Nuclear Radiation
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Nuclear Radiation Natural Radioactivity Nuclear Equations Producing Radioactive Isotopes Half-Life Nuclear Fission and Fusion
1
Subatomic Particles • Protons- plus charge In the nucleus • Neutrons- neutral • Electrons - negative charge Outside the nucleus 2
Radiation • Radiation comes from the nucleus of an atom. • Unstable nucleus emits a particle or energy α alpha β beta γ gamma 3
Alpha Particle Same as a helium nucleus (He) 4 2
He
or α
Two protons Two neutrons 4
Beta Particle β An electron emitted from the nucleus 0
e or
β
−1
A neutron in the nucleus breaks down 1 1 0 n H + e 0 1 -1 5
Gamma γ Radiation • Pure radiation • Like an X-ray but comes from the nucleus
6
Radiation Protection • Shielding alpha – paper, clothing beta – lab coat, gloves gamma- lead, thick concrete • Limit time exposed • Keep distance from source
7
Radiation Protection
8
Balancing Nuclear Equations In the reactants and products Atomic numbers must balance and Mass numbers must balance
9
Alpha decay
10
Beta decay
234 90
Th →
234 91
Pa
+ 0e −1
beta particle
11
Gamma radiation No change in atomic or mass number
B
11
5
B +
11 5
0
γ
0
boron atom in a high-energy state
12
Learning Check NR1 Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60.
13
Solution NR1 Write the nuclear equation for the Beta emitter Co-60.
Co
60
27
Ni +
60 28
0
e
-1
14
Producing Radioactive Isotopes Bombardment of atoms produces radioisotopes = 60
Co
= 60
59
+ 1n
27
0
= 27
cobalt atom
Mn +
56 25
He
4
2
= 27
neutron
manganese alpha radioisotope particle 15
Learning Check NR2 What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10 5
B
+ 4He 2
? +
1
n
0
16
Solution NR2 What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10 5
B
+ 4He 2
13 7
N
+
1
n
0
nitrogen radioisotope 17
Half-Life of a Radioisotope The time for the radiation level to fall (decay) to one-half its initial value decay curve initial 1 half-life
8 mg
4 mg
2
2 mg
3
1 mg 18
Examples of Half-Life Isotope C-15 Ra-224 Ra-223 I-125 C-14 U-235
Half life 2.4 sec 3.6 days 12 days 60 days 5700 years 710 000 000 years 19
Learning Check NR3 The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 26 hours?
20
Solution NR3 t1/2
=
13 hrs
26 hours
=
2 x t1/2
Amount initial
=
64mg
Amount remaining = 64 mg x ½ x ½ = 16 mg
21
Nuclear Fission Fission large nuclei break up 235
U
92
+ 1n 0
139 56
Ba + 94Kr + 3 1n + 36
Energy
0
22
Fission
23
Nuclear Fusion Fusion small nuclei combine 2
H
1
+
3 1
H
4 2
He
+ 1n +
Energy
0
Occurs in the sun and other stars 24
Learning Check NR4 Indicate if each of the following are (2) Fission (2) fusion D. E. F. G.
Nucleus splits Large amounts of energy released Small nuclei form larger nuclei Hydrogen nuclei react
Energy
25
Solution NR4 Indicate if each of the following are (2) Fission (2) fusion • • • •
1 1+2 2 2
Nucleus splits Large amounts of energy released Small nuclei form larger nuclei Hydrogen nuclei react 26
1
Subatomic Particles • Protons- plus charge In the nucleus • Neutrons- neutral • Electrons - negative charge Outside the nucleus 2
Radiation • Radiation comes from the nucleus of an atom. • Unstable nucleus emits a particle or energy α alpha β beta γ gamma 3
Alpha Particle Same as a helium nucleus (He) 4 2
He
or α
Two protons Two neutrons 4
Beta Particle β An electron emitted from the nucleus 0
e or
β
−1
A neutron in the nucleus breaks down 1 1 0 n H + e 0 1 -1 5
Gamma γ Radiation • Pure radiation • Like an X-ray but comes from the nucleus
6
Radiation Protection • Shielding alpha – paper, clothing beta – lab coat, gloves gamma- lead, thick concrete • Limit time exposed • Keep distance from source
7
Radiation Protection
8
Balancing Nuclear Equations In the reactants and products Atomic numbers must balance and Mass numbers must balance
9
Alpha decay
10
Beta decay
234 90
Th →
234 91
Pa
+ 0e −1
beta particle
11
Gamma radiation No change in atomic or mass number
B
11
5
B +
11 5
0
γ
0
boron atom in a high-energy state
12
Learning Check NR1 Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60.
13
Solution NR1 Write the nuclear equation for the Beta emitter Co-60.
Co
60
27
Ni +
60 28
0
e
-1
14
Producing Radioactive Isotopes Bombardment of atoms produces radioisotopes = 60
Co
= 60
59
+ 1n
27
0
= 27
cobalt atom
Mn +
56 25
He
4
2
= 27
neutron
manganese alpha radioisotope particle 15
Learning Check NR2 What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10 5
B
+ 4He 2
? +
1
n
0
16
Solution NR2 What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10 5
B
+ 4He 2
13 7
N
+
1
n
0
nitrogen radioisotope 17
Half-Life of a Radioisotope The time for the radiation level to fall (decay) to one-half its initial value decay curve initial 1 half-life
8 mg
4 mg
2
2 mg
3
1 mg 18
Examples of Half-Life Isotope C-15 Ra-224 Ra-223 I-125 C-14 U-235
Half life 2.4 sec 3.6 days 12 days 60 days 5700 years 710 000 000 years 19
Learning Check NR3 The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 26 hours?
20
Solution NR3 t1/2
=
13 hrs
26 hours
=
2 x t1/2
Amount initial
=
64mg
Amount remaining = 64 mg x ½ x ½ = 16 mg
21
Nuclear Fission Fission large nuclei break up 235
U
92
+ 1n 0
139 56
Ba + 94Kr + 3 1n + 36
Energy
0
22
Fission
23
Nuclear Fusion Fusion small nuclei combine 2
H
1
+
3 1
H
4 2
He
+ 1n +
Energy
0
Occurs in the sun and other stars 24
Learning Check NR4 Indicate if each of the following are (2) Fission (2) fusion D. E. F. G.
Nucleus splits Large amounts of energy released Small nuclei form larger nuclei Hydrogen nuclei react
Energy
25
Solution NR4 Indicate if each of the following are (2) Fission (2) fusion • • • •
1 1+2 2 2
Nucleus splits Large amounts of energy released Small nuclei form larger nuclei Hydrogen nuclei react 26
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