Nexus Between Transfer And Development.

SYLLABUS OF HST I st YEAR - AU ENG.- COLLEGE HST - SYLLABUS 1.Historical Perspective: The Nature of Science & Technology,Roots of Science & Technology in India,Science & Society,Scientists & Society,& the rise of Applied Sciences. 2.Policies & plans after Independence.: Nehru’s Vision of Science for Independent India,Science & Technology Development in the new Era.Science & Technological Developments during the Five Year Plan Periods & Science & Technology Policy Resolutions. 3.Research & Development(R & D ) in India:Expenditure in R & D ,Science &Tech. Education,Research Activities & promotion of Technology Development, Tech. Mission, Programs Aimed at Technoligical self-reliance,Activities of CSIR. 4.Science & Technology Development in the Major Areas : SPACE- Objectives of Space program,Geo-Stationery Satellite Services-INSAT System & INSAt services Remote Sensing Applications,Launch Vehicle Technology; OCEAN DEVELOPMENT –Objectives of Ocean Development,Biological & Mineral Resources,Marine Research & Capacity Building;DEFENSE RESEARCH ---- Spin-off Technologies for civilian use;BIO-TECHNOLOGY –ApplicatioNs of Bio-Technology in – Medicine,Agriculture,Food,Fuel &Fodder,Development of BIO-SENSORS & Animal Husbandry ; ENERGY –Research & Development in Conservation of Energy,India’s Nuclear Energy Program-Technology Spin-offs. 5.NEXUS Between Technology Transfer &Development : - - Transfer of Technology - Types,Methods,Mechanisms,Process,Channels & Techniques;Appropriate TechNolgy, Technology Assessment, Technological Forecasting, Technological InnovatIons & Barriers of Technological Changes.

.1. TO ALL STUDENTS OF Ist YEAR/ HST SOCIETAL APPLICATION OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY THROUGH RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING NEXUS BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT First 3 Chapters. Science is the study,description,experimental investigation,& the theoretical explanation of the nature & behaviour of phenomena in the physical & natural world. Technology is the application of Science,usually for Industries & their processes-it is the system of knowledge & action applicable to any recurrent activity..They have to have a practical value for the use of humanity in some form or other..& thus sdabve time & better application of human activity. ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION. – Very Important for students. The ROOTS of our present science & Technology is our ancient civilization going back to 5000 years, and it had an amazing continuity till about 2500 -2000 BC.The Indus valley Civilization (MAHENJADHARO –HARAPPAN) was socially and technically precise and well developed. The people at that age knew the use of the wheel and the plough, smelted and forged metal, and were capable of designing protection measures against Fire and floods alike. They possessed high technical skill in construction and its work, using standardized burnt bricks for their buildings, and also planned their cities with symmetry, well arranged streets and an elaborate drainage system, projecting sophisticated awareness of sanitation and hygiene.But there is no record of their intellectual efforts and ideas. In between after 5000BC around 3000 & 1000 BC,the Vedic Age marked a new era of intellectual inquiry and Technological endeavour.Several surgical practices in use more than 2000 years ago in India.Several surgical instruments,including scalpels,catheters,syringes & forceps,were developed by the early surgeons who could conduct operations for cataracts & laparotomy.Surgical konwlefge spread from INDIA TO THE ARABS,GREEKS,& EGYPTIANS.PERSIAN influence gave rise to UNANI MEDICINE IN INDIA IN THE 13th 14th centuries.plant genetics was laso a field of research. This a sort of influence on the Islamic Region from our civilization in certain aspects.The Islamic contribution of Science & Technology to Human developments is in the form of medicine (UNANI Medicine) .

.2. Ancient mathematical works such as Sulva-Sutras show the use of Geometry for designing and constructing altars.Mathematics was an important field of knowledge and the ancient Indians made valuable contributions to it.To day mathematics is acknowledged as the queen of all sciences.Hindus thought like wise more than 3000 years ago.” Like the crest of a peacock,like the gems on (the hoods of) snakes,so is mathematics at the head of all Vendanga Sastras”. Mathematicians like Aryabhatta,Bhaskara I ,Brhmagupta, Mahavir, Aryabhatta II, and Srihari developed most of the mathematics formulae which continue to be used even todayThe approximate value of II (pie) as 3.1416 – a value used to day in all types of mathematics, Algebra, Geometry, Trignometry etc.Astronomy essential for sacred purposes used for practical purposes like Agriculture etc,,developed during the old period continues to be an important science even today. Medicine was practiced during that period so also the other fields of Chemistry, Physics, Agriculture, which formed a base for the present development of Science and Technology. Indus valley civilization displayed advanced skills. Indian Technology developed several hard cements. Constructional engineering reached high levels in the medieval times age inwide range of monuments including metallurgy, metal casting etc – The Iron Pillar in Dehi is a fine example of the quality. Navigation also was used in a scientific manner, an example being “The Matsya Yantra” which later the western world copied and used as Mariners Compass. Textiles also were very m uch in vogue during the period between 2500 -1000BC (Students please note that this is the / evolution of science since ancient times and our present status in science and Technology is the Impact of our Ancient Science on the Society to day.) – could be a important question for you. note that the evolution of science in the past history has raised the SPIRIT to develop, research etc.,into more science and Technology.

.3. Science Policy Resolution ,Vision of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and the 5 year plans. The first Prime Minister of India late Jawaharlal Nehru realized how indispensable is the development of Science & Technology.Thus he moved the Science Policy Resolution in the Parliament in 1958 which was latewr modified over the years and in 1983 with certain aims as follows :• Achieve a greater spread in the use of Technological developments, • Ensure accessibility of Technological devices to all segments of the society with special emphasis on remote and rural communities in order to improve their quality of life. • Enhance infrastructural facilities. • Upgrade traditional skills and reduce drudgery keeping in view the special needs of women and the weaker sections of society. • Encourage industries for enhancing human skills to upgrade existing technologies to comparable international levels as well as to attain such levels for newer and emerging Technologies. • Adoption ,adaptation and promotion of state-of-art Technologies for waste prevention and reduction by lesser consumption of raw matewrials with special emphasis on indigenous efforts. • Modification and upgradation of the process Technologies for optimal utilization of natural resources. • Adoption of prev entive approach for pollution control. • Promotion and use of cleaner Technologies & • Ensuring access to cleaner Technologies available abroad. The thrust areas for Technology development were to be related to : (see page 13) The Government announced yet another policy in 2003.The highlight of the objectives are (see page 14) Read all the 5 year plans with special emphasis on 7th,9th & 10th plans 10th plan emphasizes on self reliance,upgradation of technology etc. Read about CSIR well and its objectives with achievements during the 10th plan. In fact 10th plan covers almost all aspects of S & T IN Agriculture,Industry,energy,defence & Bio-Technology. Spin-offs of all technologies developed in all departments for civilian use are important with special focus in defence.,& Bio-Technology.

