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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS POLICIES IN EXPORT DOCUMENTATION AND EXPORT PROCEDURE IN GOOD LUCK STEEL TUBES LTD.

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS (Affiliated To Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut) Academic Session [2007-2009]

Submitted by: Mayank Rastogi 9357029 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: External Supervisor: Mr.Pramod Thapliyal Sr.Manager-International Marketing Good Luck Steel Tubes Ltd. Good Luck House Ambedkar Road, Ghaziabad-201001

Internal Supervisor: Ms.Divya Agnihotri Lecturer IMS-GZB

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES C-238, BULANDSHAHAR ROAD, LAL QUAN, PB NO.-57, GHAZIABAD-201009

TOPIC PAGE Preface Acknowledgement Executive Summary Objective of Study

Good Luck Tubes Ltd. Group profile Glst Strength Methodology

Achievements Infrastructure About of Infrastructure Quality &Technology International division Export Procedure

Export Documentation Finding Conclusion Recommendation

PREFACE

The basic approach in the project has been to describe the documentation involved in exports in a lucid and easy-to-understand manner with the help of diagrammatic representations. The project has been divided into two sections:Section I: - Focus on Good Luck Steel Tubes Ltd. Section II: - Identifies the steps an exporter should take at the pre- shipment stage. This section revolves around documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With the deep sense of gratitude, I wish to place on record my profound thanks to all those who supported and encouraged me to come out with this project work successfully. I am highly obliged to MRS.LOVY SARIKWAL (Chairperson of MIB) for timely encouragement and supervision. I would also like to thank MISS.NEHA JAIN (Faculty) for introducing me to the concepts of export documentation. I express my sincere thanks to my project guide MS.DIVYA AGNIHOTRI valuable guidance, time and continuous efforts for completion of project. Last but not the least; I am very thankful to my family and my friends who continuously support me during my project.

Mayank Rastogi MIB III Semester

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project is an extension report on how the GLST makes its export, how the company has been tackling the present tough situation, how it is cooping up by the allegations of the quality of its products and how the company has been increasing its export. The report begins with the introduction of the Good Luck Steel Tubes Ltd. and the description of various types of product manufactured by Good Luck Steel Tubes Ltd. The report also contains export procedure followed by the Good Luck Steel Tubes Ltd. and the documentation involved in managing exports. This project report is mainly based on:•

Export Procedure.

•

Export Documentation.

The study on export documents and procedure was conducted to know the various documents to be prepared and file along with to know with whom you have to get registered and what are the benefits that available to an exporter. In today’s world of cutthroat fierce competition, it is very essential to not only exist but also to excel in the market. Today’s market is enormously more complex. Hence forthy, to survive in the market, the company not only needs to maximize its profit but also needs to satisfy its customers and should try to build upon from there.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objective of this project is to study the process of export documentation which plays a vital role in international marketing by facilitating the smooth flow of goods and payment these of across national boundaries and incentives given by the government to promote India steel export.

 To gain experience in export trade.  To acquire knowledge of documentation involved in export.  To have hand on experience of real time job scenario  To fulfill the partial requirement of academic curriculum of master of international business.

GOOD LUCK STEEL TUBES LTD.

INTRODUCTION Good Luck Steel Tubes Ltd. is one of the most admired steel manufacturers and exporter in India. Founded in 1987 with a great idea to build a strong relationship with the customers, through commitment to excellence, spirit of innovation, team work and dedication to ethics. By combining the technical expertise with deep understanding of customer need, they have achieved a phenomenal growth in terms of sales and production. This continued development has made Good Luck products a major force in the arena of steel as well as contributing substantially to the nation’s economic and social development. It manufacturers and exports Galvanized Steel in thickness starting from 0.14mm and a maximum width of 1000mm, at its state-of-art manufacturing unit equipped with an installed capacity of 50,000 Metric Tonnes per annum. Good Luck Steel Tubes is manufacturing with world-class characteristic, workmanship and reliability to deliver complete satisfaction. Good Luck proudly delivers steel that withstands harshest environment and the most rigorous conditions.

COLD ROLLING MILL The state-of-art 4Hi, 1000mm. wide cold rolling mill is efficient to maintain close thickness tolerance and flatness to meet demand from wide spectrum of manufacturer and all O.E.M. requirements.

EXPORT Good Luck’s products have earned a commendable reputation not only in India but also abroad that enabled it to expand its horizon in over 60 countries like U.K., Latin America, Singapore, Australia, South Africa, West Indies, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Oman etc. A decade long experience in export market with an international quality product has helped GLST to build a strong and extensive base of satisfied customer all

over the world. All these achievements inspired GLST to work relentlessly to earn more and more confidence of our valued customer. The mission at GLST is to make customers proud of their choice.GLST’s products have earned the reputation of impeccable quality and total reliability that has manage it to rope in an impressive list of clientele in Public sector, Central or State Govt. & OEM’s.

SPECIAL EXPERTISE Good Luck manufacturers &exports Galvanized &Black steel tubes/pipes, Scaffolding tubes, hollow sections & casting pipes under the same roof since 1987. with a customer base spread in 60 countries, Good Luck is one of India’s leading exporters of Pipes/Tubes.

GROUP PROFILE

Good Luck Group

 Good Luck Group is one of India's leading and fastest growing business groups.

 With over 500 employees.  Having multi location plants and units.  Experience of more than two decades in the industry.  Diversified business interests in the national and international market.  Established and commenced production in 1986.  With an objective to provide quality material to the national and international market.

 The journey from supplying black steel pipes to becoming one of the leading manufacturers of Black and Galvanized Pipes & Tubes, Cold Rolled Steel & Galvanized Sheets / Coils has been filled with accomplishments and accolades.

 The quality of our products and services are widely recognized. Company Profile Good Luck Industries  ISO 9001: 2000 Company.  Government of India Recognized Three Star Export House.  Incepted in the year 1987.

 Leading Manufacturers of both Galvanized & Steel Pipes as per various National / International Specifications.

 Capability to manufacture custom made Pipes /Structures /Poles /Towers etc., also.  Also manufacturing Hollow Sections, Poles, Towers (Transmission / Telecommunication), CR Coils and GP/GC Sheets.  Production capacity of 1, 50,000 Tonnes Per Annum.  Latest Technology, Plant & Machinery, and Testing Equipments blended with vigilant Quality Assurance Department.  Products regularly inspected by various Third Party inspection Agencies both from National & International Sectors viz SGS, Bureau Veritas, Lloyds, QSS, Crown, TUVetc. “Good Luck”, because of its skilled management is unison of Cost, Quality & Delivery.

Today, “Good Luck” enjoys strong satisfied Customers base both within India and in highly sensitive markets of countries like Belgium, Germany, Greece, France, Netherlands, Sweden, UK, Dubai, Iraq, Kuwait, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and U.S.A.etc. It is at “Good Luck” where the Customers satisfaction is Paramount.

Business pursuits are driven by following:

Mission  To excel in quality international business.  To achieve and maintain a leading position as suppliers of Steel pipes and services.  To serve the national and international market in the field of Steel pipes. Vision  To be recognized internationally as best procurement partner. Core Values

 Customer Loyalty.  Customer Satisfaction.  Commitment to Quality.  Continuous Communication.

GLST STRENGTH

Ability to offer complete steel solutions  In Pipes Largest range in thickness, variety and Finishes  Able to offer various different sizes for industrial usage. Technical:  GLST have assimilated the process technology, which enabled it to get important breakthrough by in house R&D.  Units ensuring uninterrupted supply to the customer. Human Resources:  Highly dedicated team at all levels.  Continuous Training from Experts to keep up with the latest technology & trends. Backward/sidewise integration:  In House Formaldehyde plant.  In House Paper printing facility.  In House Plate polishing and matting facility. Financial and commercial:  Adequate internal resources to sustain growth.  Enjoying high level of confidence with domestic and foreign suppliers.  High rating by the financial institutions.

GOOD LUCK STEEL OBJECTIVES

1. Growth To ensure a steady growth in business so as to fulfill national expectations from “Good Luck” and expand international business.

2. Profitability To provide a reasonable and adequate return on capital employed, primarily through improvements in operational efficiency, capacity utilization and productivity.

3. Image To build up a high degree of customer confidence by sustaining international standards of excellence in product quality, performance & services.

BUSINESS DIVISIONS

Pipe Division

With combined capacity of more than 1, 00,000 MT, Pipe Division manufactures all kind of ERW Black Steel Pipes for various purposes. •

Steel Pipes manufactured as per ASTM specification.

•

Capability exists for galvanizing pipes upto 24 feet in length and 12 inches in diameter.

•

Manufactures galvanized hollow sections.

•

Leading manufacturers of manipulated tubes.

Cold Rolled and Galvanized Sheets-Coils Division This unit is engaged in manufacturing standard range of Galvanized Plain & Corrugated Sheets/ Coils for wide range of applications. Cold Rolled Sheets/Coils produced by GLST are widely used in various applications.

Coal Division

 Hindon Carrying Co. Corporation (P) Ltd. is the division of the Good Luck Group  Involved in the supply of Indian & Imported Coal/Coke of all types.

International Division International Division is engaged in export of wide range of :  Engineering products.  Construction hardwares.  Plants & machinery.

ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP MANAGEMENT

CHAIRMAN

M.C.Garg

DIRECTOR

Anil Kumar

Pushpa Garg

Anurag Agarwal

R.C.Garg

Kanak Lata

Rahul Goel

Vijendra Tyagi

Business Philosophy

GLST’s business is based on sound values that work for:  Staff.  Customers.  Shareholders. With these values, they aim to be India's leading export house. Our organization is dedicated in putting the customers first by developing ideas and supplying products in the closest possible partnership for creating mutual growth.

