Nonviolent War

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‫ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍ‬ ‫ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ .‫ ﻭﻻ ﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬

Non-Violence War, the 3rd Choice.

All rights reserved. It may be reproduced with permission of the Academy of Change. The authors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the Authors of this work. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A Catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-4276-1310-9

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(AOC) ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ [email protected] :‫ﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‬ www.taghier.org

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(Monolithic Theory (Pluralistic-Independency Theory

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‫‪ 1‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﺻـ ‪.١٨‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﺻـ ‪.٢٠‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﺻـ ‪.٢٢‬‬

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‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺯﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١‬ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻴﻌﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭﻫﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﻡ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫)ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ(‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ؟‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻞ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻱ(‬ ‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :٢‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﻨﻜﻮﻟﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪" :١٨٦١‬ﺇﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﱵ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﱄ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺎﺕ"‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻢ ﺍ ﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﳕﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬

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‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﰒ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺢ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺱ‬

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1

Thoreau, H.D., "Civil Disobedience," The Selected Works of Thoreau, Walter Harding, ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975). 2. Ibid., p. 796. 2 F. R. Cowell, The Revolutions of Ancient Rome (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962, and London: Thames and Hudson, 1962), pp. 42-43. Cowell’s account is based on Livy.

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Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, trans. William Purdie Dickson. rev, ed, (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1894), vol, 1, pp. 346-350. An excerpt appears in Mulford Q. Sibley, ed., The Quiet Battle: Writings on the Theory and Practice of Non-violent Resistance (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1963), pp. 108-110. ‫ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ ﰲ‬،١٥٧٦ ‫ ﻭ‬١٥٦٥ ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬2 .١٨٦٧ ‫ ﻭ‬١٨٥٠ ‫ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻳﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬،١٧٧٥ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻــ ‪.١٤٧‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺻــ ‪.٤٠‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﱐ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻــ ‪.١٤٩‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺎ ًﺀ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﲔ )ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ( ﻭﺗﺄﱂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺍﺡ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﱃ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ ﻭﻭﻗﻒ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ‪ ١٣‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٤٨‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺻﻴﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﳎﻮﺱ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺯﻋﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻓﺄ‪‬ﻰ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺻﻴﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ١٢‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ )‪ ٣٠‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ( ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮﺩﳍﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭﺱ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺭﺻﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻــ ‪.١٥١‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻــ ‪.١٥٤‬‬ ‫‪ 7‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻــ ‪.١٦٦‬‬

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‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫–‬

‫–‬ ‫–‬

‫•‬

‫‪ 1‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ‬ ‫‪.١٧٠‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٧١‬‬

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‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Ruhr‬‬

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‫–‬ ‫–‬

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‫•‬

‫‪ 1‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٧٤‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﰲ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٢٣‬ﺗﻘﺎﻋﺴﺖ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺭ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺩﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻨﺔ "ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ" ﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﻠﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻓﻮﺿﻰ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﲢﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ "ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬ ‫‪- Wolfgang Sternstein, “The Rhurkampf of 1923: Economic Problems of Civilian‬‬ ‫‪Defense,” in Adam Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as a National Defense:‬‬ ‫‪Nonviolent Action Against Aggression (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1968).‬‬ ‫‪- Halperin, Germany Tried Democracy, pp. 246-260 and pp. 288-289.‬‬ ‫‪- Eyke, A History of The Weimar Republic, vol. 1, pp. 232-306 passim.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Jeremy Bennett, "The Resistance During the German Occupation of Denmark 1940-5," in Roberts,‬‬ ‫‪ed., Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, pp. 154-172; Br. Ed.: The Strategy of Civilian Defense,‬‬ ‫‪pp. 154-177.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Warmbrunn, The Dutch Under German Occupation 1940-1945.‬‬

‫‪ 5‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﳚﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٧٦‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٧٩‬‬

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‫•‬

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‫–‬ ‫–‬ ‫•‬

‫–‬

‫•‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٨٠‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٨٥‬‬

