Nuremberg Jetons - Ukdfd
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Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
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Nuremberg Jetons
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Introduction Throughout the later medieval and early post-medieval period, reckoning counters or jetons – the word is derived from the French, ‘jeter’, to cast or throw - played an important role in the world of commerce, and even in administration of the national economy. They were used for casting accounts at the Royal Exchequer, and by government officers and merchants for conducting their respective financial calculations.
News releases Newsletters Forum Contact us Links Ceejay's website Privacy policy Copyright information Terms & conditions The hobby and its detractors
Reference Articles Barrel padlocks Buckles through the ages Buckles visual catalogue Button makers Coinweights Crotal bells Galley halfpence Gunter's chain Harness pendants Nuremberg jetons Papal bullae
The word ‘exchequer’ means chessboard - a board divided into squares - and it was on tables or boards marked out in this manner that jetons were used to perform the calculations. Our ‘Chancellor of the Exchequer' is so-called because of the chequered counting board over which his predecessors once presided. The exact date of establishment of the Exchequer – a branch of the Treasury – is uncertain, but a royal writ referring to ‘barons of the exchequer’ provides evidence that it was in existence, and using a chequered table, well before 1118. From the Royal Exchequer, it is likely that the use of chequer-board accounting spread across the country and from government to commerce. This spread might initially have been via the county sheriffs, who had to present their accounts in person at the Royal Exchequer table, and may well have modelled their own local practices on it. It would seem that in the early days, when chequer-board accounting was conducted mainly, if not exclusively, within the higher echelons of government, coins served as the main form of ‘counter’. In fact, we know from contemporary sources that Venetian coins were used at the Royal Exchequer during the reign of John (1199-1216), and were still being used there during the reign of Edward II (1307-1327). The earliest known base-metal jetons used in England date circa 1280, and it seems likely that these filled a commercial need, as the use of the chequer board became more widespread. These early purpose-made jetons were produced in England, and were very similar in size and design to the contemporary Edwardian pennies. Many even carried a bust of the king from the same punches as were used to produce dies for the regal coinage. Being of brass, they were readily distinguishable from the silver coins, but to thwart those who might be tempted to plate them with tin or silver and pass them off as coins, they were pierced or indented at the centre.
Pocket sundials Roman seal boxes
By the middle of the 14th century, English jetons were being produced at a larger size,
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Seal matrices Thimbles Tumbrels
typically of similar module to the groat, which circulated widely from the 1350’s. They are known as ‘wardrobe counters’ on account of an inscription on some of them (GARDE ROBE REGIS) making reference to the king’s Wardrobe, the department concerned with administering the finances of the king’s household. However, by the end of the century, competition from France effectively ended jeton production in England. Throughout the 15th century, France dominated the jeton market in this country, but its position was already being challenged before the century reached its end. Nuremberg had established itself as the prime supply-centre for cheap, massproduced stock jetons, with which France was unable to compete. By the mid 16th century, the Nuremberg jeton-makers had effectively cornered the English market. It is with the Nuremberg makers and their jetons that the present article is mainly concerned. Its aim is to provide listings of the makers, the main types of jeton they produced, and the inscriptions that appear on them. Before doing so, however, it is worth taking a brief look at how calculations were performed on the chequer-board, and also at what happened to jeton production after this method of accounting became obsolete. Calculation using counters on a chequer board is analogous to that performed using beads on an abacus. The vertical columns are marked with values, such as £ (pounds), s (shillings) and d (pence), and the horizontal rows with transaction details. Counters representing the value of each transaction are placed in the applicable squares. To add the value of the transactions, all the counters are moved to the bottom row of their respective columns. For every twelve ‘penny’ counters that result, a single counter is added to the shillings square and twelve counters are removed from the penny square. The process is repeated for the ‘shilling’ counters, with each twenty resulting in a counter being added to the pound square and twenty removed from the shilling square. At the end of the process - which in the case of the Royal Exchequer would extend to columns representing many thousands of pounds - the calculation is complete. This might seem very laborious, but it should be borne in mind that the decimal system and Arabic numerals were not in use. Try performing paper calculations using Roman numerals to add £sd values! In fact, it was the adoption of Arabic numerals, and their inherent decimal basis (importantly recognising zero as a value), that rendered jetons, at least in their traditional role, redundant. The change to accounting by written calculation occurred during the course of the 17th century, and jetons produced since this time generally fall into one of three categories. At the low-value end, brass jetons were struck as gaming counters. The popularity of gaming houses had been increasing since the end of the 16th century, and the opportunity this presented was not lost on the jeton manufacturers. At the opposite extreme, silver jetons were struck as presentation pieces, which were often given as New Year gifts to government employees. Between these two extremes were the historical jetons or historical medalets, which commemorated significant events, or sometimes conveyed a political message. Although their popularity has decreased in recent times, jetons of all three categories were produced in considerable numbers until at least the end of the 19th century.