Future Outlook With its customer focused approach, emphasis on quality products & services combined with highly competent management to guide, Good Luck Group is all set to become India's leading business house. The organization would continue looking forward to expansion and continuous growth.

Quality  Quality Assurance begins at the raw material stage itself.  Material is inspected for chemical composition  Tested for other parameters like mechanical properties, gauge variation etc. for a total evaluation of the raw material to ascertain its suitability for the intended end - use applications.  At the surface - pickling operations, the material is checked for surface finish before it’s is fed into the tube mills.

 At the tube mills, each product for the customer is processed according to the norms sequenced by the process control engineers based on stringent international standards and monitored through uncompromising quality control tests of every stage.  Towards this purpose, the engineers are guided by the latest equipment at our R & D center that includes •

Leco Carbon apparatus,

•

scanning electron microscope,

•

atomic absorption emission spectrophotometer,

•

universal microscope

•

micro hardness tester.

These facilitate all the required metallurgical tests on the materials.

Infrastructural Facilities Integrated facilities with state of the art equipment for  Manufacturing steel pipes.  Hollow sections.  Cold rolled steel.  Galvanized steel. Has in- house testing facilities to undertake all types of quality testing.

GLOBAL PRESENCE

GLST enjoy the trust of their wide clientele spread over 90 countries that include:  UK.  Singapore.  South Africa.  Oman.  UAE.  Australia.  New Zealand.  East & West Africa.

 Latin America.  Trinidad.  Ghana.  Haiti.  Ethiopia.  Sri Lanka.  Madagascar. A list of their domestic clients includes  Reputed names from Public sector.  Private sector OEMs.  Central & State government Department.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Methodology of the study refers to the methods used to collect the required data for research work. The research is exploratory in nature. The data required has been collected from the following sources:-

Primary Sources: “Those data which are collected at first hand either by researcher or by someone else especially for the purpose of the study”. The following point is used to considered for collecting primary data. 1.

Discussions with the management.

2.

Interviews with the concerned officer

.

Secondary Sources: “Any data which has been gathered earlier for some other purpose are secondary data in the hand of researcher.” ”. The following point is used to considered for collecting secondary data.

1.

Records of the company: This helped me to get details, regarding the history of the company.

2.

Library Research

3.

A number of books on international business were referred to collect theoretical background relating to export procedure.

ACHIEVEMENTS

INFRASTRUCTURE

GLST has all kind of resources and factory set up required to manufacture and supply of:  Black Steel Pipes.  ERW Black Steel Pipes.  Galvanized Black Steel Pipes.  Carbon Steel Pipes.  CR Steel.  Hollow Sections.  Cold Rolled Sheets/Coils & Galvanized Coils/Sheets with complete customer satisfaction. We always keep on improving our over all set up and resources to meet the exacting demands of buyer. Factory Set Up  Located 60 Kms from New Delhi in Bulandshahr District of Uttar Pradesh, (India).  Huge factory set up in Sikandrabad Industrial Area for the production of steel tubes and various other steel products.  Strategically located in one of the most developed industrial hub of India.  Very well connected from road and rail for perfect procurement and delivery system.  Close to the Inland Container Depot ideal for exports. Plants and Machinery  Latest plant and machinery

 In order to set up state-of-the-art facility for the production.  Use the latest technology including Electrically Resistance Welding (ERW) process for the production of steel tubes and pipes. Production capacity GLST have capacity to manufacture:  1, 00,000 M.T. of steel tubes / pipes annually.  90,000 M.T. of CR steel. They have further expanded our set up to undertake the production of our various other steel products.

QUALITY AND TECHNOLOGY

GLST is an ISO 9001 company with:  A well equipped laboratory.  Professional manpower to assure the quality of our products.  Adequate inspection & chemical testing procedure.  Starting from procurement of raw materials to manufacturing of finished product.  We test our products with respect to their thickness, O.D, Zinc coating and length as per IS & P2S standards.  Third party inspections are also carried out by various agencies such as DGS & D, RITES, BHEL, SGS, etc. while supplying products to customers. CERTIFICATES  The ISO 9001 Certificate awarded by the DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV).  Certified for the quality standards our Sikandrabad plant adheres to. This is valid for the manufacture and supply of •

ERW steel tubes (black and galvanized).

•

CR strips.

•

Galvanized Sheets/Coils.

This accreditation by the International Agency is added confirmation to the competence of the company to deliver quality products.  BIS

Certificate

Marks

license,

awarded

by

the Bureau of Indian Standards. This is applicable for the following steel pipe varieties: IS:1161 Grade IS:1239 for

YST210 use

and in

240

for water,

structural

purposes

gas

and

air.

IS:1978 Grade YST 210 & 240 for use in oil and natural gas industries IS:3589 Grade

330

&

410

IS:3601 (168.3mm IS:4270 Water

for 219.1

well

water,

gas

and mm casing

IS:9285 For Idlers, Belt conveyors.  Equivalent BS/ASTM/DIN/JIS Standards are complied with.

sewerage

purposes OD) pipes

INTERNATIONAL DIVISION

SCAFFOLDING FITTING TOOLS

& SYSTEMS

Hand Tools, Machine

Scaffold fittings, Couplers,

Tools, Garden Tools...

Joint pins and Scaffolding systems...

CONSTRUCTION & BICYCLE & BICYCLE

BUILDING

PARTS

HARDWARES

Bicycles, components and

Sanitary fittings, Kitchen

accessories for all make

fittings & accessories, Wall

and grades ...

& Floor tiles, window and door sections ...

GENSETS /

OTHER PRODUCTS Pipe, Pipe fittings, Valves,

INVERTERS

Water meters, Fasteners,

Engines and Gensets,

Steel structures, Hand

Diesel Engines, Power

pumps and Light

Generators, Alternators

engineering goods...

and Inverters...

AUTOMOBILE SPARE PARTS

PROJECT EXPORTS

Automobile spare parts,

Tube mills, Plants,

components and various

Transmission tower, and

accessories for 2-wheelers, accessories... 3-wheelers and MUVs ...

NATURAL STONES exporting wide range of natural stones including granite, marble, sandstone, lime stones and slate etc. » marble

» limestone

» sandstone

» granite

DIVISON OF PRODUCT OF STEEL Tools Scaffolding Fitting & Systems Bicycle & Bicycle

Hand Tools | Machine Tools | Garden Tools Forged Couplers | Pressed Couplers | Cup lock System | Kwik Stage System Jack & Props | Form Tie Accessories | Accessories Bicycle | Bicycle Parts | Bicycle Tyres | Bicycle Accessories

Parts Window Hardware | Door Hardware | Builder Hardware Construction &

Fittings | Sanitary Fittings

Building Hardware

Bathroom Accessories & Fittings | Aluminum

Gensets & Inverters Automobile Parts & Spares Natural Stones

Other Products

Fittings | Tiles | Kitchen Fittings Industrial Diesel Engines | Alternators | Welding Alternators Invertors | UPS | Voltage Stabilizers Automotive Components | Automotive Spare Parts | Automotive Accessories Marble | Limestone | Sandstone | Granite Iron Pipe Fittings | Valves | Water Meters | Faucets | Fasteners Steel Structures | Steel Castings Stainless Steel Products | Wires | Hand Pumps | Fencing Accessories | Fencing Fittings

Export procedure consists of several commercial and regulatory formalities, which an exporter is required to complete during the course of export trade transactions. These formalities

are

very complex

and

time-consuming

and

involve

considerable

documentation. Hence, the exporters must possess adequate knowledge of such formalities. At the same time, it should be ensured that the rules and regulations of not only exporting country but also of importing Country are duly complied with. Last but not least, it should be ensured that all the required documents, whether commercial or regulatory, are prepared and filed with the appropriate authorities.

REGISTRATION STAGES The exporter is required -to register his organization with a number of institutions and authorities, which directly or indirectly help him in the smooth conduct of export, trade. The registration stage includes:

a. Registration of the Organization: - The form of organization selected by the exporter must. Be registered under the appropriate Act of the country.  A joint stock company under the Companies Act, 1956.);  A partnership firm under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932.);  A sale trader should seek permission from the local authorities, as required. b. Opening-Bank Account: - The' exporter should open a current account in the name of the firm or company with a commercial bank which is authorized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to deal in foreign exchange. Such bank also serves as a source of pre-shipment and post-shipment finance for the exporter.

c. Obtaining Importer-Exporter Code Number (lEC No.): - Prior to 1.1.1997, it was obligatory for every exporter to obtain CNX number from the RBI. However, since then, IEC number issued by the Director General for Foreign Trade (DGFT) has replaced the CNX number. The application form for obtaining IEC number should be accompanied by fee of Rs. 1000. d. Obtaining Permanent Account Number- (PAN): Export income is subject to a number of exemptions and deductions under different sections of the Income Tax Act. For claiming such exemptions and deductions, the exporter should register his organization with the Income Tax Authorities and obtain the Permanent Account Number (PAN). e. Obtaining Sales Tax Number: - Exportable goods are exempted from sales tax, provided, the 'exporter or his firm is registered with the Sales Tax Authorities. , For this purpose, the exporter is required to make an application in the prescribed form to the' Sales Tax Office (STO) in whose jurisdiction his {exporter's). Office is situated f. Registration with, Export Promotion Council (EPC): It is obligatory for every exporter to, register with the appropriate Export Promotion Council (EPC) and obtain the 'Registration-cum-Membership Certificate' (RCMC). The benefits provided in the current EXIM Policy are extended only to the registered exporters having valid RCMC. g. Registration with ECGC: - The exporter should also register with the Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) in order to secure overseas payments against political and commercial risks. It also helps the exporters in obtaining the financial assistance from commercial banks and other financial institutions.

h. Registration with other Authorities: - The exporter should also register with various other authorities, such as:

 Federation of Indian Export Organization (FIEO).  Indian Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO).  Chambers of Commerce (COC)  Productivity Councils, etc.

