DNA , R NA and Fl ow of Geneti c Inf ormat ion (C hapter 5)
James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA.
Nucleoside a base is bonded to a sugar ( N1 of pyrimidine→C1’ of sugar or N9 of purine →C1’ Nucleotide is a nucleoside joined to one or more phosphate s by an ester bond
A Pair of Nucleic Acid Chains with Complementary Sequences Can Form Double Helical Structure
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discovered the existence of specific base pairing interaction.
Supercoiling of Prokaryotic DNA
Schematic Representation of circular and supercoiled DNA
Electron micrograph of supercoiled DNA
2 Types of Supecoiling •
Negatively supercoiled a right handed helix acquires an extra helical twist
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Positively supercolied there is overwinding of the closed double helix
2 Enzymes which are involved in the regulation of conversion •
Topoisomerase an enzyme that hydrolyze a phosphodiester bond in one strand, relax the supercoiling by rotating in one strand, then reseal the break
•
DNA gyrase induce a negative supercoling in relaxed, closed circular DNA
Supercoiling in Eukaryotic DNA Eukaryotic DNA is complex with DNA (chromatin) Histones principal proteins, H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 Chromatin resembles beads on a string. Nucleosome consist of a DNA wrap around a histone core
The Double Helix Facilitates the Accurate Transmission of Hereditary Information
The Double Helix Can Be Reversibly Melted
Three kinds of RNA 2. mRNA (messenger RNA) is the template for protein synthesis or translation 3. tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acid in an activated form to the ribosome for peptide bond formation, in a sequence dictated by the mRNA template 4. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) the major component of ribosome, plays both a catalytic and structural role in protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA) least abundant of the three RNAs The sequences of bases in mRNA specify the order of amino acids in proteins turn over most rapidly in the cell Heteregenous in size No intrachain folding, very likely an open chain structure Synthesized in the nucleus during the process of transcription After transcription, mRNA passes to the ribosomes where it serves as the template for the seqeuntial ordering of a.a. during synthesis
TRANSFER DNA smallest of the three RNAs Single stranded polynucleotide chain, usually about 80 nucleotides and generally having a MW of about 25,000 daltons INTRACHAIN Hbonding occurs in tRNA, forming AU and GC base pairs. Molecule folds back on itself to form a cloverleaf structure STEMS hydrogen bonded structure, LOOPS nonhydrogen bonded position, contain modified bases At one end of the polynucleotide chain, all tRNA’s contain a guanylic acid residue, linked by its 3’hydroxyl group to the penultimate nucleotide residue. The other side of the chain contains a common trinucleotide sequence namely pCpCpA.
Ribosomal RNA forms a complex with protein to form ribosome
Prokaryotic ribosome : 70 S→ 50 S and 30 S Eukaryotic ribosome: 73S to 80S → 60S and 40S
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