.4. Technology is made up of three different types of Technology. _ 1. Low Technology 2.Intermediate Technology 3. High Technology 4.APPROPRIATE Technology. National Research Development Co-operation (NRDC) is a nodal Technology Transfer organization in the Country. It has identified the constraints in commercializing indigenous Technology, some which are : lack of design and Engineering facilities, a pre-production bottle neck, lack of financial support, and lack of Market Data. Now the CSIR and NRDC have evolved various strategies to get the private sector to use indigenously developed Technologies.1.Equity scheme under which a firm gets ready-to-use Technology if it gives an equity participation to the Laboratory. Another is the profit-sharing scheme under which the Laboratory gets a part of the savings generated by the company using its Technology. The setting up of Marketing wings is also projected. However, Indian businessmen might have to be provided with more incentives to adopt indigenous Technologies. The concept of sharing development costs has to be encouraged. It is only with more evidence of successful projects using indegeneous Technology that exports or transfer of such Technology will increase. The CSIR network is exporting Technologies. The Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) HAS CONTRACTED TO TRANSFER PESTICIDE Technology for the AIDS Drug, ANTI-ULCER DRUG TO Brazil, and other Technologies to China and other countries. A leading company in Holland has bought a Hydro- dewaxing Technology developed at the National Chemical Laboratory (NCL).Collaborations with foreign firms are on the increase.In order to tap the talent and co-operation on non. resident Indian experts, CSIR - COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH. Read all connected items with CSIR.

.5. CSIR has 2 programmes – Transfer of Knowledge/Know how through Expatriate Indians (TOKTEN) and interface with Non-resident Indians in Science and Technology.(INRIST). Programmes are being reoriented and realign policies to meet the demands of the Industry. For this a task force has been created. Indian Industry has been reluctant to adopt indigenous Technology, preferring to import a proven Technology, to be one-time purchase, not a process. The private sector must change this attitude and put in more of its resources in research and Development. Indigenous Technology could thus find a better market. Unless the Technologies developed in the labs reach the actual end users, commercial exploitation cannot take place and the economy cannot benefit from the Technologies. To encourage ,generate and use indigenous Technology many fiscal and other incentives are granted by the by the Government .The steps taken for Transfer of Technology for its absorption is the creation of institutions like KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRAS extension centres and Polytechnology centres of CSIR,RURAL Technology-cum-Training centres of NRDC,and community polytechnics and the and the Ministry of Human Resources.The space technology transfers its Technologies,adopts Technologies developed by Indian Industries and Transfer Spin-offs, to Industry. like telecommunications etc.

.6. A strong and scientific and Technological infrastructure has been established in the country.The Industrial sector in India is in the Public Sector as well as in Private Sector. Finance and manpower deployed for Industrial R & D activities represent the Main Input to R&D and are used as indicators of the commitment of Industry to INNOVATION. In a developing country like India, it is inevitable that R&D activities be taken up on a large scale by the Government. However the functioning of these organizations has been far from satisfactory, the main and Major reason being the Political Interference in the Public Sector, being dictated Politically of running the Public Sector Industries and these are the Major Barriers also besides other Barriers, like funds not reaching in time radical interferences by political parties, and misuse at every instance, of funds. Marketing of knowledge requires special skills in the new environment, and knowledge of special nature has to be imparted to boost the marketing of Technology by way of Transfer or sale. Special consultants can FORECAST the market trends for the Industries and proper pricing of a competitive nature can be developed with the help of consultants using Statistical Methods. ASSESSMENT – The CSIR has contributed significantly to the National economy .some of them being the Labs do not have Mandatory goals.They are neither under the Ministries nor are they afliated to Major Industries..The CSIR does not interfere with working of R&D,or its utilization..The emphasis is now on reduced dependence on Government Funds, to be more amenable to forces and user demands.

.7. Technology Transfer is effected not only in Industry, but also in Agriculture and other scientific developments, including Medicines, and eradication of diseases of certain nature by way of Vaccines and other medicines distributed in Rural areas and remote areas for the benefit of mankind.,& forecasting with estimation of crop results in Agriculture,weather forecasting for Agriculture purposes,mapping Acreage for better utilization.The spin-offs of different technologies, including Defence,and NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY are transferred to the benefits of civilian and human benefits. & Industry overcoming the Barriers and Political hindrances. NEXUS is the interconnection or interaction between Transfer of Technology and Developments,which has to overcome Barriers of different kinds as mentioned. Low Technology - does not displace Labour / Intermediate Technology – refers to the production of finished goods & Intermediate Products. / High Technology – refers to the use of Sophisticated & Complex processes and Machinery,& is made use of in Major & GIANT Industries, like Steel, Communications Equipment,Space,and Nuclear Installations ,& Refineries etc. /Appropriate Technology,as the name indicates is suitable for given Conditions, of Production,Available Resources ,Technical Know-how, needs etc. Promotion of Science & Technology should lead to the Breaking down the BARRIERS of irrational and Superstious beliefs,& ideas that so often hamper & damper the Human Progress.Scientific Principles have been profitability applied in the fields of – Agriculture to increase yield ,improving Crops, - HEALTH is directly or indirectly influenced by the Discoveries of Science & Technology / - Communications play an Important role in disseminating (spread of) information and Knitting people together.Science & Technology have always been part of the developing process that is inherent to civilization. BY WAY OF TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY.

.8. BARRIERS: There are shortcomings like the dangerous side effects of Rapid Technological Development – Environment Pollution, /Dangerous reactions in Health curing Medicines & Tests. / In Agriculture excessive usage of, and not using APPROPRIATE Fertilisers for the Crops & Plants. These have to be earnestly checked and with the help of the same science and Technology avoid irrepairable or irreversible damage & more utility has to be made.misdirected & indiscreet usage of Technology should be avoided,& this is where Science & Technology R&D can be constructively used in the development of our country India. ( critical note) The impact of Scientific & Technological endeavour is seen - in Industrial Advancement with high Technologies, Space Applications, Defence of our Country, does not mitigate the misery of a large section of people having to exist in unsanitary conditions, without safe Drinking Water, with little or no MEDICAL fecilities ,including education in the right direction. A large section of people still live under the above mentioned conditions & have to ge mitigated to the least or completely eradicate. Unless Rural India, including remote Areas in the country are benefited by Science &Technology. and its R&D. THE IMPACT OF Science &Technoligical R&D will continue to be at a low level. Efforts are being made and the progress is slow – as Barriers continue to Hamper progress. Self-Reliance : The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) is the nodal department for granting recognition to in-house Research & Development Centres.