SHIPMENT STAGES Export, cargo can be exported to the overseas buyer by sea, air or land. However, shipment by sea is the most popular and generally resorted to, as it is comparatively cheaper. Besides, the ship's capacity is far greater than other modes of transportation. Nevertheless, transportation by air is utilized for export of expensive items like, diamonds, gold, etc. The shipment stage includes the following steps: a. Reservation of Shipping Space: - Once the export contract is finalized, the exporter reserves the required space in the vessel for shipment. On accepting the exporter's request, the shipping company issues a Shipping Order. The original copy of the shipping order as given to the exporter and the duplicate instruction by the shipping company to the commanding officer of the ship that the goods as per the details given should be received on board. b. Arrangement of Internal Transportation up to the Port of Shipment: The exporter makes necessary arrangements for transportation of goods to the port either by road or railways. On loading goods into the railway wagon, the railway authorities issue a 'Railway Receipt', which may be either 'freight paid' or 'freight to pay'. It serves as a title to the goods. The exporter doses the railway receipt in favour of his agent to enable him to take delivery of the goods at the port of shipment. c. Preparation and Processing of Shipping Documents :- As the goods reaches the port of shipment, the exporter should issue detailed instructions to the C&F agent for the shipment of cargo along with a complete set of the documents listed below:-

 Letter of Credit along with the export contract or export order.

 Commercial Invoice (2 copies).  Packing List or Packing Note.  Certificate of Origin.  GR Form (original and duplicate).  ARE-I Form.  Marine Insurance Policy.  Certificate of Inspection, where necessary (original copy)

d. Customs Clearance: - The cargo must be cleared from the Customs before it is loaded on the ship. For this, the above mentioned documents, along with five copies of shipping bill, are to be submitted to the Customs Appraiser at the Customs House. The Customs Appraiser ensures that all the formalities relating to exchange control, quality control, pre-shipment inspection and licensing have been complied with by the exporter. After verification, all documents, except the original GR, original copy of Shipping Bill and one copy of Commercial Invoice, are returned to the C&F agent. e. Obtaining 'Carting Order' from the Port Trust Authorities: - The C&F agent, then, approaches the Superintendent of the concerned Port Trust for obtaining the 'Carting Order' for moving the cargo inside the dock. After obtaining the Carting Order, the cargo is physically moved into the port area and stored in the appropriate shed. f. Customs Examination and Issue of 'Let Export Order’ : - The Customs Examiner at the port of shipment physically examines the goods and seals the packages in his presence. The same can be arranged for at the factory or warehouse of the exporter by making an application to the Assistant Collector of Customs. The Customs Examiner, if satisfied, issues a formal permission I' for the loading of cargo on the ship in the form of a 'Let Export Order'.

g. Obtaining 'Let Ship Order' from the Customs Preventive Officer: - 'Let Export Order' must be supplemented by a 'Let Ship Order' issued by the Customs Preventive Officer. The C&F agent submits the duplicate copy of Shipping Bill, duly endorsed by the Customs Examiner, to the Customs Preventive Officer who endorses it with the 'Let Ship Order'. h. Obtaining Mate's Receipt and Bill of Lading: - The goods are then loaded on board the ship for which the Mate or the Captain of the ship issues Mate's Receipt to the Port Superintendent The Port Superintendent, on receipt of port dues, hands over the Mate's Receipt to the C&F Agent. The C&F Agent surrenders the Mate's Receipt to the Shipping Company for obtaining the Bill of Lading. The Shipping Company issues two to three negotiable and two to three non-negotiable copies of Bill of Lading.

(a.)PRE- SHIPMENT STAGE Pre-shipment stage consists of the following steps: a. Approaching Foreign Buyers: - In order to secure an export order, a new exporter can make use of one or more .of the techniques, such as,' advertising in international media, sales promotion, public relation, personal selling, publicity and participation in trade fairs and exhibitions. b. Inquiry and Offer: - An inquiry is a request from a prospective importer about description of goods, their standard or grade, size, weight or quantity, terms of payments, etc. On getting an inquiry, the exporter must process it immediately by making an offer in the form of a Performa invoice. c. Confirmation of Order: - Once the negotiations are completed and the terms and conditions are finalised, the exporter sends three copies of Performa Invoice to

the importer for the confirmation of order. The importer signs these copies and sends back two copies to the exporter. d. Opening Letter of Credit: - The documentary credit or letter of credit is the most appropriate and secured method of payment adopted to settle international transactions. On finalization of the export. Contract, the importer opens a letter of credit in favour of the exporter, if agreed upon in the contract. e. Arrangement of Pre-shipment Finance: On securing the letter of credit, the exporter procures a pre-shipment finance from his bank for procuring raw materials and other components, processing and packing of goods and transfer of goods to the port of shipment. f. Production or Procurement of Goods: - On securing the pre-shipment finance from the bank, the exporter either arranges for the production of the required goods. or procures them from the domestic market as per the specifications of the importer. g. Packing and Marking: - Then the goods should be properly packed and JXl8.rkedwith necessary details such as port of shipment and destination, country of origin, gross and net weight, etc. If required, assistance can be taken from the Indian Institute of Packing (IIP). h. Pre-shipment ‘Inspection’ - If the goods to be exported are subject to compulsory quality control and pre-shipment inspection then the exporter should contact the Export Inspection Agency (EIA). For obtaining an inspection certificate. i. Central Excise Clearance: - The exporters are totally exempted from the payment of central excise duty. However, the exemption should be* claimed in one of the following ways:  Export under Rebate.

 Export under bond. j. Obtaining Insurance Cover: - The exporter must take appropriate policies in order to insure risks:  ECGC policy in order to cover credit risks.  Marine policy, if the price quotation agreed upon is CIF. k. Appointment of C&F Agent: - Since exporting is a complex and time consuming process, the exporter should appoint a Clearing and Forwarding (C&F) agent for the smooth clearance of goods from the customs and preparation and submission of various export documents.

(b.) POST SHIPMENT STAGE The post-shipment stage consists of the following steps: a. Submission of Documents by the C&F Agent to the Exporter: - On the completion of the shipping procedure, the C&F agent submits the following documents to the exporter: A copy of invoice duly attested by the Customs.  D  rawback copy of the shipping bill.  Export promotion copy of the shipping bill.  A full set of negotiable and non-negotiable copies of bill of lading.  The original L/C, export order or contract.  D  uplicate copy of the ARE-I form. b. Shipment Advice to Importer: - After the shipment of goods, the exporter intimates the importer about the shipment of goods giving him details about the date of shipment, the name of the vessel, the destination, etc. He should also send one copy of non-negotiable bill of lading to the importer.

c. Presentation of Documents to Bank for Negotiation: - Submission of relevant documents to the bank and the process of getting the payment from the bank is called "Negotiation of the Documents" and tile documents are called 'Negotiable Set of Documents'. The set normally contains:  Bill of Exchange, Sight Draft or Usance Draft.  Full set of Bill of Lading or Airway Bill.  Original Letter of Credit.  Customs Invoice.  Commercial Invoice including one copy duly certified by the Customs.  Packing List.  Foreign exchange declaration forms, GR/SOFTEX/PP forms in duplicate.  Exchange control copy of the Shipping Bill.  Certificate of Origin, GSP or APR Certificate, etc.  Marine Insurance Policy, in duplicate. d. Dispatch of Documents: - The bank negotiates these documents to the importer's bank in the manner as specified in the L/C. Before negotiating documents, the exporter's bank scrutinizes them in order to ensure that all formalities have been complied with and all documents are in order. The bank then sends the Bank Certificate and attested copies of commercial invoice to the exporter.

e. Acceptance of the bill of exchange: - Bill of Exchange accompanied by the above documents is known as the Documentary Bill of Exchange. It is of two types:  Documents against Payment (Sight Draft): - In case of sight draft, the drawer instructs the bank to hand over the relevant documents to the importer only against payment.  Documents against Acceptance (Usance Draft): - In case of usance draft, the drawer instructs the bank to hand over the relevant documents to the importer against his 'acceptance' of the bill of exchange. (c.) LETTER OF INDEMNITY: - The exporter can get immediate payment from his bank on the submission of documents by signing a letter of indemnity. By signing the letter of indemnity the exporter undertakes to indemnify the bank in the event of nonreceipt of payment from the importer along with accrued interests. (d.) REALIZATION OF EXPORT PROCEEDS :- On receiving the documentary bill of exchange, the importer releases payment in case of sight draft or accepts the usance draft undertaking to pay on maturity of the bill of exchange. The exporter's bank receives the payment through importer's' bank and is credited to exporter's account. (e.) PROCESSING OF GR FORM: - On receiving the export proceeds, the exporter's bank intimates the same to the RBI by recording the fact on the duplicate copy of GR. The RBI verifies the details in duplicate copy of GR with, the, original copy of GR received from the Customs. If the details are found to be I in order then the export transaction is treated to be completed.

