Norman's Bible- World Studies Study Guide

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

______WORLD STUDIES STUDY GUIDE _____ WORLD WAR ONE 1. Causes: a. Congress of Vienna i. No single state can control Europe ii.New borders b. Nationalism i. “Big 5” countries got all the power ii.Countries without representation want power c. Industrialization i. Inventions, weapons ii.INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION d. Unification of Nation States i. Germany- Otto von Bismarck ii.Italy- Piedmont e. Imperialism i. War over foreign territories f. Militarism i. Stockpiling weapon s g. Alliances i. Secret alliances h. Pan Slavism i. Mega-alliance with Russia and Slavs i. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand i. Princip. 2. Austrian/German secret alliance 3. Germany began to militarize 4. France saw this as a threat, militarized themselves 5. Russia began to militarize because of Pan Slavism, thought Serbia was in danger 6. Germany used the Schlieffen plan- invaded France a. But went through Belgium. b. Britain agreed to stay out of the war unless Belgium was messed with c. Britain’s ticked, they go to war 7. Trench warfare didn’t do anything

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

8. Planes weren’t all that great 9. War of Attrition: They’re fighting, but nobody’s winning, only the body count matters 10. Lusitania- builds foundation for US reasoning to enter the war a. Sinks because of German sub b. Leads to restricted German sub warfare; they didn’t want US in the war 11. Zimmerman telegram a. Germany promises Mexico some of US if they enter the war b. US declares war in Feb 1917 i. But...we have no weapons or way to get there ii.We ask Britain to pick us up but they deny c. We finally get there, Spring 1918 d. Everyone’s tired, we’re fresh troops th 12. 11 hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 war is over a. Germany surrenders 13. Wilson proposes peace without victory, 14 points a. Rejected because France and Britain wanted to beat Germany into the ground 14. Treaty of Versailles a. France/Britain “won” belief b. Losers: Germany, Austria/Hungary, and Ottomans c. Punishment: lose territories, colonies d. War guilt clause- Germany is forced to sign that they take the blame for WWI, pay expenses for the war e. Germany turns into a republic f. Establishes League of Nations RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Everyone’s poor, starving Czar Nicholas is still rich, has all power, and didn’t give rights Russia keep losing in WWI, Czar is useless Princes and nobles want change, ask Czar Rasputin a. “Healer”- healed Czar’s son b. Influences Czar in WWI c. Princes kill him 6. Czar STILL doesn’t change his ways

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

7. March 1917- Czar is overthrown 8. Provisional Government established 9. Lenin returns to Russia after exile a. Promises peace, bread, land b. Communism c. Proletariat- industrial workers vs. Bourgeoisie- middle class/rich d. 98% agricultural, 2% industrial e. Revolution through modernizing agriculture 10. Nov 1917- Successful revolution, called Russia Soviet Union INTERWAR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Art didn’t make sense because it was chaotic Cabaret Simple architecture Technology helps build up army Economy goes down, especially Germany’s because of the War guilt clause

TOTALITARIANISM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Dictatorship that tried to control every aspect of the lives of people Technology allowed for this: radio, cars, telephone Tools: censorship, indoctrination, terror Existed first in Russia, then Italy, Japan, Germany Italy a. Why? i. Constitutional monarchy ii.Versailles treaty- nationalist are angry because Italy didn’t get territory iii.Depression iv.Laissez-faire b. Mussolini i. Created fascist party- combo of socialism and nationalism ii.Black shirts iii.Is “appointed” by the king iv.Admired Hitler v.Didn’t really do anything for Italy, except made the trains run on time vi.Depended on Hitler for the most part

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

c. Lenin i. Secret police, killed 250,000 opponents ii.New Economic policy- allowed capitalism back into communism 1. Relaxed censorship, you can own some land iii.Lenin Dies d. Stalin i. Fought vs. Trotsky for power ii.Executed political opposition iii.5 year plan- like industrialization on speed 1. Results: a. Steel up 400% b. Oil up 300% c. Massive urbanization d. But quality of goods fell iv.Collective farming, like communes v.Insane propaganda vi.Benefits: everything was free, but bad quality vii.Allowed divorce, women were equal viii.Great Terror 1. He went crazy, sent prisoners to Siberia or had them killed 2. “purged” the population 3. Gulags- prison camps, killed people there 4. 20 MILLION DEAD IN RUSSIA BEFORE WWII BREAKS OUT e. Hitler i. Extreme nationalism + racism = Nazism ii.Brown shirts iii.Beer Hall Putsch: 1923, he got drunk people to overthrow government. Failed, he got thrown into jail iv.Mein Kampf: written while in jail, blueprint for future plans v.Enabling act- he gets dictatorial powers for 4 years vi.Creates Gestapo- secret police vii.Nuremburg laws- Jews were no longer citizens of Germany viii.Kristallnacht- creates the ghetto ix.Hitler blames Jews, homosexuals, etc for all the problems in Germany x.Laws made to prevent Jews from teaching/civil services xi.Holocaust- 6 million Jews killed