.9. Under Programme Aided at Technological Self Reliance (PATSER),the department promotes efforts of Industry in development & demonstration of Indigenous Technologies. Some of the products/processes developed under PATSER include, equipment for Fork lifts, multilingular pager, extraction technology for recovery of NICKEL, energy efficient drying system, in-plant material handling system, digested organic supplement from Agricultural waste, Earth moving Machinery, etc. PATSER projects have strengthened the linkages with many research Laboratories/Institutions which have been collaborating with Industry in the specific Research, Design, Development & Engineering (RDDE) projects of High Techno-Socio- Commercial Impact Thus Self Reliance Programme is created and developed and there is fairly good success rate.,and this can ultimately enhance the efficacy of Transfer of Technology MECHANISMS Suitable Mechanisms will be evolved by which independent inputs on S & T policy & planning are obtained on a continuous basis form a wide cross-section of scientists & Technologists. Mechanisms will be established to review on a continuous basis the academic & administrative structures & procedures in the S & T systems at all levels,so that reforms could be effected to meet the challenge of the changing needs. ASSESSMENT : Assessment is done through the work being done by and through CSIR – Innovations entertained through incentives , and the BARRIERS which are negative features of S & T Development.

.10. This the NEXUS between the Transfer & Development, and it covers the methods,policies, mechanisms, processes, techniques, forecasting for Marketing purposes of Technology & in Agriculture Improvements and Assessment. This is the NEXUS between the Transfer & Development, and it covers the methods, policies, mechanisms, processes, techniques, forecasting for Marketing purposes, & in Agriculture Assessment CRITICAL POINTS (NEGATIVE SIDE) & BARRIERS. There are some shortcomings: the dangerous side effects of rapid Technological development have to be seriously & earnestly faced & checked.:environmental degradation,as an example has to be prevented with the very help of Science & Technology whose careless application can cause irreversible damage.Interaction between the scientific community & the rest of the society must be encouraged to avoid misdirected research & suboptimal use of investment (less than optimal or not of the best quality).A better management of resources is called for so that Science & Technology can be constructively used & to the best effect in the development of the country. Although there has been a phenomenal growth in the number of universities & colleges imparting Science education, there has been a consistant decline in the % of school students opting for science after passing the SSLC or 10th ,from 32% in 1950 to 15% as at present.The policy shift during the eighties towards permitting involvement of private & voluntary organizations in setting up of Technical & Management Institutions on self – financing basis ushered in an era of unprecedented expansion of Technical education system,a trtend which has continued during the 7th ,8th &9th 5 year Plans.The question arises: why this brain drain?.To some extent it is inevitable-India cannot offer the same standard of living & monetary benefits that a developed country can & also do.India does not have the sophistification in Hardware in its laboratories for advanced research.The conditions of work prevailing in our R&D organizations,more so of the government,form the deterrent to talent remaining in this country.All enthusiasm is killed by the atmospherte of bereaucratisation,sycophancy & suppression of free thought & experimentation- and also a lot of money is wasted through there R&D organizations of Government on unproductive schemes.

.11. BIOCONTROL Intensive & recurrent use of some of the chemical pesticides leads to Toxicity in the environment & pesticides resistance in target pests.But controlling pesticides can be achieved by the use of Biologicaol control agents,attractants & growth-affecting agents,besides being environmental-friendly,bio-pesticides are noncarcinogic(cancer producing) & have a high degree of insect specificity.The most CRITICAL of social issues are the questions of privacy & fair use of genetic information.The ability to diagnose vulnerability to disease on a genome-wide basis will multiply the quandaries which have already been raised by the present level of genetic tresting.These are factors of the RISK ANXIETY , unwelcome changes in personal relationships,and the dangers of stigmatization to be considered. BIO-INSECTICIDES & BIO-PESTICIDES –intensive & recurrent use of some of the chemical pesticides leads to Toxicity in the environment & pesticide resistance in target pests.Bio-technology offers several means of overcoming the the side effects by allowing farmers to adopt altyrnative strategies towards pest control.These include the use of Biological control agents, attractants & growth affecting agents.Besides being environment friendly.bio-pesticides arte non-carcinogrnic & have a high degree of insect specifity. POSITIVE SIDE - The critical Technology programme is concerned with the residues of some Technology-related schemes such as the iniation of Technology Missions ,Technology promotion,& special Technology projects:it contains some new iniatives directed towards the strengthening of Technological capabilities in some critical areas in the Country. (page37) AGRICULTURE : Defi ne crop rotation ? Crop rotation is the technique in which different crops are grown on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.Crop rotation practice helps in more yield of crop.It helps in controlling plant diseases.Controls depend on nutrients in soi CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF THE CROP. While selecting the crop for rotation,the following points should be kept in view: 1.Availability of moisture through Rain or irrigation. 2.Nutrients Status. 3.Availability of in-puts ie., fertilizers,pesticides,man power. 4.Duration of the crop - short or long. 5.Marketing & processing fecilities.. Besides this ASSESSMENT of crop rotation DEPENDS ON Biological & economical

.12. What is ASSESSMENT OF CROP ROTATION ? Describe the methods of ASSESSING CROP ROTATION. The ASSESSMENT OF CROP ROTATION IS TO COMPARE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CROP WHICH GIVE SIMILAR PRODUCE AND USE SIMILAR RESOURCE.ASSEMENT OF CROP ROTATION DEPENDS ON THE BIO-LOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL FACTORS.SINCE BIO-LOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT CROPS,THERE ARE DIFFERENT METHODS OF ASSESSMENT OF CROP ROTATION Read Objectives of 10th Plan & achievements of 10th plan well As important Further to the Xerox copies I have provided u – please note the following :( use this ) SCIENCE POLICY RESOLUTION The Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958 and the Technology Policy Statement of 1983 enunciated the principles on which the growth of science and Technology in India has been based over the past several decades. These Policies have emphasized self-reliance, as also sustainable and equitable development. They embody a vision and Strategy that are applicable today, and would continue to inspire us in our endeavours. In order to achieve goals set forth in this Policy Resolution Statement, an integrated set of measures needed to be taken. To ensure this appropriate executive actions or legislative measures were to be Methodologies were to be evolved for a comprehensive watch on the generation of R& DE ( REASEARCH,DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING) results and their application in manufacturing and service Industries. It was further to be ensured that the feedback would be available to Government and Corporate Sector for taking timely and appropriate corrective action. As announced in 2003 the new revised Science & Technology Policy highlights the following Objectives in the context of changing new era of Globalisation :-

.13. • To promote the empowerment of women in all Science & Technology activities & ensure their full & equal participation. • To ensure food, Agriculture, nutritional, environmental, water, health & energy security of the people on a sustainable basis. • To ensure that the message of science reaches every citizen of India,so that we advance scientific temper ( SPIRIT, awareness & deep involvement) , emerge as a progressive and enlightened society, & make it possible for all our people to participate fully in the development of Science & Technology & its application for human welfare ,reducing human drudgery,rural & urban imbalances. To encourage research & innovation in areas of relevance or appropriate for the economy & society, particularly by promoting close & productive interaction ( here please note students: NEXUS, or SYNERGY, or BOND or NETWORK) autonomy & freedom between private & public institutions in Science & Technology in universities and other academic institutions on key leverage Technologies such as Bio-Technology, drugs & Pharmaceuticals & materials Science & Technology would be given special importance. • To establish an Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime which maximizes the incentives for the generation & protection of intellectual property by all types of inventors • To encourage research & application for forecasting ,prevention & mitigation of loss & suffering in all aspects through Natural hazards – viz: floods, cyclones, earthquakes, drought & landslides . • To promote International Science & Technology co-operation towards achieving the goals of National Development & Security & make it a key element of our International relations. • To substantially strengthen enabling Mechanisms that relate to Technology development, evaluation, absorption, & upgradation from concept to utilization.