(f.) REALIZATION OF EXPORT INCENTIVES: - If the exporter is eligible for export incentives, then he should submit claim for the same accompany by the bank certificate to the appropriate authority.

EXPORT DOCUMENTATION Once the goods are ready, an exporter has to prepare and execute various documents at different stages of sending the shipment of goods to the importer. These documents are important for two reasons: (a) As an evidence of shipment and title of goods and (b) For obtaining payment The various documents are therefore, of vital interest to the exporter and the Bank which is the usual media of payment. The documentary requirements are both regulatory and operational in nature and have to comply with the Rules and Regulations of the Indian Government as well as the importing country for different types of products. These requirements are different for different types of products. When exporting for the first time, exporters should, always find out from their buyers the documents required for the product concerned. Accuracy and completeness are a prime necessity in documents covering export shipments. Whether two or twenty copies of the Invoice are required by the buyer, the same should be supplied as; the buyer probably has some reasons for it. Minor discrepancies of any kind either in the date itself or in the typing in the documents, which look harmless sometimes, assume a men acing form. Erasures and strike over in typing or changes or additions made in ink must never be indulged as these only arouse the suspicion that the documents have been tampered with. Any alteration or addition made by an Authority issuing the documents must be endorsed properly, with the signatures of the person issuing the documents only. If the documents are not the correct ones or if they are not filled in correctly to the last, the importer may not be able to get the goods when the ship carrying them arrives. This may seem obvious but it bears emphasis since both the requirements and penalties are greater beyond comparison in export than in domestic trade.

The main purpose of the documents accompanying a shipment is to provide a specific and complete description of the goods so that they can be assessed correctly for Duty purpose and meet the Import Licensing requirements or Import Quota Restrictions imposed on the goods for clearance purpose. If there are any discrepancies in the documents and or if the required documents are not produced, the shipment may not be allowed for import or may even be confiscated by the Customs of the importing country. There is a plethora of documents in export trade - different forms, applications and documents are required to be filled in for obtaining Export Licenses, completing Pre-shipment Inspection, for Customs Clearance and shipping, for obtaining payment and export finance and for claiming export benefits like Duty Drawback, etc. The experienced exporter, because of the complexity of documentation, will find it a good idea to have the various documents prepared for him by a Shipping and Forwarding Agent or should take advice from a fellow exporter. The Exporter should also develop a habit of thoroughly scrutinizing the documents for any possible errors or discrepancies and if any errors or discrepancies are found, must rectify them immediately before dispatching them to the Bank of buyer.

STANDARISED PRE-SHIPMENT EXPORT DOCUMENTS The Government of India has made it mandatory for every exporter to use standardized preshipment export documents w.e.f September 1, 1991. This is popularly known as Aligned Documentation System (ADS), based on UN Layout Key. The ADS Methodology involves the preparation of documents on a uniform and standardA4 size of paper. The documents are aligned to one another in such a way that, the common items of information are given the same relative slots in each of the documents included in the System. This makes it possible to prepare one Master document embodying the information common to all the documents included in the aligned series and to run off all the aligned documents from the same Master document with the help of suitable marking reproduction techniques. The Pre-shipment documents on a Standard Layout were first

introduced by Sweden in 1956 followed by Denmark, Finland and Norway. It was later that most of the European countries, USA, Australia, etc, have adopted this ADS system. Advantages: - The ADS system offers the following advantages: 1. Dispenses with the conventional documentation practices. 2. Brings in uniformity in documentation. 3. Ensures economy, speed, accuracy and convenience. 4. Facilitates expeditious checking and processing of documents at different stages. 5. Generates as many copies as required of Commercial and Regulatory Documents from their respective Master Copies through Photocopying Machines. For the purpose of Aligned Documentation System documents, have been, classified as under

DOCUMENTATION PRE-SHIPMENT DOCUMENTATION COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS

POST-SHIPMENT DOCUMENTATION REGULATORY DOCUMENTS

PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS AUXILIARY COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS

(a.) Commercial Documents:-

 Commercial documents are required for effecting physical transfer of goods and their title from the exporter to the importer and the realization of export sale proceeds.  Out of the 16 commerce documents in the export documentation framework as many as 14 have been standardized and aligned to one another.  The following are the 16 Commercial documents generally involved at the preshipment stage:-

COMMERCIAL INVOICE CERTIFICATE OF INSURANCE

SHIPMENT ADVICE

PACKING LIST

PRINCIPAL COMMERCIA L DOCUMENTS

BILL OF EXCHANGE

CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN BILL OF LADING

PROFORMA INVOICE SHIPPING INSTRUCTIO N

INSURANCE DECLARATI ON

NEGOTIATI ON OF DOCUMENT S

INTIMATION INSPECTION

AUXILIARY COMMERCI AL DOCUMENT S

SHIPPING ORDER

MATE’S RECEIPT APPLICATION FOR CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN

However, shipping order and bill of exchange could not be brought within the fold of the Aligned Documentation System.

(b) Regulatory Documents: prescribed by the different government departments and bodies

 in order to comply with various rules and regulations under the relevant laws governing export trade such as export inspection, foreign exchange regulation, export trade control, customs, etc.  Out of 9 regulatory documents four have been standardized and aligned. These are shipping bill or bill of export, exchange control declaration (GR from), export application dock challan or port trust copy of shipping bill and receipt for payment of port charges.  It is proposed to conduct training and orientation programmes at all export centers to familiarize the exporting community with the new system.  The regulatory documents associated with the pre- shipment stage of an Export Transaction are given below:-

GATE PASSI(now deleted) INSURANCE PREMIUM PAYMENT CERTIFICATE

FREIGHT PAYMENT CERTIFICATE

AR-4 FORM

REGULAT ORY DOCUMEN TS

SHIPPING BILL/ BILL OF EXPORT

DOCK CHALLAN/ EXPORT APPLICATIO N

GRIPP FORM

VEHICLE CHIT

RECEIPT FOR PAYMENT OF PORT CHARGES

NEED FOR PREPARING EXPORT DOCUMENTS Export documents have to be prepared for various purposes, viz. 1. Declaration of Exports as per Exchange Control Regulations of the country. 2. Transportation of the goods. 3. Customs clearance of the goods. 4. Other purposes. Some of the forms for preparing documents have been standardized under the Aligned Documentation System introduced w.e.f. 1.10.1991. Declaration forms:-There are four main declaration forms which are prescribed. These are called GR, PP, VP/COD and Softex Forms. All exports to which the requirement of declaration applies must be declared on appropriate forms as indicated below: GR Form: Used for exports to all countries made otherwise than by Post. . PP Form: Used for exports to all countries by Parcel Post, except when made on ''Value Payable" or "Cash on Delivery" basis . VP/Cod Form: Used for exports to all countries by Parcel Post under arrangements to realize proceeds through Postal channels on "Value Payable" or Cash on Delivery" basis. Used for export of Computer Software in non-physical form. SOFTEX Form: While Export Declaration are to be made in a set of to copies (original and duplicate) of GR or PP form, VP/COD forms are to be submitted in a single copy.

Export Declaration Forms have utmost importance and are binding on the exporter. It is therefore necessary, that enough care is taken while declaring exports on these forms with special reference on the following points: (i) Name and address of Authorized Dealer through whom proceeds of exports have been or will be realized should be specified in the relevant column of the form. (ii) Details of commission and discount due to foreign agent or buyer should be correctly declared otherwise difficulties may arise at the time of remittance of such commission. (iii) It should be clearly indicated in the form whether the export is on 'Outright sale basis' or 'on Consignment basis' and irrelevant clauses must be struck out. (iv) Under the item 'Analysis of Full Export value', a break up of the full export value of goods under FOB value, freight and insurance should be furnished in all cases, irrespective of the terms of the contract.

PROFORMA INVOICE  It is the starting point of the export contract.  is in the form of offer made by the exporter to the foreign customer. The offer made by the exporter is in the form of a proforma invoice.  It is a quotation given as a reply to an inquiry.  It normally forms the basis of all trade transactions. CONTENTS OF PROFORMA INVOICE (a) Name and address of the exporter. (b) Name and address of the importer. (c) Mode of transportation, such as Sea or Air or Multimodal

transport.

(d) Name of the port of loading. (e) Name of the port of discharge and final destination. (f) Provisional invoice number and date. (g) Exporter's reference number. (h) Buyer's reference number and date. (i) Name of the country of origin of goods. (j) Name of the country of final destination. (k) Marks and container number. (l) Number of packing descriptions. (m) Description if goods given details terms of internationally accepted price quotation. (n) Signature of the exporter with date. IMPORTANCE OF PROFORMA INVOICE (a) It forms the basis of all trade transactions. (b) It may be useful for the importer in obtaining import license or foreign exchange.

COMMERCIAL INVOICE  Commercial Invoice is the most basic and important export document.  It is also known as Document of Contents as it contains all the information required for the preparations of other documents.  It is actually a seller’s bill of merchandise. 

It is prepared by the exporter after the execution of export order giving details about the goods shipped.

 It is essential that the invoice is prepared in the name of the buyer or the consignee mentioned in the letter of credit.  This is the first basic and the only complete document among all commercial documents for the shipment.  the exporter needs this document for a number of other purposes including: i) Obtaining export inspection certificate. ii) Getting excise clearance. iii) Getting customs clearance and iv) Securing incentives.  Thus, this document is prepared at both the pre- shipment and post shipment stages.  It is the statement of account, which must contain identification marks and numbers, description of goods and quantity of goods.  Every shipment has identification marks, which identify the cargo with various documents. These are private marks which are made on the packages. These marks could be either in the form of symbols (say, a star, triangle. rectangle, etc.) or numerical. Similarly, every package under a shipment is numbered, usually written serially. The commercial invoice must specify the serial numbers given in a particular consignment.

