Notes-7.pdf

Concept of interactive design Computers and interactive design • Interactive Design is defined as a user-oriented field of study that focuses on meaningful communication of media through cyclical and collaborative processes between people and technology. • In some cases Interactive Design is equated to Interaction Design("the practice of designing interactive digital products, environments, systems, and services” Beyond the digital aspect, interaction design is also useful when creating physical (non-digital) products, exploring how a user might interact with it. Common topics of interaction design include design , humancomputer interaction and software development). • However in the specialized study of Interactive Design there are defined differences. To assist in this distinction, Interaction Design can be thought of as: • Making devices usable, useful, and fun, focusing on the efficiency and intuitive hardware • A fusion of product design, computer science, and communication design.

• Interactive Design is defined as a user-oriented field of study that focuses on meaningful communication of media through cyclical and collaborative processes between people and technology. Successful interactive designs have simple, clearly defined goals, a strong purpose and intuitive screen interface. How do we interact with computers? • Introduction. Humans interact with computers in many ways; the interface between humans and computers is crucial to facilitating this interaction. Desktop applications, internet browsers, handheld computers, and computer kiosks make use of the prevalent graphical user interfaces (GUI) of today.

• Also see GUI (graphical user interface). HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. A significant number of major corporations and academic institutions now study HCI.

difference between interaction design and user experience design is • User experience design focuses on the overall experience between a user and a product. It is not just concerned with the interactive elements but also the way that certain elements look, feel or contrive to deliver certain outputs. An interaction designer shouldn't notice. Their job is to choreograph the interaction.

How do I become an interactive designer? • Steps for Interactive Designers • Step 1: Finish a Certificate or Associate's Degree Program. ... • Step 2: Build a Portfolio. ... • Step 3: Apply for an Entry-Level Job While in School. ... • Step 4: Complete a Bachelor's Degree Program. ... • Step 5: Obtain Employment.

• Interactive media normally refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user's actions by presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, audio, and video games. • The goals of HCI are to produce usable and safe systems, as well as functional systems. In order o produce computer systems with good usability, developers must attempt to: understand the factors that determine how people use technology.

• Importance of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) This review article is about the importance human computer interaction in the technology which increases tremendously. The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive to the user's needs.

• Human-computer interaction (HCI) is about understanding what it means to be a user of a computer (which is more complicated than it sounds), and therefore how to create related products and services that work seamlessly. • Interaction design is a process in which designers focus on creating engaging web interfaces with logical and thought out behaviors and actions. Successful interactive design uses technology and principles of good communication to create desired user experiences. • The Difference Between The Terms “User Interface (UI)” And “Human Computer Interaction (HCI)” The junction between a user and a computer program. An interface is a set of commands or menus through which a user communicates with a program. A command-driven interface is one in which you enter commands.

Is HCI computer science? • HCI draws from computer science, sociology, and psychology to create better interfaces, to improve human-human interactions, and to tailor computer technology to the needs of an individual or organization. The department's HCI group specializes in interfaces that help groups of people work together more effectively. How do humans interact with computers? • Humans interact with computers through a user interface. This includes software, such as what is displayed on the computer monitor, and hardware, such as the mouse, keyboard and other peripheral devices. As a result, the study of HCI focuses on user satisfaction.

• Human Computer Interaction is the academic discipline that most of us think of as UI design. It focuses on the way that human beings and computers interact to ever increasing levels of both complexity and simplicity.

• It’s perhaps easy to see that until the mid to late 1970s this discipline wasn’t particularly important. The few people who had access to computers were academics or professionals with a few incredibly dedicated (and wealthy) hobbyists thrown into the mix.

• Without a broad base of users; it wasn’t necessary to focus on how those users interacted with computers – they just made do with whatever was to hand or created what they needed themselves.

• User experience design focuses on the overall experience between a user and a product. It is not just concerned with the interactive elements but also the way that certain elements look, feel or contrive to deliver certain outputs. An interaction designer shouldn't notice. Their job is to choreograph the interaction.

It’s a Very New Discipline • Then with the dawn of personal computing; the flood gates opened. The masses wanted computing and they didn’t want to go through complicated rigmarole to do what they wanted with a computer. They weren’t prepared to build and program their own joysticks for the games they bought, they didn’t expect to design the mouse before they could use a word processor and so on. Cognitive Sciences • Luckily, for the masses, there was a discipline waiting in the wings to help with the tasks that lay ahead. Cognitive sciences (a broad and heady mix which includes psychology, language, artificial intelligence, philosophy and even anthropology) had been making steady progress during the 1970s and by the end of the decade they were ready to help articulate the systems and science required to develop user interfaces that worked for the masses.