.14. SOCIETY BENEFITS FROM SCIENCE & TECH NOLOGY DIRECTED TO: • Achieve a greater spread in the use of Technological benefits. • Ensure accessibility of Technological devices to all segments of society with special emphasis on remote & rural community. ,in order to improve their quality of life. • Enhance infrastructural facilities. • Upgrade traditional skills & reduce drudgery keeping in view the special needs of women & the weaker sections of society. • encourage industries for enhancing human skills to upgrade existing Technologies to comparable international levels for newer & emerging Technologies. AIMS OF POLICY DIRECTED TOWARDS :• adoption, adaptation & promotion of state-of-the –art Technologies for waste prevention & reduction by lesser consumption of raw materials with special emphasis on indigenous efforts. • Modification & upgradation of the process Technologies for optimal utilization of natural resources. • Adoption & preventive approach for pollution control. • Promotion & use use of cleaner Technologies. • Ensuring access to cleaner Technologies available in other countries. • Deliberate steps were to be initiated to continuously augment the number of scientific & technical personnel in relation to the population of the country. • Improvements of the quality of management of R&D institutions by special attention. Career prospects to be deliberately encouraged through further concrete measures so as to attract scientists & Technologists to the challen ges of creative science & innovative development with a major target in number

.`15. The 6 Plan – as a value system & therefore it was felt that the “Task of creating scientific temper (awareness & deep involvement) is a vital necessity for the growth of science & its utilization in the development process. A close NEXUS between Science & Technology & education is envisaged. Creating necessary structures to TRANSFER THE BENEFITS OF Science & Technology to Rural areas. 9th plan – emphasis on self reliance in the context of growing global restrictions on High-Technology movement. Technological skills can be converted into Commercial strength. The plan called for greater autonomy in S&T with flexibility as well as accountability, a strong monitoring system to assess research output, human resource development in specialized areas, SPIN-OFFS from Hi – TECH/strategic areas(space, Defence, Atomic Energy) for use in civilian sectors & bringing in professionals to the S&T system/services through creation of a pool of S&T managers for efficient management & administration of Science activities. 10th Plan - The approach in the 10th plan would be to lay greater emphasis on the development of indigenous Technologies & focus on latest Technologies available elsewhere. Significant efforts will be made in those areas where India has a competitive edge globally & where benefits of S&T can percolate to people who have been denied these benefits so far. Development of innovative Technologies to meet the needs of the country and preserve, protect & add value to indigenous resources & bio-diversity, & the traditionally rich knowledge. Priority is to be accorded to Technologies oriented towards human welfare – Technologies that can provide creative & cost effective solutions in health services, population management, mitigating the losses and suffering due to natural hazards, conservation of land water and energy resources and manage for sustainable development.10 th plan envisages to provide massive support to basic research in universities so that India can contribute significantly towards frontiers of self reliance & indigenous industrial efforts, to meet the specific requirements of the country and its people. The measure could be through joint workshops/seminars, exhibitions sandwitched programmes, involving students towards industry during their academic pursuits,establishing links between R&D/academic Institutions, Industry and setting up of accurate& reliable Database, innovations, breakthroughs in Technology to the thrust areas. th

.16. The major thrust area –Transfer of Technology to Industry.R&D/academic institutions should give appropriate engineering aspects in design &application and constant upgradation of the Technology to be transferred. Government &Industrial Associations should work together for the establishment of independent Test facilities for reliable quality checks, calibration and technological validation Establishment of Industry S&T Institutions (ISTI) with Technology management centres manned by well qualified personnel with common boundaries should be pursued, besides establishment of S&T entrepreneurship parks,& upgrading R&D infrastructure of the Industry through consortium of Industry associations. Mechanisms should be evolved to identify programmes for application of S&T for improving standards of living conditions of the weaker sections of people & also women, for the development of rural areas, reduce the regional imbalance & inculcating scientific awareness amongst the masses of civilization. The impact of Industrial products developed for the improvement of rural quality of life in terms of health, nutritional status, purchasing power,& improving knowledge in general for which a mechanism needs to be instituted. Saving time & energy, at the same time augmenting the income by providing simple, affordable scientific solutions. create competitiveness amongst small scale industry & cottage industry is to be encouraged to play a vital role, this could even reach the remotest areas of the country as IT & computer literacy can be imparted to even people not having formal education. This will lead to a valuable solution of engaging the excessive population as human resource.

.17. Identify and make people use natural resources like wood,bamboo,medicinal plants, judiciously through the application of environmentally clean technologies. Impact of innovations is to be reflected in improved livelihood for a large sector of population. Programmes for natural diseases mitigation. AIDS/cancer research, alternate energy sources, clean technologies, climate predictions,high performance CERAMICS , etc, almost covering many range of applications in Agriculture, biotechnology for exploitation of ocean resources, modernize communications. Specialised science institutes of excellence like IIMs, IITs, should be encouraged to adopt some schools for each laboratory, attracting talented students to R&D through an assured career opportunity.{Although there is phenomenal growth in the educational institutions, there is a decline in imparting the appropriate science education, thus reducing the option for students towards science & technology} ( students to note that this a critical point ). Technology Mission The Technology missions begun in the 7th plan focused on human needs such as – • Improving the availability & quality of drinking water, immunization, literacy,( * enhancing production of edible oils & • Pulses),telecommunications & wasteland development. Advantage of such missions is, they break the processes of change and deliver them as manageable tasks as packaged programmes, thus speeding up the development in all spheres in the country. The purpose of the missions is to improve by motivation level of the people through greater zeal as required to speed up development. these missions are founded by The planning Commission.

• • • •

.19. DST has helped in the initiation of specific schemes – Development of biological pest control, biofertiliser & aquaculture, select retrofit automation, air navigation system & in electronics. Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure in Universities & other higher educational Institutions (FIST

NOTE: * in brackets is not a key factor though you can write about it at the last. • Technology Transfer to Industry towards indegenisation relevant to social needs. A Technology Transfer Advisory Committee constituted by DST, guides Technology Transfer issues & a TT cell sees to TT activities of projects with the objective of encouraging Technology generation & diffusion from DST – FUNDED Scheme TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING (NEXUS) between TT&Development. Technology Information Forecasting & Assessment Council (TIFAC) was constituted for strengthening national capabilities in Technology Forecasting &Assessment to enable independent options & advice. Working under DST it monitors Technological developments in India & abroad.TIFAC has undertaken a project for integrated, computerized, interactive & decentralized nationally accessible Technology Information system called TIFACLINE. TIFAC is an autonomous body, the objectives being-: • Technology forecasting, Assessment, techno-market survey documents & to enable nationally accessible information & interactive system. TIFAC has constituted action teams to generate linkages & specific project proposals to realize vision into missions and action packages in several forecasted and assessed technologies in various fields & TIFACLINE is a nationally computerized system to provide information in several Technology areas for online access from Major cities.