 Commercial invoice must describe the goods shipped by the exporter.  The description of goods must correspond exactly with the description given in the contract or the letter of credit, it means that there should not be any difference (including spelling) between these descriptions. CONTENTS OF COMMERCIAL INVOICE

(a) Name and address of the exporter. (b) Name and address of the consignee. (c) Name and the number of Vessel or Flight. (d) Name of the port of loading. (e) Name of the port of discharge and final destination. ' (f) Invoice number and date. (g) Exporter's reference number. (h) Buyer's reference number and date. (i)Name of the country of origin of goods. (j) Name of the country of final destination. (k) Terms of delivery and payment. (l) Marks and container number. (m) Number and packing description. , (n) Description of goods giving details of quantity, rate and total amount in terms of internationally accepted price quotation. (o) Signature of the exporter with date. SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMERCIAL INVOICE (a) It is the basic document useful in preparation of various other shipping documents. (b) It is used in various export formalities such as quality and pre;:-8hipment inspection, excise and customs procedure etc. (e) It is also useful in negotiation of ~documents for collection and claim of incentives.

(d) It is useful for accounting .purposes to both exporters as well as importers.

PACKING LIST  This may be shown on invoice or separately.  should contain item by item.  the contents of cases or containers or of a shipment with its weight and description set forth.  to permit checks of the contents by the customs on arrival at the port of destination as well as by the recipient.  The packing list is a relatively simpler document  the whole of the information can be reproduced from the master by asking information not desired on the packing list.  Special information, if any, can be given in the blank space in the lower third portion of the document.  The exporter prepares the packing list to facilitate the buyer to check the shipment. 

It contains the detailed description of the goods packed in each case, their gross and net weight, etc.

 The difference between a packing note and a packing list is that the packing note contains the particulars of the contents of an individual pack, while the packing list is a consolidated statement of the contents of a number of cases or packs.  ten copies of the packing note/list should be prepared. The first is to be sent with the shipping documents, two copies in advance to the buyer, one to the shipping agent and the remaining retained by the exporter CONTENTS OF PACKING LIST (a) Name and address of the exporter. (b) Name 'and address of, the consignee. (e) Name and the number of Vessel or Flight.

(d) Name of the port of loading. (e) Name of the port of discharge and final destination. (f) Invoice number and date. (g) Name of the country of origin of goods. (h) Name of the country of final destination. (i) Marks and container number. (j)Number and packing descriptions. (k) Description of goods in terms of quantity and special remarks, if any. (1) Signature of the exporter with date.

MATE’S RECEIPT  Mate's receipt is a receipt issued by the Commanding Officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on the ship.  The mate's receipt is prima face evidence that goods are loaded in the vessel.  The mate's receipt is first handed over to the Port Trust Authorities.  After making payment of all port dues, the exporter or his agent collects the mate's receipt from the Port Trust Authorities.  The mate's, receipt is freely transferable.  It must be handed over to the shipping company in order to get the bill of lading.  Bill of lading is prepared on the basis of the mate's receipt. TYPES OF MATE'S RECEIPTS (a) Clean Mate's Receipt: - The Commanding Officer of the ship issues a clean mate's receipt; if he is satisfied that the goods are .packed properly and there is no defect in the packing of the cargo or package. . (b) Qualified Mate's Receipt: - The Commanding Officer of the ship issues a qualified mate's receipt, when the goods are not packed properly and the shipping company does not take any responsibility of damage to the goods during transit.

CONTENTS OF MATE'S RECEIPT (a) Name and logo of the shipping line. (b) Name and address of the shipper. (c) Name and the number of vessel. (d) Name of the port of loading. (e) Name of the port of discharge and place of delivery.

(f) Marks and container number. (g) Packing and Container description. (h) Total number of containers and packages. (i) Description of goods in terms of quantity. (j) Container status and seal number. (k) Gross weight in kg. and volume in terms of cubic meters. (l) Shipping bill number and date. (m) Signature and initials of the Chief Officer. SIGNIFICANCE OF MATE'S RECEIPT (a) It is an acknowledgement of goods received for export on board the ship. (b) It is a transferable document. It must be handed over to the shipping company in order to get the bill of lading. (c) Bill of lading, which is the title of goods, is prepared on the basis of the mate's receipt. (d) It enables the exporter to clear port trust dues to the Port Trust Authorities.

BILL OF LADING  Bill of lading is issued by the shipping company or its agents stating that goods are either being shipped or have been shipped.  Essentially a transport document.  It serves many purposes in international commerce.  The bill of lading is a document issued by the shipping company or its agent acknowledging the receipt of goods on board the vessel, and undertaking to deliver the goods in the like order and condition as received, to the consignee or his order, provided the freight and other charges as specified in the bill have been duly paid. 

It is also a document of title to the goods and, as such, is freely transferable by endorsement and delivery.

 Bill of lading is a receipt issued by the shipping company on its agents. Law requires that as a receipt, it must contain leading identification marks, number of packages or quantity or weight or any other unit of account, and apparent order and condition of the goods.  Bill of lading is the only evidence to file a claim against the shipping company in the event of non-delivery, defective delivery or short-delivery of the cargo at the destination  A bill of lading serves three main purposes:i) This document evidences the contract of affreightment (transport) between the shipping company and the shipper (exporter or importer). ii) It is a receipt given by the shipping company for cargo received by it. iii) It is a document of title (This is the most significant function of the bill of lading). For the bill of lading to be negotiable in fact three requirements must be fulfilled: 1) It must be made out to the order to the shipper.

2) It must be signed by the steamship company. 3) It must be endorsed in blank by the shipper. TYPES OF BILL OF LADING (a) Clean Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading acknowledging receipt of the goods apparently in good order and condition and without any qualification is termed as a clean bill of lading. (b) Claused Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading qualified with certain adverse remarks such as, "goods insufficiently packed in accordance with the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act," is termed as a claused bill of lading. (c) Through Bill of Lading: - It covers goods being transhipped enroute but where the first carrier has the responsibility as the principal carrier for all stages of the journey. For example, goods may be shipped from Bombay to Dubai and transhipped from Dubai to a port in Latin America. (d) Trans-shipment B/L: It has similar characteristic as the Through B/L except that in this case the first carrier acts only as an agent for effecting Trans-shipment of cargo. (e) Stale Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading that has been held too long before it is passed on to a bank for negotiation or to the consignee is called a stale bill of lading. (f) Freight Paid Bill of Lading: - When freight is paid at the time of shipment or in advance, the bill of landing is marked, freight paid. Such bill of lading is known as freight bill of lading.

(g) Freight Collect Bill of lading: - When the freight is not paid and is to be collected from the consignee on the arrival of the goods, the bill of lading is marked, freight collect and is known as freight collect bill of lading. CONTENTS OF BILL OF LADING

(a) Name and logo of the shipping line. (b) Name and address .of the shipper. (c), Name and the number of vessel. (d) Name of the port of loading. (e) Name of the port of discharge and place of delivery. (f) Marks and container number. (g) Packing and container description. (h) Total number of containers and packages. (i) Description of goods in terms of quantity. (j)Container status and seal number. (k) Gross weight in kg. and volume in terms of cubic meters. (1) Amount of freight paid or payable. . (m)Shipping bill number and date. (n) Signature and initials of the Chief Officer. SIGNIFICANCE OF BILL OF LADING FOR EXPORTERS (a) It is a contract between the shipper and the shipping company for the carriage of the goods to the port of destination. . (b) It is acknowledgement indicating that the goods mentioned in the document have been received on board for the purpose of shipment. (c) A clean bill of lading certifies that the goods received on board the ship are in order and good condition. (d)It is useful for claiming incentives offered by the government to exporters.

(e) The exporter can claim damages from the shipping company if the goods are lost or damaged after the issue of a clean bill of lading. SIGNIFICANCE OF BILL OF LADING FOR IMPORTERS

(a) It acts as a document of title to goods which is transferable by endorsement and delivery. (b) The exporter sends the bill of lading to use bank of the importer so as to enable him to take the delivery of goods. (c) The exporter can give advance intimation to the foreign buyer about the shipment of goods by sending him a non-negotiable copy of bill of lading. SIGNIFICANCE OF BILL OF LADING FOR SHIPPING COMPANY

It is useful to the shipping company for collection of transport charges from the importer if not collected from the exporter.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN  The certificate of origin states that the goods exported are originally manufactured in the country whose name is mentioned in the certificate.  The importers in several countries require a certificate of origin without which clearance to import is refused.  Certificate of origin is required when: (a) The goods produced in a particular country are subject to preferential tariff rates in the foreign market at the time importation. (b) The goods produced in a particular country are banned for import in the foreign market. TYPES OF THE CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN (a) Non preferential Certificate of Origin. (b) Certificate of Origin for availing Concessions under GSP. (c) Certificate for availing Concessions under Commonwealth Preferences (CWP) (d) Certificate for availing Concessions under other Systems of Preference CONTENTS OF CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN (a) Name and logo of chamber of commerce. (b) Name and address of the exporter. . (c) Name and address of the consignee. (d) Name and the number of Vessel of Flight. (e) Name of the port of loading. (f) Name of the port of discharge and place of delivery. (g) Marks and container number. (h) Packing and container description. (i) Total number of containers and packages.