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

1. Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, communists, mentally handicapped, and political prisoners killed as well xii.Youth encouraged to beat up teachers/parents who seemed disloyal to the Reich (the German state) xiii.Results: 1. Jobs up a. Women took jobs 2. Standard of living up 3. Profits up ROAD TO WWII 1. Treaty of Versailles didn’t create an enduring peace BECAUSE it punished Germany 2. League of nations without US and USSR didn’t have the will or support to sustain peace 3. Many pacts made war illegal 4. Great Depression a. Germany kept paying money because of the war guilt clause b. Ran out so just kept printing more money c. Price of German currency shot down d. Chain reaction with other countries e. Hitler promises change 5. Withdrawal from the League of Nations a. Japanese invasion of Manchuria- League did nothing, Japan withdraws b. Hitler withdraws from the league in 1933, then rearms Germany c. Invasion of Ethiopia angers league, Italy withdraws 6. Spanish civil war a. Testing ground for new tech of Italy/Germany b. Mussolini allies with Germany to help with Spain

FIRST MOVES 1. Germany reoccupies the Rhineland, violates Versailles treaty and Locarno Pact 2. France isn’t willing to enforce treaty without British help, but Britain doesn’t want another war 3. Nothing’s done

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

4. Japan invades China, nothing is done 5. Hitler takes over a lot of central Europe 6. Neville Chamberlain- British prime minister talks with Germany a. Adopted a policy of appeasement with Britain, France, Italy, Germany b. Appeasement: Making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war 7. Germany invades Czechoslovakia 8. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact- a secret agreement between Germany and USSR that Poland would be cut in half between the two 9. Germany invades Poland 10. Blitzkrieg- Lightning war a. Planes first b. Tanks c. Foot soldiers 11. Sitzkrieg- Hitler waits 7 months, then invades 12. Takes over France in less than 6 weeks a. Vichy France- basically Nazi France WORLD WAR TWO 1. Battle of Britain a. One of the first battles of WWII b. Air-only c. British channel formed a defense d. Germany would use Britain to get to US e. Radar helped f. Frustrated with opposing planes, they bombed cities g. Eventually Germany pulled out i. Stalled a year before another attack, bought time for the rest of the world ii.First time Hitler lost 2. Battle of Stalingrad a. Oil/water transport b. Hitler wanted the oil fields and to lower Russian morale c. Everyone helped i. Civilians fought ii.Women/Children built trenches iii.Factory workers built tanks d. Winter killed off the Germans

World Studies 2009- Final

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Norman Luu

e. Germany lost- 1.7-2 million killed f. Lasted 199 days Pearl Harbor a. Tariff on oil = Japanese bombing b. Two wave attack- used torpedo and dive bombers c. America wasn’t ready d. Japan won the battle because it was a surprise attack e. Results: US joined the war, racism against Asians skyrocketed North Africa a. Oil in middle east- try to stop it from getting into the hands of Axis powers b. Wanted another route into Europe, and open ports in the Mediterranean c. Plan: Sicily, then Italy, then Europe d. Results: Germany out of Africa Battle of the Bulge a. Divide Western allies b. Needed to reach the river in 4 days c. Arden forest in Belgium d. Surround/attack allies e. Forested battle- ground artillery used, foggy. f. Allies win- 81,000 dead compared to German 100,000 g. US airpower helped h. African Americans were introduced in the war i. Opened up port of Antwerp, so supplies could be transported j. “Bulge” were the bulges in the enemy lines Pacific Theater a. Island hopping- take over one island, then go to the next in hopes of getting closer to Japan b. Battle of Coral Sea- first major battle between US and Japan c. Midway- one of the biggest turning points in the Pacific- allowed the US to get closer to Japan, not vice versa d. Okinawa- last major battle in the Pacific Theater, US won Atomic Bomb a. Island hopping isn’t going so well, too many troops are being lost b. US orders the dropping of atomic bombs c. Fat Man- Nagasaki, plutonium d. Little Boy- Hiroshima, Uranium e. 1 mile radius, 11 miles high

World Studies 2009- Final

Norman Luu

f. Ended the Pacific Theater HOLOCAUST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Wannsee conference- Jan 20, 1942, Germans decide to carry out the Final Solution Predicted 11 million Jews would die in 20 countries Gassing, concentration camps would be used 6 million Jews killed at Auschwitz After WWII, International Military Tribunal held trials against major criminals Jews were eager to leave but couldn’t because of the Great Depression 1948: Congress passes Displaced Persons Act: created 400,00 visas for Jews

COLD WAR 1. Started: Soviet’s attempt to spread control westward a. US ignored it at the beginning 2. Turned into a scramble to stop communism from spreading/in the Soviet’s case, to spread communism 3. Berlin- invaded, sealed off the railways in order to keep western powers out a. Marshall plan- US airlifted supplies in 4. Race to beat each other- space race, nuclear weapons, etc 5. US won: a. Congo- Mobutu b. Afghanistan- Omar c. Chile- Pinochet 6. Soviet Union wins: a. Cuba- Castro b. China- Mao Zedong c. Vietnam- Ho Chi Minh