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
The remainder of this article lists the Nuremberg guild masters, the types of jeton they struck, and the legends that are found on them. None of the lists is comprehensive, the aim being to give a general overview and to include details of those jetons that are most commonly recovered from the ground in England. For a comprehensive study, readers are referred to Michael Mitchiner’s work, referenced in the bibliography below. [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography]
[Legends]
The Guild Masters The masters are listed alphabetically in family groups, each of which is ordered chronologically, based on the first recorded date. It should be borne in mind that throughout most of the period under consideration, many anonymous jetons were struck. Some of these can be attributed to a known master on the basis of style, or by special marks used in the design; others remain unassigned. Anert Christoph Sigmund: master 1734, died 1754/68 Wolfgang Magnus (son of Christoph Sigmund): master 1778, died before 1816 Dietzel Iohann Iacob: master 1711, last record 1748 Iohann Adam (son of Iohann Iacob): master 1746, died 1762/68 Dorn Iohann (Hans) Albrecht: master 1732, died 1783 Hoffmann Wolf Hieronymus: master 1719, last record 1756 Iohann Hieronymus: Fl. 1756 Hoger Iohann Konrad: master 1705, died 1743 Albrecht Hoger (son of Iohann Konrad): master 1735, died 1789 Ianssen Zacharias: Fl. late 16th to early 17th century Koch Kilianus: first dated jetons 1587, died 1632 Krauwinckel Damianus: master 1543, died 1581 Hans I (brother of Damianus): master 1562, died 1586 Egidius (son of Damianus): master 1570, died 1613 Hans II (son of Damianus): master 1586, died 1635 Laufer or Lauffer Wolf (Wulf) I: master 1554, died 1601 Hans I (son of Wolf I): issuing jetons 1607, master 1611, died 1632 Georg I (son of Wolf I): master 1610, died 1647 (didn’t strike jetons?) http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Matheus (son of Wolf I): master 1612, died 1634 Wolff II (son of Wolf I): master 1612, died 1651 Conrad (son of Hans I): master 1637, died 1668 Georg II (son of Wolf II): master 1648/51, died 1662 (didn’t strike jetons?) Wolff III (son of Wolf II): master 1650, died 1670 Cornelius (son of Conrad): master 1658, died 1711 Lazarus Gottlieb (son of Conrad): master 1663, died 1709 Hans II (son of Cornelius): master 1686, left Nuremberg 1716 Hans Paulus (son of Cornelius): master 1697, died 1712 Leykauff or Leichkauff or Leikauf Michael: master 1724, retired 1768 Lindner Hans: Fl. 1662–1692 Hans Michael (son of Hans): Fl. 1686-1692 Schultes or Schulteis Iorg (George): master 1515, died 1559 Hans I (son of Iorg): master 1553, died 1584 Hans II (son of Hans I): master 1586, died 1603 Hans III (son of Hans II): master 1608, last record 1612 Vogel Iohann Adam: master 1737, last record 1760 Weidinger Hans (Iohann): master 1670, died 1727 Iohann Friedrich (son of Hans): master 1710, last record 1765 Zwingel Hans: Fl. 1553-1586 [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography]
[Legends]
The Types The list below covers the jetons that are most commonly found in this country. For each type, there are usually many minor design variations (varieties), and reverses and obverses are sometimes paired in ‘non-standard’ combinations. The most common type, by far, is the Rose / Orb jeton, which probably accounts for well over half the total number of Nuremberg jetons found. In addition to those listed, there are many allegorical and biblical jetons, but the legends and types are so variable that generalised descriptions are not possible. French Shield Obv. Shield of France with three fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by crown Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Paris Obv. Four fleurs-de-lis in a lozenge
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Rev. Small French shield charged with three lis, all within a four-arched tressure Venus penny Obv. Quartered shield of arms Rev. ‘Venus’ standing, holding various items Lion of Saint Mark Obv. Winged Lion of St. Mark, holding Book of Gospels in forepaw Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles