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‫•‬

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‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٩٤‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺻـ ‪.١٩٩‬‬

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‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻳﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺳﻮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻜﻮﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‪ :٣‬ﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻑ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :٤‬ﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻑ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻻﻋﻨﻴﻑ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫מ‬

36

‫א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻨﺕ ﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻑ‪ %٧١ ،‬ﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻲ‪ %١١ ،‬ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ‪ %١٨ ،‬ﻓﺸﻠﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪.%٨٢‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

.٤

‫א‬

38

‫א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

… –

–

–

39

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

40

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

• •

41

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫מ‬

42

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

43

‫מ‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫؟‬

‫א‬

1

Sorokin Pitirim, Sociology of Revolution, (New York: the free press, 1983, 2nd edition), PP.45 – 46. 2 Russell B., Peace and Non-Violence in the west London, 1982, 2nd Ed., P. 51. .٣٧‫ ﺹ‬،١٩٩٧ ،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬،‫ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻳﺪﺓ‬. ‫ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺩ‬،‫ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺃﺧﻮﺓ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﲤﺎ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ‬3 .٣٩‫ ﺹ‬،١٩٩٩ ،‫ ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‬،‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻔﻲ‬، ‫ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ‬4

44

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

1

Gene Sharp, Creative conflict in Politics, (Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers Inc., 1973).

45

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א א‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ" ﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

47

:

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

:

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

48

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬

‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‪ :٥‬ﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻭﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﲎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺩﺍﱐ ﻛﻮﻛﺲ ﻭﺟﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻓﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪١٩٩٨ ،‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‪.٢٥١ ،‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﺸﻜل‪ :٦‬ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א א‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﺓ )ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ )ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﲑﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﲑﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺻﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :٧‬ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﲤﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﳛﺮﺹ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺘـﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﻪ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪52‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫)‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﲑﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ – ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ – ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ(‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﳓﻮ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ "ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ" ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.١٦‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪53‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺤ ﱡﻮ ﹾﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﺍﳍﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ َﺗﺤُﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ َﺗ َ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪54‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﳊﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺸﻜل‪ :٨‬ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א ؟‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

– –

56

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫א‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑﻱ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :٩‬ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪57‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫؟‬

‫א א‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٠‬ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺭﻱ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪58‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א ؟‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

59

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

•

• • •

60

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

61

:

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ" ﺇﳕﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟـﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﳌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

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‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻟﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١١‬ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪63‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫א‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠـﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠـﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲜﻬـﻞ ﺍﻷﺣـﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻱ‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛ ﹰ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻛﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻮﱐ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺪﻓﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺰﳝـﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﳏـﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﲨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﰊ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺗﺒﻮﺭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﳏـﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﳌـﺎﱐ ﶈﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٢٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺍﻧﺘـﺸﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉـﻴﺶ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺑﻘﺎﺅﻩ ﰲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪64‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫‪ ٥‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨـﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻘـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﳊﺮﻳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ( ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ( ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻮﺡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻼﺀ ﻗﻤـﺔ ﺍﳍـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛـ‬ ‫ـﺾ ﺍﻷﺣـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻌـ‬ ‫ﻣﺜـ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺃﺟﻨﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :2‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺱ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻁﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٢‬ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻟﺸﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪65‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

–

–

66

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א א‬

–

‫א א‬

.

67

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٣‬ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭﺓ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪68‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

69

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٤‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫–‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٥‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ = ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫–‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫–‬

‫‪71‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

–

–

72

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

• •

• • •

73

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

74

‫א‬ :

‫א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫–‬ ‫–‬ ‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺃﻭﺟﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﻧﺖ )‪ :(١٨٩٨-١٨٥٧‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ )‪.(١٨٤٢ -١٨٣٠‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

76

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

(Monolithic Theory)

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

• • • • •

1

Andrew Heywood, Politics, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd ed., 2002), p. 7. 2 Andrew Heywood, Politics, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd ed., 2002), p. 7. .‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﳕﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬3

77

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻫﺎﺒﻁ‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪78‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻣﲑ‬

‫ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬:١٧ ‫ﺸﻜل‬

PluralisticIndependency Theory

1

Gene Sharp, Politics of Non-violent Action, Part 1, (Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers Inc., 1973), p. 9.