Engineering • This is known as “cognitive engineering” e.g. building things that work with our thoughts. And once again the engineering discipline had also come on leaps and bounds during the 1970s in order to support this change.

• In aviation, for example, engineering had already started to simplify the user interface of complex airplanes. It was natural for some of this work to move into the UI field for computing devices.

Documentation • It’s also important to recognize the challenge of documenting these developments. New systematic approaches needed to be taken in order to record developments and to share these with other practitioners of the new discipline worldwide. There really is, after all, no advantage in reinventing the mouse over and over again. • John Carroll the Edward Frymoyer Chair Professor of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University says that the discipline of Human Computer Interaction was born (or perhaps “emerged” is a better word) in 1980 as all these separate disciplines began to realign around a single objective; making computing easier for the masses.

What is Web interface design? • User interface design (UI) or user interface engineering is the design of user interfaces for machines and software, such as computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other electronic devices, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience.

What is the importance of web design? • It actually makes a difference on how your target audience views your business or company and potentially turn them into your customers. As such, developing a website design that has an impressive user interface will result in a much better conversion rate, which leads to better business and revenue

• In some cases Interactive Design is equated to Interaction Design, however in the specialized study of Interactive Design there are defined differences. To assist in this distinction, Interaction Design can be thought of as: • Making devices usable, useful, and fun, focusing on the efficiency and intuitive hardware • A fusion of product design, computer science, and communication design • • A process of solving specific problems under a specific set of contextual circumstances • The creation of form for the behavior of products, services, environments, and systems • Making dialogue between technology and user invisible, i.e. reducing the limitations of communication through and with technology. • About connecting people through various products and services

• Whereas Interactive Design can be thought of as:

• Giving purpose to Interaction Design through meaningful experiences • Consisting of six main components including User control, Responsiveness, RealTime Interactions, Connectedness, Personalization, and Playfulness • • Focuses on the use and experience of the software • Retrieving and processing information through on-demand responsiveness • Acting upon information to transform it

• The constant changing of information and media, regardless of changes in the device • Providing interactivity through a focus on the capabilities and constraints of human cognitive processing • While both definitions indicate a strong focus on the user, the difference arises from the purposes of Interactive Design and Interaction Design. • In essence Interactive Design involves the creation of meaningful uses of hardware and systems and that Interaction Design is the design of those hardware and systems. • Interaction Design without Interactive Design provides only hardware or an interface. Interactive Design without Interaction Design cannot exist for there is no platform for it to be used by the user.

• History • Interactive Design is heavily influenced by the Fluxus movement, which focuses on a “do-it-yourself” aesthetic, anticommercialism and an anti-art sensibility. • Fluxus is different from Dada in its richer set of aspirations. • Fluxus is not a modern-art movement or an art style, rather it is a loose international organization which consists of many artists from different countries. There are 12 core ideas that form Fluxus. • • • • • • • • • • • •

Globalism Unity of Art and Life Intermedia Experimentalism Chance Playfulness Simplicity Implicativeness Exemplativism Specificity Presence in time Musicality

Computers and Interactive Design • The birth of the personal computer gave users the ability to become more interactive with what they were able to input into the machine. • This was mostly due to the invention of the mouse. With an early prototype created in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart, the mouse was conceptualized as a tool to make the computer more interactive.

The Internet and Interactive Design • With the tendency of increasing use to the Internet, the advent of interactive media and computing, and eventually the emergence of digital interactive consumer products, the two cultures of design and engineering gravitated towards a common interest in flexible use and user experience. • The most important characteristic of the Internet is its openness to the communication between people and people. In other words, everyone can readily communicate and interact what they want on the Internet. • Recent century, the notion of interactive design started popularity with Internet environment. Stuart Moulthrop was shown interactive media by using hypertext, and made genre of hypertext fiction on the Internet. • Stuart philosophies could be helpful to the hypertext improvements and media revolution with developing of Internet.