(j) Description of goods in terms of quantity. (k) Signature and initials of the concerned officer of the issuing authority. (l) Seal of the issuing authority. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN

(a) Certificate of origin is required for availing of concessions under Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) as well as under Commonwealth Preferences (CWP). ' (b) It is to be submitted to the customs for the assessment of duty and clearance of goods with concessional duty. (c) It is required when the goods produced in a. particular country are banned for import in the foreign market. (d) It helps the buyer in adhering to the import regulations of the country. (e) Sometimes, in order to ensure that goods bought from some other country have not been reshipped by a seller, a certificate of origin is required.

SHIPPING BILL  Shipping bill is the main customs document  Required by the customs authorities for granting permission for the shipment of goods.  The cargo is moved inside the dock area only after the shipping bill is duly stamped, i.e., certified by the customs.  Shipping bill is normally prepared in five copies: (a) Customs copy. (b) Drawback copy. (c) Export promotion copy. (d) Port trust copy. (e) Exporter's copy.

 Free Shipping Bill is used for export of goods which neither attracts any Duty/Cess nor is entitled to Duty Drawback on their exportation.  Dutiable Shipping bill is used in case of goods subject to Export Duty/Cess but mayor may not be entitled to Duty Drawback.  Drawback Shipping Bill or Bill of Exports is used in the case of goods which are entitled to Drawback.  Shipping Bill for Shipment Ex-bond is for use in case of imported goods for Re. exports and which are kept in Bond. Following documents are required for the processing of a Shipping Bill: 

GR Forms in duplicate for shipments to all countries.



Four copies of Packing list giving contents, quantity, gross and net weight of each Package.



Four copies of Invoices indicating all relevant particulars such as no. of packages, quantity, unit rate, total FOB/CIF value, correct and full description of goods, etc. (One copy of this Invoice is to be pasted on the duplicate copy of Shipping Bill).



Contract, Letter of Credit, Purchase Order



Inspection/Examination Certificate.

The Formats presented for the Shipping Bill are as under:  White Shipping Bill for export of Duty Free goods prepared in triplicate in the Standardized Format.  Green Shipping Bill for export of goods under claim for Duty Draw back prepared in quadruplicate in the prescribed Form.  Yellow Shipping Bill for export of dutiable goods prepared in triplicate in the prescribed Form.

 Pink Shipping Bill for export of Duty Free goods ex-Bond prepared in triplicate in the prescribed Form. Where the goods are to be cleared by the Land Customs, Bill of export is prepared instead of Shipping Bill. Bill of Exports is also of four types i.e. white, green, yellow and pink for the purpose stated above. Standardized Formats of the Bill of Export are also available with the booksellers who deal with Exim publications. TYPES OF SHIPPING BILL Based on the incentives offered by the government, customs authorities have introduced three types of shipping bills: (a) Drawback Shipping Bill: - Drawback shipping bill is useful for claiming the customs drawback against goods exported. (b) Dutiable Shipping Bill: - Dutiable shipping bill is required for goods which are subject to export duty. (c) Duty-free Shipping Bill: - Duty-free shipping bill is useful for exporting the goods on which there is no export duty. In order to facilitate easy recognition and quick processing, following colours have been provided to different kinds of shipping bills

Types of goods By Sea Drawback Shipping Green

By Air Green

Bill Dutiable

Pink

shipping Yellow

Bill Duty free Shipping White

Pink

Bill

CONTENTS

OF

SHIPPINING BILL

(a) Name and address of the exporter. (b) Name and address of the importer. (c) Name of the vessel, master or agents and flag. (d) Name of the port at which goods are to be discharged. (e) Country of final destination. . (f) Details about packages, description of goods, marks and numbers, quantity and details of each case. (g) FOB price and real value of goods as defined in the Sea Customs Act. (h) Whether Indian or foreign merchandise to be re-exported (i) Total number of packages with total weight and value. SIGNIFICANCE OF SHIPPING BILL (a) Shipping bill is the main customs document, required by the customs authorities for granting permission for the shipment of goods. (b) The cargo is moved inside the dock area only after the shipping bill is duly stamped, i.e., certified by the customs. . (c) Duly endorsed shipping bill is also necessary for the collection of export incentives offered by the government. (d) It is useful to the Customs Appraiser while determining the actual value of goods exported.

BILL OF ENTRY  prepared by the importer or his clearing agent in the prescribed form under Bill of Entry Regulations, 1971, on the strength of which clearance of imported goods can be made.  For the purpose to pay the necessary import duty, necessary information about the goods imported must be given to the customs authorities in a prescribed form called bill of entry form.  Bill of entry is a document, which states that, the goods of the stated values and description in the specified quantity have entered into the country from abroad.  The bill of entry is drawn in triplicate.  The customs authorities may ask the importer to supply other documents like invoice, broker's note and insurance policy, etc. in order to verify the correctness of the information supplied in the bill of entry form. For the purpose of giving information in the bill of entry form, goods are classified into three categories namely:1. Bill of entry for home consumption (white in colour): where an importer wants to get his goods cleared in one lot, he has to present the Bill of entry for home consumption. 2. Bill of entry for warehousing (into bond, yellow in colour): Where an importer wants to shift goods to a warehouse and thereafter gets his goods cleared in small lots, he has to present 'into bond' bill of entry. Reason may be that he is unable to pay duty leviable on all goods at one instance or may be because of storage problem. 3. Ex-Bond Bill of Entry (Green in Colour): When an importer wants to remove goods from the warehouse, he has to present an Ex-bond bill of entry which is green in colour. Bill of Entry is not required in the following cases: a) Passengers baggage b) Favour parcels

c) Mail box and post parcels. d) Boxes, kennels of cargos containing live animals or birds. e) Unserviceable stores, e.g. dunnage wood, empty bottles, drums etc. of reasonable value. f) Ship's stores in small quantities for personal use. g) Cargo by sailing vessels from customs ports when landed at open bundles only. The importer has to fill up a separate bill of entry form for different classes of goods. In India, separate forms are not used but all the entries are made in one form. The free goods are marked as free in the entry form itself. The importer has to pay the duty before securing the possession of the goods. CONTENTS OF BILL OF ENTRY (a) Name and address of the importer. (b) Name and address of the exporter. (c) Import license number of the importer. (d) Name of the port/ dock where goods are to be cleared. (e) Description of goods. (f) Value of goods. (g) Rate and amount of import duty payable. (h) Other relevant documents.

AIRWAY BILL I  An airway bill also called an air consignment note  is a receipt issued by an airline for the carriage of goods.  As each shipping company has its own bill of lading, so each airline has its own airway bill.  Airway Bill or Air Consignment Note is not treated as a document of title  is not issued in negotiable form. CONTENTS OF AIRWAY BILL (a) Name of the airport of departure and destination. (b) The names and addresses of the consignor, consignee and the first carrier. (c) Marks and container number. (d) Packing and container description. (e) Total number of containers and packages. (f) Description of goods in terms of quantity. (g) Container status and seal number. (h) Amount of freight paid or payable. (i) Signature and initials of the issuing carrier or his agent. IMPORTANCE OF AIRWAY BILL (a) It is a contract between the airlines or his agent to carry goods to the destination. (b) It is the document of instructions for the airline handling staff. (c) It acts as a customs declaration form. (d) Since it contains details about freight it also represents freight bill.

GR FORM  GR Form is an exchange control document required by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).  As per the exchange control regulations, an exporter has to realize the proceeds of the goods he has exported within 180 days of their shipment from India. In order to ensure this, the RBI has introduced the GR procedure.  It is to be submitted in duplicate to the Customs at the port of shipment along with the shipping bill.  Customs will give their running serial number on both the copies after admitting the customs shipping bill.  Customs authorities will certify the value declared by the exporter on both the copies of the GR form at the space earmarked and will also record the assessed value.  They will then return the duplicate copy of the form to the exporter and retain the original for transmission to the RBI.  Within 21 days from the shipment of goods, exporter must lodge the duplicate copy of GR together with relative shipping documents with the authorized dealer named in the GR form for negotiation of export bills.  After the documents have been negotiated, the authorized dealer will report the transaction to the RBI.

 The duplicate copy of GR form together with a copy of invoice will be retained by the authorized dealer till full export proceeds have been realized and thereafter submitted to the RBI.  On account of introduction of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) System at certain customs offices where shipping bills are processed electronically, the existing declaration in GR form has been replaced by a declaration in form SDF (Statutory Declaration Form).

LETTER OF CREDIT Letter of Credit refers to a written undertaking made by the importer's bank to the exporter that the payment shall be made to him provided the shipment is sent by him in strict compliance with the terms and conditions of the export contract. The terms and conditions of the export contract form part of the letter of credit and are known as the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. The essential characteristic of the Letter of Credit is that it relies on the doctrine of strict compliance for release of payment to the exporter against the draft(s) drawn by him. The banks do not deal in goods; they deal in documents. As such, the importer has to specify to the bank the documents which it should examine as evidence to the effect that the exporter has sent the shipment in strict compliance with the terms and conditions of the export contract. The operations of Letters of Credit have been regulated and are governed by the articles of 'Uniform .Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits' of International Chamber of Commerce adopted by more than 165 countries which were latest revised in 1993 for implementation w.e.f. 1st January 1994.

CONTENTS OF LETTER OF CREDIT A Letter of Credit generally contains the following information: 1. Complete and correct name and address of the beneficiary i.e., the exporter. 2. Complete and correct name and address of the applicant i.e., importer. 3. Type of the Letter of Credit/Documentary Credit. 4. Amount of letter of credit. 5. How the credit shall be available e.g., by payment, deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation. 6. The name of the drawee of the draft and the tenor of the draft.