Ship penny Obv. Profile view of a sailing ship Rev. Four fleurs-de-lis in a lozenge
Ship / Orb Obv. Profile view of a sailing ship Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Rose / Orb Obv. Three crowns, alternately with three lis, arranged around a central rose Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Rechenmeister Obv. Rechenmeister seated facing, at his counting table Rev. Alphabet arranged in lines (unframed, square frame, circular frame)
English style Obv. The bust of an English monarch, similar to those on contemporary coins Rev. A shield of arms or other device usually based on contemporary coins
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
French style Obv. The bust of a French monarch, similar to those on contemporary coins Rev. A shield of arms or other device usually based on contemporary coins Mercury bust Obv. Bust of Mercury wearing a winged helmet Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Cross / Orb Obv. Cross with fleur-de-lis ends and a heart in each angle Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Sun – moon – stars Obv. Sun, moon and stars Rev. Sailing ship [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography]
[Legends]
The Legends The obverse legend usually takes the form ‘Rechenmeister’s name in Nuremberg’, with the master’s name varying in spelling, and the place-name varying in both spelling and the extent of abbreviation. By way of example, the following are just a few of the forms used on the jetons attributed to Hans Krauwinckel II. HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN N HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NV HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NVR HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NVRNB HANNS KRAVWICKEL IN NVRENBE HANNS KRAVWICWEL IN NVRENBE The legends listed below are those that normally appear on the reverse of the jetons. It should be noted that the same basic legend is usually found in a variety of different forms. This arises as a result of spelling not being standardised at the time, and words being abbreviated in many different ways. Only one typical form of each legend is listed. Most of the legends are in German, but where this is not the case, the language is shown immediately after the translation. It should be noted that many jetons, particularly early ones, are inscribed with meaningless strings of letters, described as ‘fictitious legends’. Others have badly blundered legends, for which the intended rendering is barely recognisable. Occasionally, reversed ‘mirror-image’ legends are also found. AN GOTES SEGEN IS ALES GE - Everything is given on God’s blessing ANFANG BEDENCK DAS ENDT – (At the) beginning, consider the end
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
DAS WORT GOTES BLEIBT EWICK - The word of God endures forever FLEISIGE RECHNVNG MACHT RICHTIKEIT - Diligent accounting makes for accuracy GETRIVW HANDT KOMBT DVRCH ALLE - Truth succeeds over everything GLICK IST WALCZET - Fortune is changeable GLICK KVMPT VON GOT IST WAR - Truly, good fortune comes from God GLVCK BESCHERT IST VNGEWERT - Fortune given is not guaranteed GLVCK KVMBT VON GOT ALEIN - Good fortune comes from God alone GLVCK VND GLAS WIE BALD BRICHT DAS - Luck and glass, how soon they break GOT ALEIN DIE EERE SEI - To God alone the glory GOTES GABEN SOL MAN LOB - One should praise God’s gifts GOTES REICH BLEIBT EWICK - God’s Kingdom endures forever GOTES SEGEN MACHT REICH - God’s blessing maketh rich (from Proverbs 10, 22) HEVT RODT MORGEN TODTT - Today red, tomorrow dead LIB MICH ALS ICH DIH - Love me as I love you NEYDT THVT IHM SELBST LEYDT - Envy does oneself harm PIETATE ET IVSTITIA - Compassion and Justice (Latin) RECHENPFENING - Reckoning penny RECHENPFENING NVRENBER - Reckoning penny, Nuremberg S MARCVS EVANGELLIST GOTT - Saint Mark, Evangelist of God SCHIF PFENING NVRENBERG - Ship penny, Nuremberg SOLI DEO GLORIA - To God alone the glory (Latin) VERBVM DOMINI MANET IN ETERNVM - The word of God remains eternal (Latin) VIVE LE BON ROI DE FRA - Long live the good king of France (French) VIVE NVM DE NVRENVM - Long live the coins [i.e. jetons] of Nuremberg (French) VOLGVE LA GALLEE DE FRANCE - Let the French galley sail (French) WER GOT VERTRAVT HAT [auf keinen sand gebaut] – Trust in God provides a firm foundation (Literally: Whoever trusts in God has [not built on a sand foundation]) [Introduction]