.20. Expenditure on R&D The National investment on R&D activities reached Rs.6821.02 crores or 0.81% of Gross Natiuonal Product, according to survey during 1994-95 carried out by DST.The shatre of Central Government is 64.9%,share of public industrial sector is 10.1%,the contribution of private industrial sector is 16..4%,while State Government shares 8.6%.Private &Public sector together spent Rs.1804. crores ie., 0.6$ of sales turnover. India spent 0.83% of the GNP on R&D. in 92-93 & in 90-91 0.85%.Most developed countries spend about 2% or even more of their GNP on R&D activities. DEFENCE RESEARCH efforts page 401 read. Page 409 – Spin-off Technologies for Civilian Use. From (the DRDO to - -------- upto page 410 civilian shop shelv Energy – page 281 (Research & Development & Conservation) Read page 281 ,282,283 upto 5% ethanol. Page 284 –Renewable sources Start from India is 284,285,286,287,290,293,296 – 298 objectives in 10th plan. OTHER SPIN-OFFS. Seismo-Techtonic Map – Geological Survey of India aims to make an integrated evaluation of Data received from satellites,air-borne geophysical and ground surveys and draw thematic maps of mineral-rich regions and delineate areas for mineral search.As a SPIN-OFF of this project,a seismo-technic map of peninsular India has been brought out which shows this region-once considered to be stable and relatively free of earth quakes- to be seismic active zone. Captive satellite-based networks for National Thermal Power Corporation(NTPC),Gas AUTHORITY OF India Ltd(GAIL),Nuclear Power Corporation,Indian Telephone Industries(ITI),Oil and Natural Gas Commission(ONGC),National Fertilisers Limited(NFL) and Coal India Limited(CIL)are operational.A CIL earth station at Poonch has been commissioned. The National Stock Exchange (NSE)VSAT network in extended C-band is operational. A number of captive government networks are also working with INSAT. (The above para can be taken as a spin-off using SATELLITES.) & also Transfer of Technology.

.21. IMD –Indian Meteorological Department issues warnings against rainfalls, strong winds and cyclonic weather for general public and various private and public organizations including aviation, defence services, ships, ports, fishermen, ountaineering expeditions and agriculturists. Disaster warning system receivers have been installed in disaster-prone areas Along the coast and more would be installed. In addition IMD operates Data Platforms. Cyclone warnings to Ports are issued at various port SPIN-OFFS CONTD: TECHNOLOGY SPIN-OFFS NUCLEAR SCIENCE. Nuclear science Technologies developed by BARC have been transferred as “spin-offs” to the Industries for commercial exploitation.The health pipe lines Of Indian Oil Corporation can be checked by a pipeline inspection gauge.The Thyristor Chopper Control systems have helped the Railways to reduce power losses on suburban trains.Studies have been undertaken on silt movements in Mangalore Port & Hoogly river estuariy,flow measurements in rivers & water seepage identification in certain areas in our country undertaken.Several kinds of LASERS for Industrial & Medical applications have been developed.Computer controlled Laser for welding system for the welding of heart PaceMaker developed,& has been in use by a private company.Asuper computer system has been built,an Intelligent BRAILLE interpreter system ,antenna systems,advanced remote handling & Robotic devices are being developed.BARC has developed desalination Technology.The central govrment using such Technology have developed a few desalination plants.At KALPAKKAM a desalination Plant is being erected to convert Sea-water into drinking water. NEUCLEAR PROGRAMME OF INDIA – read page 320 from Organisation Upto end of the 2nd para contribution to national security.

.22. SPACE RESEARCH Objectives – The primary objectives: i. satellite-based resources survey and environment monitoring/ ii. Satellite communications./iii.meteorological applications./iv. Development of indigenous satellite launch vehicles & associated ground segment for providing these space based services. The thrust in the 10th plan will be on the development of space technology & large scale applications of this Technology in priority areas to act as a catalyst for economic development,a tool for enhancing the quality of human resources and to strengthen national security. Cryogenic technology was used for the first time in ISRO vehicle. Cryogenic Engine is crucial to the development of GSLV Using liquid Hydrogen and liquid oxygen.These engines give greater thrust. Insat system & its applications. I NSAT is the largest domestic satellite communication system in Asia Pacific Region.,with 9 satellites in operation – INSAT-3A ,3B,3C,3E,KALPANA-1,GSAT2,EDUSAT & INSAT-4A.The system has Meteorological Instruments on some of its satellites.It provides services in TV,Tele-communications,V SATs & Meteorology including DISASTER MANAGEMENT . INSAT has been a major catalyst for the expansion of TV coverage in India..In the area of Tele-communications various terminals are operating through INSAT. INSAT societal applications. It is important to note that besides use for routine Tele-communications,V SATs&TV, INSAT is used for a variety of societal applications. Application is in Education – One of the satellites in the INSAT System,EDUSAT is dedicated to exclusively for providing education.It covers all regions of India(Mainland).EDUSAT is primarily meant for providing connectivity to school,college & higher levels of education & also to support non-formal education including developmental communication.

,.23. Another application of INSAT in space-based TELE-MEDICINE. Tele-medicine is a confluence of communication Technology,IT,Medical Engineering,&Medical Science.The Tele-medicine system consists of customized Hardware & software at both the Patient & Doctors’ end,with diagnostic tools like ECG,X-Ray,& Pathology provided at both the ends such as the patient &doctors treating the patient linked through INSAT satellite using V SATs.The medical records of the patient are sent to the Specialist Doctor,who in turn,study them & provide diagnosis & treatment through a VIDEO-CONFERENCE with the doctor treating the patient.This network covers 172 Hospitals & Super speciality Hospitals in Major cities,connected to 138 Remote & Rural Hospitals,covering all regions of India.Alarge number of patients have already been benefited with this Teleconsultation & treatment using ISRO Tele-medicine Satellite network. The Meteorological DATA of I NSAT System This is used by the INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (IMD).for weather forecasting,both symptomatic & numerical weather predictions.The The weather platforms all over the country collect weather parameters which are relayed to a central place via INSAT,for quick spread of warnings against approaching CYCLONES,warnig officials & public alike in general using INSAT broadcasting capability. Another emerging area of application is in the Area of Navigation India is in the process of establishing an INDIAN NAVIGATIONAL SATELLITE SYSTEM(IRNSS).IRNSS soon would be an important component of the India Strategy for satellite system for Navigation.The INSAT system is equipped with Search &Rescue systems that relays and pick up signals originating from the distress beacons of Maritime ,aviation &land users. (SOLAS &SOS) sailors lives on seas.& save our souls.