79

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫)‬

‫( )‪(Pluralistic-Independency Theory‬‬

‫א‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل‪ :١٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺼﺎﻋﺩ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﻋﺰﻝ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :١٩‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺠﻭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﻭﻜﺴﺭ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻪ‬

‫‪1‬ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ – ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ – ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﺬﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺼﺮ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻣﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﻮﻃﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺀ ﻳﺴﻘﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳓﺴﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ )ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ(‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺇﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋـﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﺗﺮﺑـﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ ﺟـﺬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺤﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻀﻮﺋﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﲑ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﻨﺘﺒﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻬﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻃﻮﻳ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﻧﺒﺼﺮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻇ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻋﻜﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺰﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻ ﻇﻼﻝ ﻣﻬﻴﺒﺔ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺰﺍﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻴﻮﻧﻨﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺪﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﲤﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻱ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ‬

‫ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭل‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺟﻨﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺂ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺫﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﲎ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐـﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻗـﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳓﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﺻﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :2‬ﺸﻜل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬

‫א‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺷﻬﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻛﺄﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺛﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻄﻴﻌﻬﻢ؟"‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل‪ :٢٢‬ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳊﺠﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺣﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪93‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل‪ :٢٣‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪94‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬

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• • • • • • • • • •

95

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‫מ‬

ƒ ƒ ƒ

ƒ ƒ

ƒ

ƒ

96

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ƒ

97

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98

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99

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îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺠﺎﺝ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻑ‬:٢٤ ‫ﺸﻜل‬

Politics of Nonviolent Action, vol II The Methods of Nonviolent Action

100

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105

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106

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107

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108

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109

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(Hartal)

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110

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112

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113

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‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻑ‬:٢٥‫ﺸﻜل‬

118

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protest

protest

resistance

1

Per Herngren, Path Of Resistance, The Practice Of Civil Disobedience, (New Society Publishers, 2004) English ed., p. 5-6.

119

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120

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121

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‫–‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :٢٦‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﻋﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﺳﻢ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪122‬‬

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‫ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬:٢٧‫ﺸﻜل‬

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‫–‬ ‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﲟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻦ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳـﺎﺋﻞ ﺣـﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ ﺟﲔ ﺷﺎﺭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ "ﺍﻟﻠﻮﰊ" ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺻﺎﱀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﲔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲤﻨﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺠﻤـﻞ ﺑـﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﲑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﰊ ﺿﻐﻄﹰﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

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‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬:٢٨‫ﺸﻜل‬

131

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‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺯﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ‪ ..‬ﳓﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪،‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪132‬‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺷﻌﱯ ﻣﺘﺤﻀﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﱐ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ‪ ،civil‬ﻭﺍﳊـﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ ،civilization‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣـﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﳜﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻴﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺿﻌﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﳌﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﰊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ – ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ – ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻴﻒ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺡ ﺳـﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﻴﻮ‪-‬ﺟﻴﺘﺴﻮ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺰﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﺭﻁ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﲔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟـ "ﺟﻴﻮ‪-‬ﺟﻴﺘﺴﻮ" )‪ (Jiu Jitsu‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﱐ ﻳﻌﲏ "ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜـﻲ "‪"Siegen durch Nachgeben‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻭﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻦ "ﺍﳉﻴﻮ‪-‬ﺟﻴﺘﺴﻮ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ؛ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺻُﻤﻢ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻮﻗﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻻ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﲔ ﺷﺎﺭﺏ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺿﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﱐ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﱐ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٦‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪.‬‬