[Guild Masters]
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
[Jeton Types]
[Legends]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
[Bibliography]
Bibliography Books George Berry, Medieval English Jetons Michael Mitchiner, Jetons, Medalets & Tokens (Vol. 1, The Medieval Period and Nuremberg) Periodicals George Berry, Coins & Medals, September 1972, p.10 (Ship Jetons from Nuremberg) George Berry, Coins & Medals, July 1973, p.38 (The Political Jetons of Hans Krauwinckel) George Berry, Coins & Medals, January 1976, p.28 (The Commonest Jeton of All) George Berry, Coins & Medals, May 1976, p.38 (English Regal Counters Struck at Nuremberg) Jim Furner, The Searcher, February 2001, p.68 (Inscriptions on Nuremberg Jetons) [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography] UKDFD Copright 2005 Version 2005.06.13 [email protected]
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
[Legends]
Database General Information
Coins
Artefacts
Search
Random records
Recent records
Nuremberg Jetons
Welcome Mission statement Recording guidlines Photography tips Scanning tips Uploading a coin Uploading an artefact Search tips Site map
Introduction Throughout the later medieval and early post-medieval period, reckoning counters or jetons – the word is derived from the French, ‘jeter’, to cast or throw - played an important role in the world of commerce, and even in administration of the national economy. They were used for casting accounts at the Royal Exchequer, and by government officers and merchants for conducting their respective financial calculations.
News releases Newsletters Forum Contact us Links Ceejay's website Privacy policy Copyright information Terms & conditions The hobby and its detractors
Reference Articles Barrel padlocks Buckles through the ages Buckles visual catalogue Button makers Coinweights Crotal bells Galley halfpence Gunter's chain Harness pendants Nuremberg jetons Papal bullae
The word ‘exchequer’ means chessboard - a board divided into squares - and it was on tables or boards marked out in this manner that jetons were used to perform the calculations. Our ‘Chancellor of the Exchequer' is so-called because of the chequered counting board over which his predecessors once presided. The exact date of establishment of the Exchequer – a branch of the Treasury – is uncertain, but a royal writ referring to ‘barons of the exchequer’ provides evidence that it was in existence, and using a chequered table, well before 1118. From the Royal Exchequer, it is likely that the use of chequer-board accounting spread across the country and from government to commerce. This spread might initially have been via the county sheriffs, who had to present their accounts in person at the Royal Exchequer table, and may well have modelled their own local practices on it. It would seem that in the early days, when chequer-board accounting was conducted mainly, if not exclusively, within the higher echelons of government, coins served as the main form of ‘counter’. In fact, we know from contemporary sources that Venetian coins were used at the Royal Exchequer during the reign of John (1199-1216), and were still being used there during the reign of Edward II (1307-1327). The earliest known base-metal jetons used in England date circa 1280, and it seems likely that these filled a commercial need, as the use of the chequer board became more widespread. These early purpose-made jetons were produced in England, and were very similar in size and design to the contemporary Edwardian pennies. Many even carried a bust of the king from the same punches as were used to produce dies for the regal coinage. Being of brass, they were readily distinguishable from the silver coins, but to thwart those who might be tempted to plate them with tin or silver and pass them off as coins, they were pierced or indented at the centre.