.24. IRS SYSTEM & ITS APPLICATIONS.(REMOTE SENSING) India has established the largest constellation of Remote Sensing Satellite System in the world,providing DATA of various kinds appropriate to the application.The satellites in operation are – IRS-1C,1D,P-3,OCEANSAT-1,&CARTOSAT-1.Some of the important applications of IRS Satellites include ground water prospecting, mapping crop-acreage & production estimation of the crops,agro-climatic planning,bio-diversity characterization,Desertification monitoring,& assessment,wasteland areas inventory,use/ land cover studies,Ocean resources survey including recasting potential fishing zones,support to Disaster Management etc., using the DATA from IRS ,development of spatial information system on ground water has been undertaken,The success rate is fairly high according to statistics. APPLICATIOPN IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE. IRS DATA is used for drop acreage, production estimating &assessment, crop rotation on a country wide basis covering major crops such as., wheat, rice, cotton, mustard & ground nut. Forecasting agriculture output through AgroMeteorological & land observations, are planned now. Inthe area of forestry forest survey is now carried out using DATA from IRS. Bio-Diversity information system containing exhaustive DATABASE on species has been beveloped.It identifies the gap areas & species-habitat relationship and helps Bio-Diversity conservation & planning by setting priorities. APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF FISHING ZONES. It has helped (IRS) fisherman for locatibng potential fishing zones,& forecasting also.,including the seasonal apprpropriate season s for fishing. APPLICATION IN OTHER AREA Forecast of snow-melt run-off./wasteland atlas mapping, depicting the spatial information, identification and delineation of new areas where reclamation programmes have been generated. IRS DATA has been used for Archeological applications, pattern studies of soil & vegetation. Palaeo –channels(fossil) & other trend lines. IRS is used for environment changes monitoring & vegetation Density. Utilisation of village resources, Disaster management, soil & ground water in /villages or rural areas.

.25. ACADEMIC & INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION. Universities carry out R&D in space sciences & Technology application by providing grants and results used in space programmes –a Transfer of Technology. ,in which Indian Industries From HEALTH CHAPTER Know that Malaria has been eradicated, so also Small Pox, -Prograame of immunization of TB, providing pulse Polio programme, efforts to plan vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Varieties if vaccines for Rabbies, BCG,& Triple antigen(for to be given to a child few months after birth),against Diptheria TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY & also NEXUS. Read page 21 – para 3 – from Technology transfer --- complete/ page 22 upto institutions before - fromSWARNAJAYANTI FELLOWSHIP onwards leave. Start from 10th plan in page 22 ,page 23 end of page & last bit 24..Go to page 263 – last but 1 para – Scheme to enhance the Efficacy of Transfer of Technology --------- upto page 264 - 1st para tech –transfer.Go to page 37 last para Technologies of social relevance ---------- page 40 after box border,A Technology Transfer Cel upto DST-funded schemesScheme to enhance the efficacy of Transfer of Technology. Read -On page 263 – upto -page 264 end of iv in the 1 st para starting from i. major objectives ---- upto in the country. page 525 last para –“A technology developed --upto has been transferred to Industry”.page 273- 2nd para “The NRDC,a nodal upto the end of para – will increase”. Page 271 –

.26. TECHNOLOGYTRANSFER AND EXPORT From “ unless upto page 272 upto – CSIR para end.”last para on 272 from’however upto – 6th line research and development.”.( this is already mentioned on page 1 of this notes abvout CSIR) Page 13 from thrust area (a) critical Technologies --- here CRITICAL has a different meaning. - go to page 37 4th para/from The Critical Technology to the end of that para (critical areas in the country) In Bio-Tech page 523 from Biocontrol to the end of the para –specifically/ here criticize is negative ( -ve) – next page 513 from “The most critical of -------Upto end of the para considered” to be considered as ( -ve ) / page504 2 nd para from Bio-Insecticides & Bio-pesticides -------- upto the end of para insect specificity.(-ve) both –ve & + ve side/ positive is from “ Biotechnology offers several Upto insect specificity”. This is very important in Technology Transfer. Read page 445 2nd paragrapgh starting – ISRO’S technology Transfer till the end of the page last line consultancy. & page 446 1st 3 lines. Animal Husbandry – page 508 from” Animals meet upto end of para great significance” this is the same as in page 525 (Animal Husbandry) page 35 from TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TIFAC – page 34 Impact – page 33 from REASEARCH ACTIVITIES & PROMOTION - IT IS RESEARCH ACTIVITIES & its Impact. Read well 9th Plan & 10 th plan – Objectives & achievements of 10 th plan . 10th plan achievements - I gave you a Xeroxed matter Please read the complete Xeroxed matter well including CSIR.about CSIR you can read from the text also.. Please read SCIENCE POLICY RESOLUTION – BOTH MY Xerox copy as well as Textbook. Please read spin-offs well (all) – could be in short notes or question could be “ Benefits for the Society or people” – Read Forecasting well. Read page 411 – objectives – INSAT SYSTEMS as dictated by me & also pages 416 (INSAT systems),417,418,419.420,421 for to gather any additional information from – read 423 – last para from Captive satellite-based --------- upto end of that para working with Insat – could be as benefits or short notes.

.27. In BIO- TECHNOLOGY READ ALL IN ITALICISED WORDS FROM THE BOOK – • Some of the important items are as follows:• Food Biotechnology • Fuel and Fodder • Development of Biosensor • Animal Husbandry. All the above are important and are in syllabus. Page 529 – INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS From – Biotechnology upto (NRDC) Areas of Impact - from” Vaccines based – upto immunologicals or produced “ 6th sentence. • Definitions : Bio-Technology – The Exploitation of biological processes for Industrial & other purposes,especially genetic manipulation of micro-organisms ( for the production of anti biotics,harmones etc Bio Diversity - : - “The variety and variability of all animals,plants and Microorganisms found on earth ”. Species level || Genetic level || 3 different levels of Bio-Diversity. Eco-system level || Significance of Bio-Diversity - 1. to maintain balance in Nature 2.based on applications 3.for the sustenance of mankind. Branches of Bio-Technology: 1. RED BIO-TECHNOLOGY. 2.GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY. 3.WHITE BIO-TECHNOLOGY. 4.BLUE BIO-TECHNOLOGY 1. Applied to Medical Processes. 2.Applied to Agricultural Processes. 3.Applied to Industrial Processes. 4.Applied to Marine & Aquatic

.28. (A) Role of Scientists in the Society.