7. Description of goods, quantity of the items and the unit price. 8. List of documents required to be submitted by the beneficiary. 9. Port of discharge and the place of final destination. 10. Terms of delivery i.e., FOB, CFR, CIF etc. 11. Status of transhipment i.e., whether allowed or not. 12. Status of partial shipment i.e., whether allowed or not. 13. The last date of sending shipment. 14. Time period for the presentation of documents for negotiation by the beneficiary after the dispatch of the shipment. 15. The date and place of expiry of the Letter of Credit. 16. Transfer of the Letter of Credit allowed or not. 17. Mode of advice of the Letter of Credit i.e., by mail or tele-transmission. PARTIES TO LETTER OF CREDIT The following parties are involved in the operation of a letter of credit: (a) Applicant or Opener: - The applicant or opener is the buyer or importer of goods who opens the letter of credit through his bank in favour of exporter. (b) Beneficiary: - Beneficiary is the exporter of goods in’ whose favour the letter of credit is opened by the importer through his bank. (c) Issuing Bank: - Issuing bank is the importer's bank, who issues a letter of credit in favour of the exporter on the request of the importer. (d) Advising Bank: - Advising bank is the branch of issuing bank situated in the exporter's country. Such branch receives the letter of credit and looks after its onward transmission to the beneficiary.

(e) Confirming Bank: - Confirming bank is the bank situated in the exporter's country, which guarantees the credit on the request of the issuing bank. Many times, the advising bank and confirming bank are one and the same. (f) Negotiating Bank: - Negotiating bank is a bank situated in the exporter's country through which documents are negotiated by the exporters, i.e., exporter's bank. KINDS OF LETTER OF CREDIT There are various kinds of Letter of Credit depending upon the features added to it as desired by the applicant. The different kinds of the Letter of Credit are as follows: 1. Sight or Usance Letter of Credit 2. Confirmed or Unconfirmed Letter of Credit 3. Negotiable Letter of Credit 4. Revolving Letter of Credit 5. Red clause Letter of Credit 6. Green clause Letter of Credit 7. Transferable Letter of Credit 8. Back to back Letter of Credit 9. With recourse or without recourse Letter of Credit 10. Standby Letter of Credit 11. Revocable and Irrevocable Letter of Credit 12. Restricted Credits

BILL OF EXCHANGE/ DRAFT

 Also known as Draft.  Contains an order from the credit to the debtor to pay a specified amount to a person mentioned therein.  The maker of a Bill is called the "Drawer".  The person who is directed to pay is called the "Drawee".  The person who is entitled to receive payment is called the "Payee."  When it is drawn on a foreign firm it is termed as a Foreign Draft or Bill of Exchange.  Prepared either in an international currency or Indian Rupees depending on the terms of the contract.  Accordingly, the Bill is known by the name of currency in which it is drawn. For example, a Bill drawn in US dollars is known as 'Dollar Bill' and when prepared in rupees, being termed as 'Rupees Bill'.  When the goods are shipped by Sea, the bills are drawn in sets and two sets of documents, including drafts are mailed to the foreign correspondent through an authorized dealer for presentation to the Drawee (importer). Each one bears a reference to the other.  A Bill of Exchange or Draft is of two types: (i)”Sight Draft” or “Draft at Sight” (ii) "Usance Draft" or "Usance Bill".

OTHER DOCUMENTS Customs Invoice:-Countries like U.S.A., Canada, etc., need Custom’s Invoice. It is generally made out on a special form prescribed by the Customs Authorities of the importing country and helps for allowing entry of goods in the importing country at preferential tariff rates. The Invoice Forms are generally available at the Consular Officer of the importing country and are required to be signed and witnessed after duly filling out the same. Legalised/visaed Invoice:- these are the Invoices sworn for their genuineness by the seller as being correct, before the appropriate Consulate/Chamber of Commerce Embassy as the case may be, and they bear the stamp and authentication of the Consulate/Chamber of Commerce Embassy as being in order. A nominal charge is collected by them from the seller for doing this. These Invoices are required by some of the Latin American Countries. There is no prescribed form of this Invoice. Certified invoice:-At times the exporter is called upon to certify on the Invoice, that the goods are of particular origin or manufactured/packed at a particular place and in accordance with specific contract. When Certificates as such appear on the Invoice, it is called as a Certified Invoice. Certificate of inspection:-Inspection certificate indicates that goods have been inspected before shipment is needed under some contracts or by some countries. This Certificate is generally required to be issued by one of the authorized independent Inspection Agencies/Surveyors in the exporter's country. The Certificate is issued in the Aligned document Form.

Black list certificate:-This is to certify that the ship/aircraft carrying the goods has not touched a particular country on its journey or that the goods are not of a particular country. This certificate is usually called for when countries have strained political relations with another. Weight note:-This document is used to confirm that the Packets/Bales, etc., are of a particular weight and not more than the stipulated weight as per contract. It may at times give gross weight and net weight of the whole consignment. Manufacturer's/supplier's quality/inspection certificate:- This is a Certificate to the effect that the goods which have been manufactured/supplied are as per the requirement of the Contract of Sale. Languages certificate:-Importers in the European Economic Community Countries require Languages Certificate along with the GSP Certificate in respect of hand loom cotton fabrics classifiable under NEMEX Code 55.09. Indian exporters should apply for this certificate simultaneously or separately. The Language Certificate is issued in quadruplicate, three copies of which are given to the exporter. He should transit one copy to his overseas importer, along with other documents, for realization of export proceeds. The Languages Certificate is issued by the Textile Committee against a small fee. Manufacturer's certificate:- In addition to the Certificate of Origin, some countries require a Manufacturer's Certificate to the effect that goods shipped have actually been manufactured and are available. Certificate of chemical analysis:- To ensure that the quality and grade of items like metallic ores, pigments, etc., is the same as specified in the Sale Contract, importers may require the exporter to send a Certificate of Chemical Analysis from a recognized analyst. Certificate of shipment:-This Certificate is issued by the Shipping Agent and ensures that a certain lot of goods have been shipped.

Health/veterinary/sanitary certificates:- When the goods that are exported are foodstuffs, marine products, hides, live stocks, etc., usually depending upon the goods which are being imported, a certificate from the Health /veterinary/ Sanitary Authorities is called for by the overseas buyers. This is because the importer desires to know if the goods are fit for human consumption. Certificate of conditioning:- Certificate issued by a Competent Office in which, on the basis of the ascertained humidity factor, the dry weight of wool or silk is reckoned and certified. Antiquity certificate:-This Certificate is required in the case of export of antiques. It is issued by the Archaeological Survey of India. Certificate of measurement: - Freight can be charged either on the basis of weight or measurement. When it is charged on weight basis, the weight declared by exporter is accepted. However, Certificate of measurement from the Indian Chamber of Commerce or any other approved organization may be obtained by the exporter and given to the shipping company for calculation of necessary freight. This Certificate contains the name of vessel, the Port of destination, description of goods, quantity, length, breadth, depth, etc. of packages. Car/Lorry ticket: - This Ticket is prepared for admittance of cargo through the Port gate. This is also known as 'Vehicle Ticket or Gate Pass'. This includes the details of export cargo, i.e. shipper's name, car/lorry numbers, marks on packages, quantity and description. Shut out advice: - It is a statement of packages shut out by a ship and is prepared by the shed concerned and sent to the exporter showing the particulars of packages, for disposal arrangement.

Short shipment form:-Short Shipment Form is an application to the Customs Authorities at Port advising the short shipment of goods and for claiming the return of the Duty and/or Cess paid on such short shipping goods. Shipping advice:-A Shipping Advice is used to inform the overseas customer about the shipment of goods. The Shipping Advice is prepared in Aligned document. The Exporter only advises );his importer about the Invoice number, Bill of Lading/Airway Bill number and date, name of the vessel with date, the port ,of export, description of goods and quantity and the date of sailing of the vessel.

Findings The report provides the following findings, which is the result of analyzing the export procedure & documentation and comprehensive study of market.  Good Luck Tube Ltd. Company planning to explore the market, must first look into its financial capabilities & expand the operations accordingly.  Channels of export procedure are very complex due to which exporters have to waste a lot of time. These channels should be simplified.  Government officials do not provide adequate information to the exporters due to lack of information.  One of the major problems faced by the exporters is the complexity of custom clearance process. However, exporter can short out of this problem. Many clearing & forwarding agents are including in this business. Many clearing & forwarding agents are indulging in this business. The organization should search & select agents who can do this work efficiently & confidenti

CONCLUSION

Export Documentation plays a vital role in international marketing, as it facilitates the smooth flow of goods and payments thereof across national frontiers. A number of documents accompany every shipment. These documents must be properly and correctly filled. Export Documentation become complex, as the number of documents to be filled increases, so also is the number of concerned authorities to whom the relevant documents are to be submitted. Moreover, documents differ from country to country. So every exporter should have an adequate knowledge about export documents and procedure. 1. GOOD LUCK maintains high degree of quality for all the products. 2. Management staff is very qualified and cooperative towards the workers. 3. GOOD LUCK is successful in maintaining the harmonious relationship between management and workers, which creates a congenial environment and increase the productivity. 4. GOOD LUCK maintains a strong database of employees, which encourage them to go for internal recruitment. 5. GOOD LUCK provides lots of facilities to their employee in the form of medical, housing, mess which helps to retain the best potential available in the company.

RECOMMENDATION The report provides the following recommendations, which is the result of export Procedure and documentation in the export market and comprehensive market survey.