Pocket sundials Roman seal boxes
By the middle of the 14th century, English jetons were being produced at a larger size,
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Seal matrices Thimbles Tumbrels
typically of similar module to the groat, which circulated widely from the 1350’s. They are known as ‘wardrobe counters’ on account of an inscription on some of them (GARDE ROBE REGIS) making reference to the king’s Wardrobe, the department concerned with administering the finances of the king’s household. However, by the end of the century, competition from France effectively ended jeton production in England. Throughout the 15th century, France dominated the jeton market in this country, but its position was already being challenged before the century reached its end. Nuremberg had established itself as the prime supply-centre for cheap, massproduced stock jetons, with which France was unable to compete. By the mid 16th century, the Nuremberg jeton-makers had effectively cornered the English market. It is with the Nuremberg makers and their jetons that the present article is mainly concerned. Its aim is to provide listings of the makers, the main types of jeton they produced, and the inscriptions that appear on them. Before doing so, however, it is worth taking a brief look at how calculations were performed on the chequer-board, and also at what happened to jeton production after this method of accounting became obsolete. Calculation using counters on a chequer board is analogous to that performed using beads on an abacus. The vertical columns are marked with values, such as £ (pounds), s (shillings) and d (pence), and the horizontal rows with transaction details. Counters representing the value of each transaction are placed in the applicable squares. To add the value of the transactions, all the counters are moved to the bottom row of their respective columns. For every twelve ‘penny’ counters that result, a single counter is added to the shillings square and twelve counters are removed from the penny square. The process is repeated for the ‘shilling’ counters, with each twenty resulting in a counter being added to the pound square and twenty removed from the shilling square. At the end of the process - which in the case of the Royal Exchequer would extend to columns representing many thousands of pounds - the calculation is complete. This might seem very laborious, but it should be borne in mind that the decimal system and Arabic numerals were not in use. Try performing paper calculations using Roman numerals to add £sd values! In fact, it was the adoption of Arabic numerals, and their inherent decimal basis (importantly recognising zero as a value), that rendered jetons, at least in their traditional role, redundant. The change to accounting by written calculation occurred during the course of the 17th century, and jetons produced since this time generally fall into one of three categories. At the low-value end, brass jetons were struck as gaming counters. The popularity of gaming houses had been increasing since the end of the 16th century, and the opportunity this presented was not lost on the jeton manufacturers. At the opposite extreme, silver jetons were struck as presentation pieces, which were often given as New Year gifts to government employees. Between these two extremes were the historical jetons or historical medalets, which commemorated significant events, or sometimes conveyed a political message. Although their popularity has decreased in recent times, jetons of all three categories were produced in considerable numbers until at least the end of the 19th century.