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.‫ ﺟﲔ ﺷﺎﺭﺏ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬1

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.‫ ﺟﲔ ﺷﺎﺭﺏ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

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Kerenski

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:‫ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬1 - Sidney Harcave, First Blood: The Russian Revolution of 1905 (New York: Macmillan, 1964, and London: Collier Macmillan, 1964). - Solomon M. Schwartz, The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Worker’s Movement and the Formation of Bolshevism and Menshevism, trans. by Gertrude Vakar, with a Preface by Leopold H. Haimson (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1967), esp. pp. 129-195. - Richard Charques, The Twilight of Imperial Russia (London: Phoenix House, 1958), pp. 111-139. - Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York: Random House, 1960, and London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960), pp. 63-70 and 75. - Hugh Seton-Watson, The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855-1914 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger and London: Methuen & Co., 1952), pp. 219-260. - Bertram D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution (New York: Dial Press, 1948, and London: Thames and Hudson, 1956), pp. 278-336. - Michael Prawdin, The Unmentionable Nechaev: A Key to Bolshevism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1961), pp. 147-149.

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:‫ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬1 - Gene Sharp, Gandhi Wields The Weapon of Moral Power, pp. 37-226. - S. Gopal, The Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin, 1926 – 1931 (London: Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 54-122. - Ranganath R Diwaker, Satyagraha: Its Technique and History (Bombay: Hind Kitabs, 1946). - T. K. Mahadevan, eds., Gandhi: His relevance for Our Times (Berkeley, Calif.: World Without War Council, 1971, and New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, and Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1967). Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, (St. Martin's Press, 2000).

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164

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sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

165

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

166

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

167

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ﺷﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ..‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻤﺔ‪ ..‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮ ‪،٢/١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.١٩٨٦ ،‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪168‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

169

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

170

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

171

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

172

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

–

(OAS)

.

173

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

174

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

175

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

1

Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, (St. Martin's Press, 2000).

176

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

177

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

١

:‫ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬1 - Wilfred Harris Crook, The General Strike, pp. 496-527. - Goodspeed, The Conspirators, pp. 108-143. - Halperin, Germany Tried Democracy, pp. 168-188. - Eyke, A History of The Weimar Republic, vol. 1, pp. 129-160.

178

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

179

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

180

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

:‫ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬1 - Magne Skodvin, "Norwegian Nonviolent Resistance During the German Occupation," in Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, pp., 136-153; Br. Ed.: The Strategy of Civilian Defense, pp. 136-153. - Tyranny Could Not Quell Them (pamphlet) (London: Peace News, 1958 and Later edition). - Magnus Jensen, "Kampen om Skolen," in Sverre Steen, general editor, Norges Krig (Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1947-50), vol, III, pp. 73-105, and Sverre S. Amundsen, gen. Ed., Kirkenes Ferds, 1942 (Oslo: J.W. Cappelens Forlag, 1946).

181

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

.

182

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

–

183

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

184

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

185

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

186

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

1

Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, (St. Martin's Press, 2000).

187

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

188

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

189

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

190

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

191

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

1

1

Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, (St. Martin's Press, 2000).

192

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

193

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

–

–

194

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

–

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

195

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

–

–

–

2

1

Ibid., p. 211.

:‫ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬2 - Mario Rosenthal, Guatemala: The Story of an Emergent Latin-American Democracy (New York: Twayan Publishers, 1962), pp. 191-214. - Ronald M. Schneider, Communism in Guatemala 1944-1945 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1958), pp, 5-14.

196

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

197

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

198

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

199

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

SCLC

200

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺒﺔ ﺭﻳﻬﺎﻡ ﳏﻤﺪ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪201‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

202

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

203

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

204

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

205

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

206

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

• • •

207

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

•

1

Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, (St. Martin's Press, 2000).

