n¿ PK-Xv]Xnx'' (`mK-hXw, kvI‘w 1, A[ymbw 3) 67. `hn-jy-]p-cmWw, ImWvUw 3, ]¿hw 3, A[ymbw 3, t«mIw 25. 68. "EtKzZw' aWvUew 8, kq‡w 30, EIv 2-˛¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""cn]p I¿i≥am-cmb tZh≥amtc, a\p-hn\v bP-\o-b-cmb \n߃ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p t]cpw C{]-Imcw kvXpXn°-s∏-Sp∂p.'' 69. "lnµp-aXv Hu¿ XuloZv' (lnµp-a-Xhpw GIssZh-Xzhpw) F∂ Cu sNdp D¿ZpIrXn auem\m lman-Zen cNn-®-XmWv. AXns‚ 67-˛mw t]Pn-emWv CXv D≤-cn-®Xv. 70. "EtKzZw' aWvUew 1, kq‡w 164, EIv 46 71. AtX-{KŸw aWvUew 10, kq‡w 114, EIv 5 72. AtX {KŸw aWvUew 10, kq‡w 82, EIv 3 73. "EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS' by hn.hn.sI. hmeØv, t]Pv 125 74. "EtKzZw' aWvUew 10, kq‡w 121, EIv 1 75. AtX {KŸw, aWvUew 10, kq‡w 129, EIv 12 76. Zbm-\µ kc-kz-Xn-bpsS "EtKz-ZmZn `mjy `qanI'. hnh¿Ø\w "thZ-]-cy-S\w' by \tc-{µ-`q-j¨, t]Pv 146, 147. 77. D≤-cWw, "hniz-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬' t]Pv 551 78. Jp¿-B≥, A[ymbw 58, kq‡w 7 79. "Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-jØv' a{¥w 2 80. A_q Cukm Xn¿anZn Xs‚ kzlo-ln¬ D≤-cn-®Xpw Camw \hhn Xs‚ "cnbm-Zp zm-en-lo≥' _m_p¬ apPm-lZ- b - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - p-amb Hcp \_n-hN - \w. dnbmZp- zm-en-lo≥, t]Pv 68 t\m°pI. 81. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 42, kq‡w 11 82. AtX-{KŸw, A[ymbw 112, kq‡w 4 83. "tIt\m-]-\n-jØv' JWvUw 1, a{¥w 3,4 84. Camw K m-en-bpsS "Clvbm-D-ep-an-±o≥' hmeyw 4, t]Pv 362. 85. tIt\m-]-\n-jØv JWvUw 2, a{¥w 3 86. AtX {KŸw, JWvUw 1, a{¥w 7 87. Jp¿B≥ ]d-bp∂p: "Ah≥ ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-\√; F∂m¬ ZrjvSn-Iƒ Ah\v tKmNc-ß-ft{X.'' (A[ymbw 6, kq‡w 103) 88. "Sacred Books of East,' vol. 1. Introduction. 89. "hniz-Z¿i-\-߃' t]Pv 552. 90. AtX {KŸw 552-˛mw t]Pn¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""...hna¿i-I-∑m¿ D≠m-bt∏mƒ D]-\n-j-XvIm-esØ [m¿anI t\Xm-°ƒ°v ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°≠n-h∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ kmap-Zmb t¢i-߃, Hmtcm Poh\pw aS-ßn-s®∂v Ah-ch¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ ]m]-Øns‚ in£ A\p-`h - n-t°-≠X - n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv F∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p.'' 91. {io. F.Pn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿ Fgp-Xnb "_p≤-aXw', t]Pv 23, 24-˛¬ \n∂p-≤-cn-®Xv. 92. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 21, kq‡w 92. 93. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 6, kq‡w 90. 94. B\-µ-Ip-am-c-kzman˛ sF._n. tlm¿W¿ cNn-®Xpw ]WvUn‰v hn.hn. i¿a hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xp-amb "KuXa _p≤≥' 23˛-mw t]Pn¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. 95. [¿am-\-µ-tIm-kw-_n-bm¬ hnc-Nn-Xhpw ]n.tijm{Zn Aø¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXp-amb ``K-hm≥ _p≤≥' 454-˛mw t]Pn¬ D≤-cn-®Xv.

46

Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw

96. Jp¿-B≥, A[ymbw 74, kq‡w 1, 2 97. `K-hm≥ _p≤≥, t]Pv 313 t\m°pI. 98. AtX {KŸw, t]Pv 315 t\m°pI. ta¬Im-Wn® c≠p Acp-f-∏m-Sp-Ifpw _p≤-a-XØnse {]mam-Wn-I-{K-Ÿ-amb "aPvQn-a-\n-Imbw' (A°w 41) "kmte-øI kpØ'Øn¬ \n∂mWv tImkw_n kzman D≤-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. 99. Hcp Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS A[ym-]-\-ß-sf-∏‰n ]T\w \SØnb {]K-ev`-\p-amb apl-Ω-Zvi»n-lvd-kvXm-\n-bpsS "A¬an-eep h∂n-l¬' hmeyw 1, t]Pv 45 t\m°pI. 100. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 40, kq‡w 78 101. AtX-{KŸw A[ymbw 35, kq‡w 24 102 AtX {KŸw A[ymbw 10, kq‡w 47 103. "KuX-a-_p-≤≥', t]Pv 89-˛¬ D≤-cn-®Xv. 104. ku_m≥ F∂ klm_n (\_n-in-jy≥) bn¬ \n∂v Camw apkvenw Xs‚ kzloln¬ D≤-cn® Hcp \_n-h-N-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""ssZh-Øns‚ Hm¿U¿ (alm-{]fbw) hcp∂ Imew hsc Fs‚ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Hcp hn`mKw kXy-Øn¬ {]Xy-£ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw. Ah¿°v h©-I-cpsS t{Zmlw _m[n-°p-∂n√.''