( as a question)

In order to enable large sections of our society to derive the benefits from science and Technology ,by way of research and development .Scientific and Technological activities require technically trained manpower and this is achieved through S&T Education.The university system in India continues to be the main source of S&T manpower development in India as scientists .The aims of the scientists are laid out by the Government Scientific wing policies to -: 1.To achieve a greater spread in the use of technological developments & devices to all segments of the society with special emphasis on remote and rural communities in order to improve their quality of life and raise the scientific cultural SPIRIT to higher standards,and shread the dividing barriers for development 2.upgrade traditional skills , enhance human skills and reduce drudgery keeping in view the special needs of women and the weaker sections of society. And also enhance the human skills through up gradation comparable to international standards in quality and maintain the same levels for newer and emerging technologies. 3.STATE-OF-THE –ART Technology to be developed for waste prevention, less usage of raw materials(saving natural resources wherever possible). 4.Controlling Pollution through cleaner Technologies and maintain ecological balance. 5.Continuous efforts to create more scientific and technical personnel relative to the welfare & improvement for the population . 6. for self reliance & utilization of indigenous resources,for improving our economy.

.29. (B) SPIRIT OF SCIENCE (as a question) The 6th Five year plan which regarded science both as an outlook and as a value system – this lead to the thinking of “ task of creating a SCIENTIFIC TEMPER (SPIRIT),Is a vital necessity, for the growth of science and its utilization in the development process.TEMPER is to be consideredf as awareness ,dedication and high SPIRIT TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY for the enhancement of the standards of the Indian community as a whole in all walks of lifeincluding industry. For achieving to raise the SPIRIT the 6th plan envisaged at creating new research institutions for research in new fields such as immunology etc.,and to transfer the benefits of science and technology to rural areas.,and this in turn raise the SPIRIT of science in the minds of the rural population along with the urban population. Thus a close NEXUS between science and Technology and education was envisaged to create and raise the spirit of science. The science and Technology policy as revised in 2003 made a mention to ensure that the message of science reaches the common man & woman alike, so that we advance scientific TEMPER ( scientific SPIRIT ,awareness and deep involvement),emerge as a progressive and enlightened society, and make it possible for all our people to PARTICIPATE fully in the development of S7T and its application to our welfare. The National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC),ever since its inception in the 1980s,has been engaged in science and Technology communication/popularization and inculcation of scientific Temper (SPIRIT) among the people. The evolution of science in the past in our ancient civilization has raised the SPIRIT of development ,research into Science and Technology & they are the roots for future developments. Regarding famous scientists of India – write the names on 20 th century Indian Scientists and their work.remember engineers & mathematicians are not scientists. Unless you are specifically asked about scientists in general do not write the names of foreign scientists.Regarding ancient scientific knowledge – it is more on knowledge side rather on R&D ,AS THEIR HISTORY IS NOT FULLY AVAILABLE FOR US.

.30. MARINE RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING. (you can write in spirit of science.) This is important CAPACITY BUILDING . Personnel involved in the exercise have to draw up knowledge of best practices & resources available to them.Infirmation & training on ways to better respond to & mitigate disasters to the responders go a long way in building capacity & resilicence of the country to reduce & prevent disasters.Training is an integral part of capacity building as trained personnel respond much better to different disasters & appreciate the need for prevention measures The Department of Ocean Development lays special emphasis on encouraging basic & applied research in Ocean related subjects with focus on assisting the universities & building up a skilled human resource base in Marine sciences. The objective is to encourage research in newly emerging & frontline areas of Marine Geology & Geophysics ,Marine Biology, Marine Ecology, Exploitation of Marine Resources, Coastal Engineering etc.,with a view to create infrastructure facilities in universities and to INCULCATE SCIENTIFIC TEMPER (AWARENESS OR SPIRIT) AMONGST THE PEOPLE IN RELATION TO Marine Science & Technology. (C) TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY (as a question) 1.Technology transfer to Industry. This a a major thrust area. R&D /academic institutions should give appropriate importance to design and product engineering aspects, and to the application, and constant upgrading of the Technology to be transferred. Government and Industry associations should work together for the establishment of independent test facilities for reliable quality-checks, calibration and also technology validation. Establishment of Industry S&T Interface Institutions (ISTI),with Technology management centres manned by qualified personnel, could also be considered, besides the establishment of S&T entrepreneurship parks, Technology Business Incubators, and upgrading R&D infrastructure of the Industry through consortiums of Industry associations. Technologies of social relevance needing a thrust towards indigenisation are being transferred to Industry. A Technology transfer Advisory Committee, constituted by the DST ,guides Technology transfer issues. A Technology transfer cell sees to technology transfer activities of projects with the objective of encouraging technology generation and diffusion from DSTfunded schemes. as weedicides, lack of transport & training facilities,& absence of proper study & in-depth evaluation.

.31. Crop rotation for sustainable Agriculture. Intensive farming system to meet the needs of ecology, equity & economics. Technology assessment, refinement & transfer is achieved through KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRAS, training centres. constraints in Technology Transfer may be technological, organizational & administrative, social, as well as some basic constraints. Specifically they relate to areas including marketing &pricing, soil & water conservation, evolving highyielding & disease resistant crop types, proper availability & use of chemicals such To over come these constraints & promote Technology Transfer certain emphasis is proposed : such as APPROPRIATE Technology development depending on the needs & problems of farmers. There is a scheme to enhance the Efficacy of Transfer of Technology (SEETOT). For export of technology, projects& servic APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY. This is suitable for given conditions of production, available resources, technical know-how, & needs. The intention is to increase production, quality and continual Improvement and finally raise our economy. Fulfillment for the needs of the society in all spheres .In Industry & agriculture Appropriate Technology raises the standard of production increase, and in quality to withstand International Competition .R&D for appropriate technology creates self-reliance and develop indigenous technology TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SCHEME through ISRO Technology transfer scheme of ISRO promotes & supports commercialization of technologies developed by ISRO for application in - 1. meeting the requirements of space programms & projects through buyback of products produced by Industry as a result of technology transfer.2.Television & broadcasting creating markets in India generated by space programms in satellite communications meteorological services, remote sensing for natural resources for survey purposes, and other spin-off applications. Recently around the end of April .08, using a PSLV 10 Insats have been launched from Sriharikota. A great achievement indeed. DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY developed a long distance rocket missile around the same time.

