Nomenclature

Nomenclature (Tatanama)  Latin: nomen (nama) dan calare ( memanggil/ menyebut). Nomenclature: memanggil dengan nama  Properti paling penting dari nama taksa c. keunikan: harus unik karena merupakan kunci untuk semua literatur yang terkait dengan spesies atau kategori takson lebih tinggi tersebut. d. Universalitas: nama harus bisa diterima dimanapun diseluruh dunia (satu bahasa) e. Stabilitas (tidak berubah menurut ruang dan waktu)

 Common name: dibentuk tanpa aturan tertentu (akan berbeda tiap wilayah)  Scientific name: - bahasa latin/dilatinkan - mengikuti aturan internasinal tertentu, - terikat pada tipe spesimen,

- binominal nomenclature (particularly in zoological circles), binary nomenclature (particularly in botanical circles) terdiri atas nama genus dan penunjuk species (specific name), - Nama genus diawali huruf kapital sedang - penunjuk spesies diawali huruf kecil,

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general term for the word identifying the species is the specific descriptor

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zoology, the word identifying the species is called the specific name

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botany, the word identifying the species is called the specific epithet

- ditulis miring, jika ditulis tangan diberi garis bawah Ex. Homo sapiens - penunjuk species merupakan kata sifat sehingga harus sesuai dengan jenis kelamin nama genus (akan terlihat diakhir nama), jika nama genus berubah maka nama penunjuk spesies juga harus berubah. Ex. Melaleuca nervosa / Callistemon nervosus

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penunjuk species merupakan kata sifat sehingga harus sesuai dengan jenis kelamin nama genus (akan terlihat diakhir nama), jika nama genus berubah maka nama penunjuk spesies juga harus berubah. Ex. Melaleuca nervosa / Callistemon nervosus

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Pencipta nama hewan adalah orang pertama yang menerbitkan dalam suatu penerbitan berkala dengan memberikan uraian tentang hewan tersebut

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Jika suatu genus baru diusulkan, tipe speciesnya harus ditunjukkan

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Nama familia dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran -idea dan subfamilia dengan penambahan akhiran -inae

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Nama botani dan zoologi harus berbeda

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Tidak boleh ada dua nama genus dan species yang sama

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A genus name should be spelt out in full the first time it is used and then may be abbreviated to an initial letter. Example: Puntius javanicus; P. Javanicus

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Nama takson diatas kategory species hanya terdiri atas satu nama

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Nama subspecies bersifat trinomial/trinominal

 Olive-backed

Pipit are Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii and Anthus hodgsoni hodgsoni

 The

Bengal Tiger is Panthera tigris tigris and the Siberian Tiger Panthera tigris altaica

Melogena corona corona Gmel. (Siput laut) Melongena : nama genus corona (1) : petunjuk species corona (2) : petunjuk subspecies (starin) Gmel. : nama Author (pemberi nama) singkatan dari Gmelin.

the main entry for the binomial is followed by the abbreviated (in botany) or full (in zoology) surname of the scientist who first published the classification.

If the species was assigned in the description to a different genus from that to which it is assigned today, the abbreviation or name of the describer and the description date is set in parentheses.

For example: Amaranthus retroflexus L. or Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) — the latter was originally described as member of the genus Fringilla, hence the parentheses.

• When used with a common name, the scientific name usually follows in parentheses. • For example, "The house sparrow ( Passer domesticus) is decreasing in Europe.“

• The genus name and specific descriptor may come from any source. Often they are ordinary New Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person a name from the local language, etc. • However, names are always treated grammatically as if they were a Latin phrase.

• Family names are often derived from a common genus within the family. • The genus name must be unique inside each kingdom. It is normally a noun in its Latin grammar.

 Beberapa nama Author yang sering

digunakan dalam penamaan hewan  Gmel.  Gmelin  Ads.  Adams  Desh.  Deshayes  L., Linn.  Linnaeus  Blkr.  Blaker

 Perubahan nama hewan juga sering

terjadi, sebagai contoh, pada :  Fasciolaris giganteca  Pleuroploca giganteca  Ostrea virginica  Crasssotrea virginica  Serangga : Tendipes sp.  Chironomus sp.