208

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

209

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪210‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١٢‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫)ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ(‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ؟‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻞ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ(‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻱ(‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١٣‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻢ ﺍ ﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﳕﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﰒ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺢ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ‬

‫‪211‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻳﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺳﻮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻜﻮﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٣‬ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪212‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٣٢‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٤‬ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ )ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﻻﻋﻨﻴﻒ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪213‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫מ‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٥‬ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٦‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪214‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٤٧‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٤٩‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﺓ )ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ )ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﲑﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﲑﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺻﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٥٠‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٧‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﳊﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٨‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٥٣‬‬

‫ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑﻱ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٩‬ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪215‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٥٥‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٠‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ(‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪216‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٥٦‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻟﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١١‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪217‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٦١‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

(٦٣ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬:١٢ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

218

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٦٦‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٤‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٦٨‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٥‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪219‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٦٩‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻫﺎﺑﻂ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٧٦‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻣﲑ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٧‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪220‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٧٧‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٧٨‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ‬

‫ﻋﺰﻝ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٩‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﻮﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﻛﺴﺮ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٧٩‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ‬

‫ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٠‬ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪221‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٨٠‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

222

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢١‬ﳐﻄﻂ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺘﲔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٢‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٨٢‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٨٨‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٣‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪223‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٩١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

:

(٩٧ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫ ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬:٢٤ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

224

‫א א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٦‬ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻫﲑ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪225‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١١٥‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١١٩‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٧‬ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٨‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪226‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١٢١‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١٢٨‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻻ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :٢٩‬ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬

‫‪227‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(١٣٩‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

228

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫מ‬

229

‫א‬

‫א‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

(٣٥ ، ٣٤ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬

230

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‬:٤ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬

îÌnÛa@òb×c@

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠـﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠـﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲜﻬـﻞ ﺍﻷﺣـﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻱ‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ، ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛ ﹰ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻛﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻮﱐ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺪﻓﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺰﳝـﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻹﺧـﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﳏـﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﲨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌــﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﻣــﺼﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﰊ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﳏـﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﳌـﺎﱐ ﶈﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٢٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺍﻧﺘـﺸﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉـﻴﺶ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺑﻘﺎﺅﻩ ﰲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪231‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬

‫‪٦‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨـﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﺍﳉﻴﺶ(‪ .‬ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀﻩ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﳒـﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧـﺐ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺩﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜـﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻮﺡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻼﺀ ﻗﻤـﺔ ﺍﳍـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ـﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻷﺣـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛـ‬ ‫ﻣﺜـ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺷﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺃﺟﻨـﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :5‬ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ )ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٦٣، ٦٢‬‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪232‬‬

‫@‪sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :٦‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫@‪îÌnÛa@òb×c‬‬

‫‪233‬‬

‫)ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(٨١‬‬

sÛbrÛa@@Šbî©aNN ÑäÇýÛa@l‹y@

‫א‬

‫א‬

:

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬:

ƒ Andrew Heywood, Politics, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd ed., 2002). ƒ Bertram D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution (New York: Dial Press, 1948, and London: Thames and Hudson, 1956). ƒ Eyke, A History of The Weimar Republic, vol. 1, passim. ƒ F. R. Cowell, The Revolutions of Ancient Rome (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962, and London: Thames and Hudson, 1962). ƒ Gene Sharp and Bruce Jenkins, The Massachusetts: Albert Einstein Institution, 2003.

Anti-Coup.

Boston,

ƒ Gene Sharp, Civilian–Based Defence: A Post-military Weapons System. Princeton, New Jersey and London: Princeton University Press, 1990. ƒ Gene Sharp, Creative conflict in Politics, (Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers Inc., 1973). ƒ Gene Sharp, From Dictatorship to Democracy. Bangkok: Committee for the restoration of Democracy in Burma, 1993. Also, Boston, Massachusetts: Albert Einstein Institution, 2002. ƒ Gene Sharp, The Politics of non-violent action. Boston: Porter sargent, 1973. Three paperback volumes. ƒ Gene Sharp, "The Role of Power in Non-violent Struggle." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Albert Einstein Institution, 1990. ƒ Gene Sharp, Social Power and Political Freedom. Boston: Porter sargent, 1980.

