ORGANIC ACID CORROSIVES
MECHANISM OF ACTION
MODE
CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL) · One of the oldest disinfectants. · Still used alone or in many commercials as dettol & Lysol cresol. · Pure form is crystalline & colourless. · Commercial form is brown with characteristic odour due to the presence of coal‐tar derivatives. o Accidental: in children. o Homicidal: rare. why? o Suicidal: Common. why?
OXALIC ACID · Colourlss prismatic crystals that may be mistaken with sugar. · Widely used in leather, dye & printing. · Used in house‐hold cleaning of copper, other metals and for removing stains.
oAccidental: in children. oHomicidal: rare (bitter taste). oSuicidal: may occur.
· Local:
· Local:
§ Coagulation of protein. § Thickening of gasrtic mucosa. § Weak corrosion → Superficial ulcer (do gastric lavage ). § Local anaesthesia of mucous membrane. § Skin gangrene if applied extensively.
§ Weak corrosion on stomach & skin.
· Systemic: (It is a cellular depressant)
Ø Blood decalcification causes:
§ C.N.S.: Transient stimulation then depression.
§ C.N.S & muscles: Irritation, titanic spasm, twitches and convulsions.
§ Heart: Myocardial depression. § Kidney: Acute glomerulonephritis & uremia.
· Systemic: § It changes ionized calcium to non‐ionized Ca‐ oxalate that cannot be utilized by the body leading to fatal hypo‐calcemia.
§ Heart: Relative ↓ in ca ++ & ↑ in k + → arrthymia. § Kidney: Blocking of renal tubules by deposition of ca‐ oxalate crystals → anureu & uremia.
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Skin contact: Blanching, erythema & gangrene if applied extensively.
Skin contact: Cracking & slow‐healing ulcer.
If ingested:
If ingested:
· Local action:
· Local action:
§ Transient pain & vomiting. § Greyish or brown patches on mouth (coagulative necrosis). § Diarrhea (phenol is re‐ excreted in large intestine). § Smell of phenol.
§ Acid sour taste in mouth. § Burning pain from mouth to stomach. § Sever vomiting: Brown in colour with white crystals of the poision. § White patchs on mouth & Lip. § Diarrhea & tenesmus if the poision reach the intestine. § Signs & symptoms of collapse as weak rapid pulse & hypotension.
CAUSES OF DEATH
CLINICAL PICTURE
· Remote action: § C.N.S: Stimulation: headache, delirum & convulsion. Depression: subnormal temperateure, stupor, coma, cyanosis, miosis & central respiratory failure. § Heart: Tachycardia, hypotension & arrhythmias.
· Remote action: § Muscles: Weakness, carpopedal spasm, twitches & generalized convulsions. § Heart: Bradycardia & arrthymia.
§ Kidney: Oligurea, haematurea & albuminurea. § Kidney: Granular hyaline casts. Oligurea, haematuria & anuria. Urine is dark & then turn green on exposure to air due to oxidation of metabolic products of phenol. § Liver: hepatic injury may occur. § Blood: methemognobinenia may occur. § D.V.T.: may occur after phenol injection. · Early: o Central respiratory failure. o Shock due to myocardial toxicity.
1. Affection of respiratory muscles. 2. Cardiac arrest. 3. Renal failure. 4. Convulsions.
· Late: o Renal failure. o Hepatic failure.
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1. Emergency & supportive measures:
1. Emergency & supportive measures:
· Care for respiration (oxygen & artificial respiration). · Care for myocardial failure (digitalis may be needed). · Care for kidney (haemo or peritoneal dialysis). · Fluid for dehydration.
1. Calcium by every possible route is the first thing to do: · Calcium gluconate 10 ml slowly IV with electrolyte and ECG monitoring. · Calcium hydroxide orally or via gastric tube to precipitate oxalic acid in stomach as calcium‐oxalate.
2. Specific antidotes:
2. Oxygen inhalation & artificial respiration in case of cyanosis due to spasm of respiratory muscles.
TREATMENT OF TOXICITY
· Precipitate antidote: As sodium sulphate that precipitate phenol as sodium sulph‐carbonate. · Adsorbant antidote: Activated charcoal followed by cathartic.
3. Decontamination: · Skin & eye: By tap water. · Gastro‐intestinal: · Ipecac induced emesis: Not effective. .why? · Gastric lavage: Not only allowed but also essential. o Allowed: gastric wall is thick. o Essential: because of: 1. Local anaesthetia of m.m. 2. Vomitus is scanty. 3. Central depressant effect of phenol on vomiting center. · Gastric lavage is done by dissolvent antidotes as Ethanol glycerine or castor oil which is better than the other. why?
4. Enhancement of elimination: · Has no role in treatment of toxicity.
3. Correct convulsion. Are routine anticonvulsive drugs effective in such case? 4. Haemodialysis in case of impairment of renal function.
2. Specific antidote: 1. Calcium: see before. 2. Milk: oral antidote: oRich in calcium. oDemulcent & buffer
3. Decontamination: · Skin & eye: oBy tap water. oOphthalmologist & dermatologist consultation is advisable. · Gastro‐intestinal: oGastric lavage is done by calcium hydroxide or milk [see before].
4. Enhancement of elimination: · Wash out calcium oxalate crystals from renal tubules by alkaline intra‐venous fluids.
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