 Persetujuan dan penilaian terhadap

penamaan species hewan dan perubahannya berada pada “The International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature” 

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Fungi dan Cyanobacteria)

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The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB), International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP)

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The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

Bacterial Name  The provisions for nomenclature into a few broad

principles that are still valid today: 1. Names should be stable. This is assured by retaining the first name to be published, the principle of priority. 2. Names should be unambiguous. This is assured by establishing type cultures, which can be referred to whenever there is doubt about the status of a novel bacterium. Type cultures are not necessarily completely typical, but they function as indispensable points of reference. 3. Names should be necessary. This is assured by publication of descriptions of the organisms and the rejection of names that are superfluous.

Virus Name The ICTV's essential principles of virus nomenclature are:  Stability  To avoid or reject the use of names which might cause error or confusion  To avoid the unnecessary creation of names  Order (-virales)  Family (-viridae)  Subfamily (-virinae)  Genus (-virus)  Species

 Beberapa contoh yang menjadi dasar

penamaan hewan adalah :  Nama penemu (Macrobrachium rossengergii) pertama kali ditemukan oleh Rossenbergii)  Daerah penyebaran (Puntius javanicus) ikan tawes yang penyebarannya di P. Jawa

3. Habitat/tempat hidupnya (Fasciola hepatica), cacing parasit yang hidupnya di hati hospesnya 4. Warna tubuh dewasa (Euglena viridis) berwarna hijau 5. Morfologi (Paramecium caudatum) berbentuk seperti sandal

Macam Nama 

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homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon Cuvier proposed the genus Echidna in 1797 for the spiny anteater. However, Forster had already published the name Echidna in 1777 for a genus of moray eels. Forster's use thus has priority, with Cuvier's being a junior homonym. Illiger published the replacement name Tachyglossus in 1811.

 synonyms

are different scientific names used for a single taxon Contoh: Johnius vogleri adalah junior synonyms dari Johnius borneensis  Nomen nudum. A name that was not properly associated with actual specimens.  Nomen dubium. A name used without sufficient information so that later authors are unable to determine what taxon was meant.

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Nomen oblitum.  A name that has priority for a taxon, but is nevertheless not used in order to continue usage of a widely used and accepted name.  A nomen oblitum is compatible only with a name status of synonym. Nomen novum.  A new name that is used to replace a valid taxon's original name in the event of homonymy.  A nomen novum is compatible with a name status of valid, temporary, or synonym. Nomen protectum.  A name given precedence over its unused senior synonym or senior homonym which has become a nomen oblitum.  A nomen protectum is compatible

Type • A central concept of the International Code is use of types as "name bearers." • When scientists describe new species of Orthoptera, they designate one individual for each species as the holotype or name bearer for that species. • Just as specimens are designated as holotypes for species • species are designated as type species for genera and subgenera.

Macam Type Species 

Type genus, the "name bearer" for familygroup taxa (taxa with a rank higher than genus up to superfamily)

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Type species, the "name bearer" for genusgroup taxa (genus or subgenus)

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Type specimen 

Primary types, the "name bearers" for species names  Holotype, the single specimen designated as holotype when the species was first described 

Syntypes (also known as cotypes), multiple specimens identified by the author when the species was first described without designating a specific holotype

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Lectotype, the specimen designated by a subsequent author and selected from the syntypes Neotype, a specimen designated by a subsequent author as the name bearer when the original primary type (s) have been lost or destroyed

Secondary types, not recognized as "name bearers" for species names 

Allotype, a specimen of the opposite sex from the holotype and designated as allotype when the species was first described

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Paratype, additional specimens examined when the species was first described, but not designated as holotype or allotype

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Paralectotype, a specimen that was once a syntype, but is not the specimen later designated as lectotype Topotype, a specimen collected from the same locality as the holotype