Notes Scribed Ch2
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Ancient Middle East & Egypt Ch 2.1 | City-States of Ancient Sumer
Sumer 101 • ~3300 BC = SUMER IS BORN! • Located: Fertile Crescent in Middle East – Known for rich soils/wheat fields • Area AKA Mesopotamia “land between rivers” – Modern day Turkey, Iraq, to Persian Gulf
Sumer 101 • Question: Think about why one of the first complex civilizations was located here? • Flooding = Organization among people – Dikes, ditches, irrigation • Ur, Uruk = world’s 1st great cities – TRADE was important
Main Features 1. At least 12 distinct citystates/complex governments 2. Social Hierarchy 3. Religious Practices 4. Writing
City-States/Governments 1. 2.
At least 12 different city-states Competition among groups/wars 3. Rulers responsibilities • Protect cities/enforce laws • Chief servant of Gods
Social Hierarchy 1.
System of ranking groups • High class = rulers, high priests • Middle class = scribes, artisans • Low class = peasant farmers (a majority) 2. Lowest = slaves 3. Women’s roles emphasized more than any other Meso civ.
Religion 1. 2.
Polytheistic Believed that Gods behaved like ordinary people 3. Sumerians strived to please Gods • Ziggurat (temples) 4. Believed in afterlife
Sumerian Writing 1. 2. 3. 4.
Cuneiform (“wedge”) From pictographs to more complex thoughts Myths, prayers, laws, contracts Scribes had strict training
Lasting Legacy of Sumer • By 1900 BC – Sumerian citystates are conquered – Ideas/technology passed on – Development of Astronomy/Math
MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRES Fertile Crescent becomes a crossroads of war, peace, and empire building: SARGON (2300 BC) HAMMURABI (1790 BC) HITTITES (1400 BC)
TIMELINE CONT’D ASSYRIANS (1100 BC) Neo-Babylonian (625 BC) PERSIA (540 BC)
Hammurabi’s Achievements • Codified laws, including civil and criminal law – Hammurabi’s Code • OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS – Improved irrigation – Organized armies – Repaired temples
Hittites / Assyrians • Hittites known for their iron extracting – Weaponry advantage – Ushered in IRON Age across globe • Assyrians = reputation of being feared warriors – Well-ordered society, splendid palaces – @ Ninevah, world’s first library
Neo-Babylon • Assyrians are crushed, Babylon is revived by King NEBUCHADNEZZAR – Canals, temples, palaces rebuilt – Surround by moat/85 ft thick wall – Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
Persian Empire • 539 BC – Babylon falls to Cyrus the Great and Persia • Policy of tolerance/acceptance of those they defeated…contrasted with? • Darius and governmental reform – Satrapy (provinces)/Taxes – Encouraged communication/accountability – Barter economy ---> money economy
Zoroaster
GOOD (Ahura Mazda) vs.
EVIL (Ahriman) • Emphasis on final judgment day and a choice. Sound similar to anything else?
Phoenician Sea Traders • Not a LARGE empire, but small states/cities along the Mediterranean Sea. • Known for manufacturing and trade b/c of their location – Glass and dye – Set up COLONIES • Called “carriers of civilization” – Set up an alphabet of sounds, not just whole words…
Kingdom of the Nile/ Egyptian Civilization Geographical Connection • Egypt, many say was, “gift of the Nile” – 3600 miles long, world’s longest • River naturally divided the region in two: – Upper Egypt/Lower Egypt (delta) – United under Menes (3100 BC) • Classic “RISE AND FALL” civilization – Fall to Assyrians/Persians
Old
Middle [1938bc1630bc]
[2575bc2130bc] -pharaohs (kings) ruled with absolute power -depended on bureaucracy and vizier to keep order -built necropolises or PYRAMIDS -PTAH-hotep, vizier who wrote book to help young officials
-turbulent period with drought and corruption -conquer gold rich KUSH (Nubia) area -increased communication -Hyksos occupation and rule
New [1539bc1075bc] -age of conquest/conflict w/ other groups -Hatshepsut – 1st female ruler -Thutmose – stretched borders -Ramses II – conquest minded -1st peace treaty signed (w/ Hittites)
Ancient Israelites (Hebrews) •
MONOTHEISTIC, all knowing, ever present God.