 It is very clear from the analysis done that the common channel with export market is through agents; therefore the success of the export business heavily depends on the credibility of the agent and his capability of dealing with export orders. Therefore, company adopting the caution note should select credible who have got the reputation in the market.  Any company planning to explore the export market, it must first look into its financial capabilities and should then expand the operation based on it.  A hide bound approach must be selected in choosing the export orders because the wrong selection of orders would be suicidal for the organization.  The common mode of payment in export leading as evident from the survey is the Letter of Credit, which is considered to be the safest mode.  For many prospective entrants, it is recommended that the company must operate on Letter of Credit accepted but the Indian Bank or a Document on payment.  Document on Acceptance is not advisable for any new entrant due to the lack of exposure in the export market.

Summarizing the above recommendations:  It can be said that the economic as well as political environment of the country are having a positive inclination towards the area of exports, boosting the confidence of exporters.  If the company intends to set up a branch office in the importing country, it should complete various government formalities for obtaining export import code number. It should then prepare strategies in order to effectively differentiate its product and its position in the foreign market.  Export Documentation plays a vital role in international marketing, as it facilitates the smooth flow of goods and payments thereof across national frontiers.  A number of documents accompany every shipment.  These documents must be properly and correctly filled.  Moreover, documents differ from country to country. So every exporter should have an adequate knowledge about export documents and procedure.

Annexure1

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

 Tubes are manufactured from mild steel strips slitted from Hot Rolled Low Carbon Steel coils conforming to IS: 10748-1995.  The strip passes through a series of drive forming and fin rolls  takes the required circular shape  Welded continuously by passage of an electric current of high frequency i.e. 4, 50,000 cycles/second across the abutting edges.  The tubes thus formed and welded pass through the sizing sections  Dimensional deviations if any are corrected before the tubes are cut into required length by automatic cutting machines.  The tubes are then end deburred and pressure tested.  Thereafter protective surface finishing operations such as hot dip  Galvanizing or varnishing is done as per specific requirement.  The tubes are offered as plain, beveled, threaded ends or with flanges.

Flowchart

GENERAL APPLICATIONS

Typical Applications The diverse application of our pipes and tubes makes them a distinct product. Our products are widely accepted and used in the development of water supply housing, structural, agriculture, industry telecom and countless other areas. The typical applications of steel pipes can describe as under: Construction Industries Scaffolding & Structural Purposes.

Water Pipelines, Agriculture and Irrigation Water Mains, Sewerage Systems. Industrial Water Lines, Plant Piping. Deep Tube-Wells & Casing Pipes.

Gas Pipe Lines Pipe Lines For Natural Gas LPG And Other Non-Toxic Gases

Automobile Industry Air & Water Flow System.

Power Projects & Fire Fighting System Ash Handling System. Lp Piping.

Other Purposes Supply Of Exhaust Piping. Steel Tubes For Idlers & Troughed Belt Conveyers. Cold Storage Industry. LPG Cylinder Supporting Rings.

MAJOR APPLICATIONS

•

Cycle Industry - cycle frames, forks, hub tubes

•

Chains - Automotive, Industrial and cycle chains

•

Automotive Industry

•

•

o

Tow / Three Wheelers, Cars, LCVs and HCVs

o

Chassis Tube

o

Bus Body Building

o

Main Beam Tube

o

Automobile Axle Tube

o

Shock Absorbers

o

Propeller Shafts

o

Steering Columns

o

Tie Rods and Drag links

o

Exhaust Tubes, Aluminized Tubes

o

Front Fork Tubes for Two Wheelers

o

Hydraulic Line Tubing

Boilers and Heat Exchangers o

Chemical Industry

o

Sugar Industry

o

Paper Industry

o

Process Industry

Oil Industry o

•

Line Pipes to API specifications

Furniture Manufacturer

•

Construction Industry

•

Machinery Manufacturer

•

Air pollution Control Equipment

•

Railway Coaches

•

Electrical Industry

•

o

Transformers

o

Fan Down Rods

Conduits

CONTACTS

We want to hear from you, so we have given you more than one way to contact us. However, since you are on the web, the easiest way to do so is to E-Mail us, or you can call us on one of our lines, or if you really want to, you can send us some Snail Mail Registered Office 5/102, Sikka Complex, Community Center, Preet Vihar, Vikas Marg New Delhi - 110092 INDIA Tel. : 0091-11-22439513, 22465439 Tele Fax : 0091-11-22214254

Administrative Office Good luck Steel Tubes Ltd, Good luck House, Ambedkar Road, Ghaziabad - 201 001, ( U.P.), INDIA Tel. : + (91) - (120) - 4196600 / 4196700 Fax : + (91) - (120) - 4196666 / 4196777 email : [email protected] Work A-45, Industrial Area, Sikandrabad, Distt. Bulandshahr - 203205 (U.P.) INDIA Tel.:0091-5735-222969, 222970

Annexure2 PRODUCT PROFILE

GLST manufactures wide variety of steel products to meet diversified usage & applications. Our product range can be classified as under:

A. ERW Black and Galvanized Pipes & Tubes  Wide range of mild steel pipes & tubes for structural purposes, mechanical & mineral engg. Purpose.  E.R.W. pipes for water, gas & sewerages.  steel tubes for idlers for belt conveyors, water wells, furniture, automobile purpose, screwed & socketed steel subes & tubular.  steel pipes & tubes for pressure purposes,  Carbon steel tubes screwing and mild & welded steel tubes for various other purposes.

B. Cold Rolled Steel Cold Rolled Sheets/Coils produced by GLS are widely used in various applications, such as

 Industrial goods.  Automobile components.  Precision tubes.  Consumer durable.

C. Galvanized Sheets-Coils Our integrated unit is engaged in manufacturing standard range of Galvanized Plain & Corrugated Sheets for wide range of applications. D. Hollow Sections

We are manufacturing and exporting:  Mild Steel Black ERW Square Tubes.  Rectangular Tubes & Round Hollow Section Tubes.  Cold Rolled Steel Sections as per customer's requirement. These are manufactured from HR and CR material costumer's requirement •

Steel Pipes manufactured as per ASTM specification.

•

Capability exists for galvanizing pipes upto 24 feet in length and 12 inches in diameter.

•

Manufactures galvanized hollow sections.

•

Leading manufacturers of manipulated tubes.

RANGE OF PIPES

Product Range GLST is manufacturing and exporting wide range of steel tubes and pipes for various purposes. Apart from the following standard range of products they also manufacture customized products as per the requirement of the buyers. •

Steel Pipes manufactured as per ASTM specification.

•

Capability exists for galvanizing pipes upto 24 feet in length and 12 inches in diameter.

•

Manufactures galvanized hollow sections.

•

Leading manufacturers of manipulated tubes.

Standards IS:1239 (Part-I) IS:1161

Products Mild Steel Tubes, Tubular

IS:9295

NB 15mm NB - 200mm

Structural purpose

NB

Mechanical & General Engg. purpose

IS:3589

15mm NB - 150mm

Mild Steel Tubes for Mild Steel tubes for

IS:3601

Ranges

20mm x 0.80mm to 165.10 x 7.00 mm

ERW pipes for water Gas & 168.3 x 4.00 mm to Sewerage

219.1 x 7.00mm

Steel Tubes for Idlers for

63.5 x 4.00 mm to

Belt conveyors

219.1 x 7.0 mm

IS:4270

Steel Tubes for Water Wells

IS:7138

Steel Tubes for furniture

114.3 x 5.00mm to 219.1mm x 7.1mm 20.0 x .60mm to

60.0 x 2.0mm 12.5 x 12.5 x 0.80 to IS:4923

Hollow steel section for

150 x 150 x 6.0mm

structural purposes

10 x 20 x 0.80mm to 150 x 200 x 6.0mm

IS:3074

BS:1387

BS:3601

Steel Tubes for Automobile

19.7 x 1.00mm to

purpose

101.6 x 6.0mm

Screwed & Socketed Steel Tubes & Tubular Steel Pipes & Tubes for pressure purpose

½"NB to 6"NB 2.00 mm - 5.40 mm wall thick ½"NB to 6"NB 2.00 mm - 7.00 mm wall thickness 21.3" to 219.1mm

BS:6323

Steel tubes for mechanical & OD general engineering purposes wall thickness-1.607.00 mm 21.3" to 165.10mm

ISO:7/1

Carbon Steel tubes screwing OD W.T.-2.00-5.40 mm

ASTM A-

Pipes, Steel black and hot

½" NPS-8" NPS

53

dipped, inc coated welded

2.70 - 7.00 mm W.T.

ASTM A

Pipes, for general Eng.

513

Purposes

ISO-65 1981(E)

Mild Steel Tubes

21.3 - 219.1 mm OD 1.00-7.00 mm W.T. ½" to 6" NB

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books Khurana P.K, “Export Management” Gangotia Publication Company Thomas E. Johnson., Export/Import Procedure and documentation, Nabhi Publications Paras Ram, Export: what, where and how, Anupama Publication, Delhi R.L Varshney, and B. Bhattacharya, International Marketing Management Company’s policies

WEBSITE

www.goodlucksteel.com http://www.goodlucksteel.com/tubes-pipes.html http://www.goodlucksteel.com/tubes-pipes-manufacturing-process.html http://www.goodlucksteel.com/tubes-pipes-general-applications.html

www.steelguru.com http://steelguru.com/news/stainless_steel.html http://steelguru.com/forum/latest_messages.html

www.steel wikipedia.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel#Historically http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel#Uses_of_steel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel#Contemporary_steel