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ƒ Gene Sharp, waging Non-violent Struggle: Twentieth Century Practice and twenty-First century Potential. Forthcoming 2003. ƒ Gene Sharp, Gandhi Wields The Weapon of Moral Power, Porter sargent, 1980. ƒ Goodspeed, The Conspirators. ƒ Halperin, Germany Tried Democracy. ƒ Hugh Seton-Watson, The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855-1914 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger and London: Methuen & Co., 1952). ƒ Jeremy Bennett, "The Resistance During the German Occupation of Denmark 1940-5," in Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as a National Defense. ƒ Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York: Random House, 1960, and London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960). ƒ Magne Skodvin, "Norwegian Nonviolent Resistance During the German Occupation," in Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Br. Ed.: The Strategy of Civilian Defense. ƒ Magnus Jensen, "Kampen om Skolen," in Sverre Steen, general editor, Norges Krig (Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1947-50). ƒ Mario Rosenthal, Guatemala: The Story of an Emergent LatinAmerican Democracy (New York: Twayan Publishers, 1962). ƒ Michael Prawdin, The Unmentionable Nechaev: A Key to Bolshevism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1961). ƒ Per Herngren, PATH OF RESISTANCE, The Practice Of Civil Disobedience, (New Society Publishers, 2004) ƒ Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Non-violent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport, Connecticut and London: praeger, 1994. ƒ Peter Ackerman and jack Duvall, A Force More Powerful: One Hundred Years of Non-violent Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

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ƒ Ranganath R Diwaker, Satyagraha: Its Technique and History (Bombay: Hind Kitabs, 1946). ƒ Richard Charques, The Twilight of Imperial Russia (London: Phoenix House, 1958). ƒ Ronald McCarthy and Gene Sharp, with Brad Bennett, Non-violent Action: A Research Guide. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. ƒ Ronald M. Schneider, Communism in Guatemala 1944-1945 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1958). ƒ Russell B., Peace and Non-Violence in the west London, 1982, 2nd edition. ƒ S. Gopal, The Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin, 1926 – 1931 (London: Oxford University Press, 1957). ƒ Sidney Harcave, First Blood: The Russian Revolution of 1905 (New York: Macmillan, 1964, and London: Collier Macmillan, 1964). ƒ Sorokin Pitirim, Sociology of Revolution, (New York: the free press, 1983, 2nd edition). ƒ Solomon M. Schwartz, The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Worker’s Movement and the Formation of Bolshevism and Menshevism, trans. by Gertrude Vakar, with a Preface by Leopold H. Haimson (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1967). ƒ Sverre S. Amundsen, gen. Ed., Kirkenes Ferds, 1942 (Oslo: J.W. Cappelens Forlag, 1946). ƒ Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, trans. William Purdie Dickson. rev, ed, (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1894). ƒ T. K. Mahadevan, eds., Gandhi: His relevance for Our Times (Berkeley, Calif.: World Without War Council, 1971, and New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, and Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1967). ƒ Thoreau, H.D., "Civil Disobedience," The Selected Works of Thoreau, Walter Harding, ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975). ƒ Tyranny Could Not Quell Them (pamphlet) (London: Peace News, 1958 and Later edition).

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ƒ Warmbrunn, The Dutch Under German Occupation 1940-1945. ƒ Wilfred Harris Crook, The General Strike. ƒ Wolfgang Sternstein, “The Rhurkampf of 1923: Economic Problems of Civilian Defense,” in Adam Roberts, ed., Civilian Resistance as a National Defense: Nonviolent Action Against Aggression (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1968).

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‫ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ .‫ ﻭﻻ ﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬

Non-Violence War, the 3rd Choice.

All rights reserved. It may be reproduced with permission of the Academy of Change. The authors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the Authors of this work. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A Catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-4276-1310-9

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