Non

Non-test Appraisal Behavior Observation • Systematized observations of behavior.

Problems included in behavioral observation: a. Reactivity • The observers are only accurate when they think someone is checking the work. b. Drift • The observers gradually come to ignore the procedure they were thought and adopt their own observation method. c. Expectancy • The observer’s expectations affect the observations.

Anecdotal Report/ Record • Factual descriptions of the meaningful incidence and events which the teacher observed in the lives of his pupils. • Can be used for obtaining data pertinent to a variety of learning outcomes and to many aspects of personal and social development. • A good anecdotal record keeps the objective description of an incident separate from any interpretation of the meaning of behavior.

Advantages of Anecdotal Records 1. Providing a description of actual behavior in natural situations. 2. Highlighting evidence of exceptional behavior which is apt to be overlooked by other techniques. 3. Usable with very young pupils and with others who are retarded in basic communication skills.

Limitations of Anecdotal Records 1. The amount of time required in maintaining an adequate system of records 2. The difficulty of being objective when observing and reporting pupil behavior 3. Obtaining an adequate sample of behavior

Improving the Effectiveness of Anecdotal Records 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Determine in advance what to observe, but be alert for unusual behavior Observe and record enough of the situation to make the behavior meaningful Make a record of the incident as soon after the observation as possible Limit each anecdote to a brief description of a single specific incident Keep the factual description of the incident and your interpretation of it separate 6. Record both positive and negative behavioral incidents 7. Collect a number of anecdotes on a pupil behavior 8. Obtain practice in writing anecdotal records

Rating Scales - provides a systematic procedure for obtaining and recording the judgments of observer

Types of Rating Scales • Numerical rating scales • Graphic rating scales • Descriptive graphic rating scales

Advantages of Rating Scales 1. Procedure Evaluation 2. Product Evaluation 3. Evaluating Personal - Social Development

Common Errors in Rating 1. Personal Bias Errors 2. Halo Effect 3. Logical Error

Principles of Effective Rating 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Characteristics should be educationally significant Characteristics should be directly observable Characteristics and points on the scale should be clearly defined Limit the number of points on the scale Permit raters to omit ratings where they feel unable to judge Combine ratings from several raters, wherever possible

Checklist - Checklist performs somewhat the same functions as ratings scales. - Used in evaluating procedures, products and aspects of personal – social development where an evaluation of the characteristics is limited to a simple “ present – absent “ judgment - Involving pupils in the construction and use of rating devices has special values from the standpoint of learning and aids in the development of self evaluation skills