• This is a short history of Hypertext.In 1945, the first concept of Hypertext had originated by Vannevar Bush as he wrote in his article As We May Think. • And a computer game called Adventure was invented as responding users’ needs via the first hypertextual narrative in the early 1960s. • And then Douglas Engelbart and Theodor Holm Nelson who made Xanadu collaborated to make a system called FRESS in 1970’s. Their efforts brought immense political ramifications. • By 1987, Computer Lib and Dream Machine were published by Microsoft Press. And Nelson joined Autodesk, which announced plans to support Xanadu as a commercial.

• The definition of Xanadu is a project that has declared an improvement over the World Wide Web, with mission statement that today's popular software simulates paper. • The World Wide Web trivializes our original hypertext model with one-way ever-breaking links and no management of version or contents. In the late 1980s, Apple computer began giving away Hypercard. • • Hypercard is relatively cheap and simple to operate. In the early 1990s, the hypertext concept has finally received some attention from humanist academics. We can see the acceptance through Jay David Bolters ‘ Writing Space (1991)’, and George Landow’s Hypertext.

Advertising and Interactive Design • Upon the transition from analogue to digital technology, we see a further transition from digital technology to interactive media in advertising agencies. This transition caused many of the agencies to reexamine their business and try to stay ahead of the curve.

• Although it is a challenging transition, the creative potential of interactive design lies in the fact that it combines almost all forms of media and information delivery: text, images, film, video and sound, and that in turn negates many boundaries for advertising agencies, making it a creative haven.

• Hence, with this constant motion forward, agencies such as R/GA have established a routine to keep up. Founded in 1977 by Richard and Robert Greenberg, the company has reconstructed its business model every nine years. • Starting from computer-assisted animation camera, it is now an “Agency for the Digital World”. Robert Greenberg explains: “the process of changing models is painful because you have to be ready to move on from the things that you’re good at”.

• This is one example of how to adapt to such a fast paced industry, and one major conference that stays on top of things is the How Interactive Design Conference, which helps designers make the leap towards the digital age.

Interactive New Media Art • Nowadays, following the science and technology development, various new media appear in different areas, like art, industry and science. • Most technologies described as "new media" are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, and interactive (like internet, video game and mobile). • In the industry field, companies no longer focus on products itself, they more focus on human-center. • Therefore, ”interactive” become an important element in the new media. • Interactivity is not only computer and video signal presenting with each other, but it should be more referred to communication and respondence among viewers and works.

• According to Selnow’s (1988) theory, interactivity has three levels: • Communicative Recognition: This communication is specific to the partner. Feedback is based on recognition of the partner. When a learner inputs information into a computer and the computer responds specifically to that input, there is mutual recognition. The menu format allows mutual recognition. • Feedback: The responses are based on previous feedback. As the communication continues, the feedback progresses to reflect understanding. When a learner refines a search query and the computer responds with a refined list, message exchange is progressing. • Information Flow: There is an opportunity for a two-way flow of information. It is necessary both the learner and the computer have means of exchanging information. The search engine tool allows for learner input via use of the keyboard and the computer responds with written information.

• New media has been described as the “mixture between existing cultural conventions and the conventions of software. For instance newspapers and television, they have been produced from traditional outlets to forms of interactive multimedia.” • New media can allows audiences access to content anytime, anywhere, on any digital device. In addition, it also promotes interactive feedback, participation, and community creation around the media content.

• New media is a vague term to mean a whole slew of things. The Internet and social media are both forms of new media. Any type of technology that enables digital interactivity is a form of new media. • Video games, as well as Facebook, would be a great example of a type of new media. New media art is simply art that utilizes these new media technologies, such as digital art, computer graphics, computer animation, virtual art, Internet art, and interactive art. • New media art is very focused on the interactivity between the artist and the spectator.

• Many New Media art works, such as Jonah Brucker-Cohen and Katherine Moriwaki's UMBRELLA.net and Golan Levin et al.'s Dialtones: A Telesymphony, involve audience participation. • Other works of New Media art require audience members to interact with the work but not to participate in its production. • In interactive New Media art, the work responds to audience input but is not altered by it. • Audience members may click on a screen to navigate through a web of linked pages, or activate motion sensors that trigger computer programs, but their actions leave no trace on the work itself. • Each member of the audience experiences the piece differently based on the choices he or she makes as while interacting with the work.

• In Olia Lialina's My Boyfriend Came Back From The War, for example, visitors click through a series of frames on a Web page to reveal images and fragments of text. • Although the elements of the story never change, the way the story unfolds is determined by each visitor's own actions.