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
The remainder of this article lists the Nuremberg guild masters, the types of jeton they struck, and the legends that are found on them. None of the lists is comprehensive, the aim being to give a general overview and to include details of those jetons that are most commonly recovered from the ground in England. For a comprehensive study, readers are referred to Michael Mitchiner’s work, referenced in the bibliography below. [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography]
[Legends]
The Guild Masters The masters are listed alphabetically in family groups, each of which is ordered chronologically, based on the first recorded date. It should be borne in mind that throughout most of the period under consideration, many anonymous jetons were struck. Some of these can be attributed to a known master on the basis of style, or by special marks used in the design; others remain unassigned. Anert Christoph Sigmund: master 1734, died 1754/68 Wolfgang Magnus (son of Christoph Sigmund): master 1778, died before 1816 Dietzel Iohann Iacob: master 1711, last record 1748 Iohann Adam (son of Iohann Iacob): master 1746, died 1762/68 Dorn Iohann (Hans) Albrecht: master 1732, died 1783 Hoffmann Wolf Hieronymus: master 1719, last record 1756 Iohann Hieronymus: Fl. 1756 Hoger Iohann Konrad: master 1705, died 1743 Albrecht Hoger (son of Iohann Konrad): master 1735, died 1789 Ianssen Zacharias: Fl. late 16th to early 17th century Koch Kilianus: first dated jetons 1587, died 1632 Krauwinckel Damianus: master 1543, died 1581 Hans I (brother of Damianus): master 1562, died 1586 Egidius (son of Damianus): master 1570, died 1613 Hans II (son of Damianus): master 1586, died 1635 Laufer or Lauffer Wolf (Wulf) I: master 1554, died 1601 Hans I (son of Wolf I): issuing jetons 1607, master 1611, died 1632 Georg I (son of Wolf I): master 1610, died 1647 (didn’t strike jetons?) http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Matheus (son of Wolf I): master 1612, died 1634 Wolff II (son of Wolf I): master 1612, died 1651 Conrad (son of Hans I): master 1637, died 1668 Georg II (son of Wolf II): master 1648/51, died 1662 (didn’t strike jetons?) Wolff III (son of Wolf II): master 1650, died 1670 Cornelius (son of Conrad): master 1658, died 1711 Lazarus Gottlieb (son of Conrad): master 1663, died 1709 Hans II (son of Cornelius): master 1686, left Nuremberg 1716 Hans Paulus (son of Cornelius): master 1697, died 1712 Leykauff or Leichkauff or Leikauf Michael: master 1724, retired 1768 Lindner Hans: Fl. 1662–1692 Hans Michael (son of Hans): Fl. 1686-1692 Schultes or Schulteis Iorg (George): master 1515, died 1559 Hans I (son of Iorg): master 1553, died 1584 Hans II (son of Hans I): master 1586, died 1603 Hans III (son of Hans II): master 1608, last record 1612 Vogel Iohann Adam: master 1737, last record 1760 Weidinger Hans (Iohann): master 1670, died 1727 Iohann Friedrich (son of Hans): master 1710, last record 1765 Zwingel Hans: Fl. 1553-1586 [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography]
[Legends]
The Types The list below covers the jetons that are most commonly found in this country. For each type, there are usually many minor design variations (varieties), and reverses and obverses are sometimes paired in ‘non-standard’ combinations. The most common type, by far, is the Rose / Orb jeton, which probably accounts for well over half the total number of Nuremberg jetons found. In addition to those listed, there are many allegorical and biblical jetons, but the legends and types are so variable that generalised descriptions are not possible. French Shield Obv. Shield of France with three fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by crown Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Paris Obv. Four fleurs-de-lis in a lozenge
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Rev. Small French shield charged with three lis, all within a four-arched tressure Venus penny Obv. Quartered shield of arms Rev. ‘Venus’ standing, holding various items Lion of Saint Mark Obv. Winged Lion of St. Mark, holding Book of Gospels in forepaw Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles
Ship penny Obv. Profile view of a sailing ship Rev. Four fleurs-de-lis in a lozenge
Ship / Orb Obv. Profile view of a sailing ship Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Rose / Orb Obv. Three crowns, alternately with three lis, arranged around a central rose Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
Rechenmeister Obv. Rechenmeister seated facing, at his counting table Rev. Alphabet arranged in lines (unframed, square frame, circular frame)
English style Obv. The bust of an English monarch, similar to those on contemporary coins Rev. A shield of arms or other device usually based on contemporary coins