•
Torah – Israel’s most sacred text (1st 5 books of Bible)
•
•
ABRAHAM (Canaan) – father of the Israelites, w/ whom God made a promise 1. relationship/chosen people 2. promised land Moses renews covenant with God, leads Israelites out of slavery in Egypt (40 yrs)
Israel Established ~ 1000 BC • David unites 12 tribe into one nation • Solomon builds Jerusalem • Israel splits/faces conquest from Assyrians and Babylon/exiled • Return to holy land as Jews (“from Judah”)
Judaism 101 1. Patriarchal 2. LAW was central (in Torah) 3. Sabbath 4. Prophets are important
5. Diaspora – leaving Israel
Sumer 101 • ~3300 BC = SUMER IS BORN! • Located: Fertile Crescent in Middle East – Known for rich soils/wheat fields • Area AKA Mesopotamia “land between rivers” – Modern day Turkey, Iraq, to Persian Gulf
Sumer 101 • Question: Think about why one of the first complex civilizations was located here? • Flooding = Organization among people – Dikes, ditches, irrigation • Ur, Uruk = world’s 1st great cities – TRADE was important
Main Features 1. At least 12 distinct citystates/complex governments 2. Social Hierarchy 3. Religious Practices 4. Writing
City-States/Governments 1. 2.
At least 12 different city-states Competition among groups/wars 3. Rulers responsibilities • Protect cities/enforce laws • Chief servant of Gods
Social Hierarchy 1.
System of ranking groups • High class = rulers, high priests • Middle class = scribes, artisans • Low class = peasant farmers (a majority) 2. Lowest = slaves 3. Women’s roles emphasized more than any other Meso civ.
Religion 1. 2.
Polytheistic Believed that Gods behaved like ordinary people 3. Sumerians strived to please Gods • Ziggurat (temples) 4. Believed in afterlife
Sumerian Writing 1. 2. 3. 4.
Cuneiform (“wedge”) From pictographs to more complex thoughts Myths, prayers, laws, contracts Scribes had strict training
Lasting Legacy of Sumer • By 1900 BC – Sumerian citystates are conquered – Ideas/technology passed on – Development of Astronomy/Math
MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRES Fertile Crescent becomes a crossroads of war, peace, and empire building: SARGON (2300 BC) HAMMURABI (1790 BC) HITTITES (1400 BC)
TIMELINE CONT’D ASSYRIANS (1100 BC) Neo-Babylonian (625 BC) PERSIA (540 BC)
Hammurabi’s Achievements • Codified laws, including civil and criminal law – Hammurabi’s Code • OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS – Improved irrigation – Organized armies – Repaired temples
Hittites / Assyrians • Hittites known for their iron extracting – Weaponry advantage – Ushered in IRON Age across globe • Assyrians = reputation of being feared warriors – Well-ordered society, splendid palaces – @ Ninevah, world’s first library
Neo-Babylon • Assyrians are crushed, Babylon is revived by King NEBUCHADNEZZAR – Canals, temples, palaces rebuilt – Surround by moat/85 ft thick wall – Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
Persian Empire • 539 BC – Babylon falls to Cyrus the Great and Persia • Policy of tolerance/acceptance of those they defeated…contrasted with? • Darius and governmental reform – Satrapy (provinces)/Taxes – Encouraged communication/accountability – Barter economy ---> money economy
Zoroaster
GOOD (Ahura Mazda) vs.
EVIL (Ahriman) • Emphasis on final judgment day and a choice. Sound similar to anything else?
Phoenician Sea Traders • Not a LARGE empire, but small states/cities along the Mediterranean Sea. • Known for manufacturing and trade b/c of their location – Glass and dye – Set up COLONIES • Called “carriers of civilization” – Set up an alphabet of sounds, not just whole words…
Kingdom of the Nile/ Egyptian Civilization Geographical Connection • Egypt, many say was, “gift of the Nile” – 3600 miles long, world’s longest • River naturally divided the region in two: – Upper Egypt/Lower Egypt (delta) – United under Menes (3100 BC) • Classic “RISE AND FALL” civilization – Fall to Assyrians/Persians
Old
Middle [1938bc1630bc]
[2575bc2130bc] -pharaohs (kings) ruled with absolute power -depended on bureaucracy and vizier to keep order -built necropolises or PYRAMIDS -PTAH-hotep, vizier who wrote book to help young officials
-turbulent period with drought and corruption -conquer gold rich KUSH (Nubia) area -increased communication -Hyksos occupation and rule
New [1539bc1075bc] -age of conquest/conflict w/ other groups -Hatshepsut – 1st female ruler -Thutmose – stretched borders -Ramses II – conquest minded -1st peace treaty signed (w/ Hittites)
Ancient Israelites (Hebrews) •
MONOTHEISTIC, all knowing, ever present God.
•
Torah – Israel’s most sacred text (1st 5 books of Bible)
•
•
ABRAHAM (Canaan) – father of the Israelites, w/ whom God made a promise 1. relationship/chosen people 2. promised land Moses renews covenant with God, leads Israelites out of slavery in Egypt (40 yrs)
Israel Established ~ 1000 BC • David unites 12 tribe into one nation • Solomon builds Jerusalem • Israel splits/faces conquest from Assyrians and Babylon/exiled • Return to holy land as Jews (“from Judah”)
Judaism 101 1. Patriarchal 2. LAW was central (in Torah) 3. Sabbath 4. Prophets are important
5. Diaspora – leaving Israel