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
French style Obv. The bust of a French monarch, similar to those on contemporary coins Rev. A shield of arms or other device usually based on contemporary coins Mercury bust Obv. Bust of Mercury wearing a winged helmet Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Cross / Orb Obv. Cross with fleur-de-lis ends and a heart in each angle Rev. Imperial orb within a tressure of three arches and three angles Sun – moon – stars Obv. Sun, moon and stars Rev. Sailing ship [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography]
[Legends]
The Legends The obverse legend usually takes the form ‘Rechenmeister’s name in Nuremberg’, with the master’s name varying in spelling, and the place-name varying in both spelling and the extent of abbreviation. By way of example, the following are just a few of the forms used on the jetons attributed to Hans Krauwinckel II. HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN N HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NV HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NVR HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NVRNB HANNS KRAVWICKEL IN NVRENBE HANNS KRAVWICWEL IN NVRENBE The legends listed below are those that normally appear on the reverse of the jetons. It should be noted that the same basic legend is usually found in a variety of different forms. This arises as a result of spelling not being standardised at the time, and words being abbreviated in many different ways. Only one typical form of each legend is listed. Most of the legends are in German, but where this is not the case, the language is shown immediately after the translation. It should be noted that many jetons, particularly early ones, are inscribed with meaningless strings of letters, described as ‘fictitious legends’. Others have badly blundered legends, for which the intended rendering is barely recognisable. Occasionally, reversed ‘mirror-image’ legends are also found. AN GOTES SEGEN IS ALES GE - Everything is given on God’s blessing ANFANG BEDENCK DAS ENDT – (At the) beginning, consider the end
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
DAS WORT GOTES BLEIBT EWICK - The word of God endures forever FLEISIGE RECHNVNG MACHT RICHTIKEIT - Diligent accounting makes for accuracy GETRIVW HANDT KOMBT DVRCH ALLE - Truth succeeds over everything GLICK IST WALCZET - Fortune is changeable GLICK KVMPT VON GOT IST WAR - Truly, good fortune comes from God GLVCK BESCHERT IST VNGEWERT - Fortune given is not guaranteed GLVCK KVMBT VON GOT ALEIN - Good fortune comes from God alone GLVCK VND GLAS WIE BALD BRICHT DAS - Luck and glass, how soon they break GOT ALEIN DIE EERE SEI - To God alone the glory GOTES GABEN SOL MAN LOB - One should praise God’s gifts GOTES REICH BLEIBT EWICK - God’s Kingdom endures forever GOTES SEGEN MACHT REICH - God’s blessing maketh rich (from Proverbs 10, 22) HEVT RODT MORGEN TODTT - Today red, tomorrow dead LIB MICH ALS ICH DIH - Love me as I love you NEYDT THVT IHM SELBST LEYDT - Envy does oneself harm PIETATE ET IVSTITIA - Compassion and Justice (Latin) RECHENPFENING - Reckoning penny RECHENPFENING NVRENBER - Reckoning penny, Nuremberg S MARCVS EVANGELLIST GOTT - Saint Mark, Evangelist of God SCHIF PFENING NVRENBERG - Ship penny, Nuremberg SOLI DEO GLORIA - To God alone the glory (Latin) VERBVM DOMINI MANET IN ETERNVM - The word of God remains eternal (Latin) VIVE LE BON ROI DE FRA - Long live the good king of France (French) VIVE NVM DE NVRENVM - Long live the coins [i.e. jetons] of Nuremberg (French) VOLGVE LA GALLEE DE FRANCE - Let the French galley sail (French) WER GOT VERTRAVT HAT [auf keinen sand gebaut] – Trust in God provides a firm foundation (Literally: Whoever trusts in God has [not built on a sand foundation]) [Introduction]
[Guild Masters]
http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/nuremberg-jetons.html[24.02.2009 02:14:35]
[Jeton Types]
[Legends]
Nuremberg Jetons - ukdfd
[Bibliography]
Bibliography Books George Berry, Medieval English Jetons Michael Mitchiner, Jetons, Medalets & Tokens (Vol. 1, The Medieval Period and Nuremberg) Periodicals George Berry, Coins & Medals, September 1972, p.10 (Ship Jetons from Nuremberg) George Berry, Coins & Medals, July 1973, p.38 (The Political Jetons of Hans Krauwinckel) George Berry, Coins & Medals, January 1976, p.28 (The Commonest Jeton of All) George Berry, Coins & Medals, May 1976, p.38 (English Regal Counters Struck at Nuremberg) Jim Furner, The Searcher, February 2001, p.68 (Inscriptions on Nuremberg Jetons) [Introduction]
[Guild Masters] [Jeton Types] [Bibliography] UKDFD Copright 2005 Version 2005.06.13 [email protected]
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[Legends]
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