.32. Exclusive notes on CSIR The contribution of CSIR to the National economy has been significant, It is a major R&D source for globally competitive Technology, except in a handful areas. The important factor is that the laboratories do not have any mandatory goals. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was actually formed in 1942.This is a multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional giant body with a net work of 40 national laboratories/institutes, research Associations,Regional Complexes, Polytechnology, & Technology Transfer centres. The major functions of this apex body are – promotion ,guidance & co-ordination of scientific & Industrial Research In India. Establish & extend existing Institutions of Research for Scientific study of problems affecting Industries, trade and Institutions. awarding Fellowships, and also The R & D results transferred to Industries, trade and other Societal usages. The strategic road-map designed for CSIR for the 21st Century envisages :_ • Re-engineering the organizational structure. • Linking Research to Market space. • Mobilising and Optimizing the resource base. • Creating an enabling Infrastructure., and • Investing in High Quality Science that will be the harbinger(arrival of another) of future Technologies. CSIR, NRDC, global consultants EARNST & YOUNG (E&Y) India, and the leading US Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, have come together through Opportunia Enterprises in a major strategic alliance. The alliance seeks to promote Technology-based business in India, in the fast-growth sector of Bio-Technology, Pharmaceuticals etc. By assisting entrepreneurs to tap the infrastructural potential of CSIR, Technology and Technical skills. Opportunia is a one-stop platform where the entrepreuners and emerging fast-growth companies get end-to-end support and solutions for all points in the business life cycle-conceptualising, seeding, growth, diversification, doing IPO’s, Mergers, & acquisitions.

.33. CSIR has assisted Industry in the development of of viable & globally competitive Technologies & also provided backup support in exploration & exploitation of Indegenous Raw Materials & Natural Resources for Import substitution ,Pollution Control & effluent Treatment, waste utilization and energy conservation. The contribution of CSIR extends to almost all fields of Human Activity- such as health, defence, aero-dynamics, genetic engineering and also helped in developing the 1st Super Computer. Besides 11 of the new drugs developed in Independent India are from CSIR. Marketing skills & Knowledge are being imparted to Scientists with an aptitude for the field in special training programme. Technological Achievements of the CSIR during the 10th Plan. • Ceramic membrane based removal of Arsenic and Iron from contaminated ground water. • Pesticides removal unit for producing potable water, free from organic pollutants. • Setting up of Reverse Osmosis (RO) based desalination plants in villages. • Hand operated microfiltration units capable of providing bacteria and virus free water. • Ultra Filtration (UF) membrane based Technology requiring no Electricity & Chemicals to remove germs, cysts, spores, parasites, bacteria, etc. • Low Sodium salt from bitterns(Marsh Birds) in place of pure Sodium Chloride, which is being recommended to patients suffering from HyperTension. • Essential flight information, Navigational,& Target/Weapon release cues etc are provided to Pilots operating flights ,known as Head Up Display • (HUD) on board the planes. • Designed different components for Satellite communication systems using software packages. • Specific Instruments for Telecommunication net work has been developed. • CSIR established the 1st Glass manufacturing unit. • Some specific processes have been developed for application in Acrylic Fibre Industry.,& 80% of the product is being exported. • Bio sensors have been developed for faster response. The above are some of the important achievements of CSIR during the 10th Plan.

.34. In INSAT Systems - latest add 10 satellites have been sent into orbit by PSLV On APRIL 28th 2008 from SRIHARIKOTA which included CATOSTAT-2A Very few countries have achieved such a feat. Technology Mission – as a question in short notes. The National Technology missions focus on key human needs. This was started in 1985 in the 7th plan. These missions cover several areas such as – Drinking water availability & quality ,immunization, literacy, telecommunications, development of wasteland, improving the rural population with special emphasis on uplifting womenfolk from their drudgery, with modern amenities. Transfer of developed Technology into reality through Industry, Medicine, Health safeguarding projects with focus on interior unreachable areas. It encompasses many fields and some of them are fulfilled and some yet to be fulfilled. The achievements of the Technology Mission are fairly high and most of the human needs are being addressed. A Technology Mission on oil seeds production (TMOP) was set up in 1986 see Page 220. Technology Mission on DAIRY development- In 1965 the National Dairy Development Board(NDDB) was established at Anand in Gujarat. See page 229 Read about problem villages. : A problem village has been defined as one With no source of safe drinking water within a distance of 1.6 kms or within A depth of 15 mtrs. Other problem villages are those where available water Has excessive salinity, iron, fluoride,or other toxic elements, or where diseases Like cholera, guinea- worm, are endemic. Read about 10th plan under different items such a s –Agriculture, Space & Remote Sensing Research, Nuclear energy, energy saving& energy from Natural renewable resources. Defense & Bio-Technology. Industry, Transfer of Technology, Oceanography & various other research Thrusts, Applications and achievements including self reliance and uplifting Rural population with special emphasis on women folk, in saving time & Preserving energy for better purposes and also education for Rural &Tribal Population.

.35. Read about TOOLS for Application of Bio-Technology – page 528 Tools are being applied for conservation of endangered plant species,control Cleaner Technologies etc.Bio-Sensors have been developed for detection Of Organophosphate pesticides in residues of water. 4 Technologies for Environmental monitoring based on DNA probes & ELISA Technique (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY) Have been developed in the area of detection of biological toxins. Toxins. Technologies for cleaning the environment have been TRANSFERRED To Industry. (IMTECH)at Chandigarh & Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation,Bangalore have achieved a signifant breakthrough in the field of Alcohol production from Molasses using an improved yeast strain obtained by genetic manipulation. India has also developed the 1st Bio-Technology based process in the world for invert sugar syrup production.The process developed by the FOOD TECHNOLOGY & ENZYME ENGINEERING section of BARC has been licenced by the National Research Development Corporation(NRDC). .Read Human Health ,vaccines etc., from page .(529) upto HIV/AIDS & tuberculosis. CLONING Embryo transplantation -- ,used with cattle,goats,pigs, & sheep aims to increase the number of of off-spring from a quality highly rated female.(under highly rated harmone treatment to produce more eggs than normal). Cloning & genetic engineering are likely to be at the forefront of future research advances in animal breeding.Cloning embroyos to artificially produce genetic duplicates of an animal has also become possible.example is DOLLY IN Feb1997( a lamb With human genes) known as transgenic CLONING.,it was found that many other animals can also be artificially developed through this technology of cloning. (please read pages 498,499 (cloning para) & also box 527. Cloning of animals has been based on a technique known as “ nuclear transfer” Please remember this comes under TRANSFER OF TECHNIOLOGY.

.36. Animal Husbandry _ Animal science research is related to( 1) improving production & productivity of diffenret livestock species,(2) reducing losses in production & productivity resulting from mortality & morbidity due to diseases,(3) reducing losses in handling & processing of livestock products. ENERGY Energy classification-Energy sources can be classified as follows:A. Conventional & Non-Conventional Power Sources. Power Sources Conventional Non-Conventional 1. Hydro Electric 1. Bio-Mass 2. Thermal 2.Geo-Thermal 3. Nuclear 3.Solar 4.Co-Generation. 5.Wind Energy 6.Tidal Energy. B. Based on Mature or Emerging Catogories. Renewable Energy Sources. Mature 1. Bio-Mass Fuelled Power Plant 2. Bio-Mass Digesters. 3. Hydro-Electric Systems.

Emerging 1.Photo VoltaSystem(PV) 2.Wind Energy. 3.Solar Electric Conversion. 4.Ocean Energy. a.Waves b.Thermal Gradients.

.37. C.Based on Commercials & Non-Commercials. Energy Sources Commercial 1. Fossil Fuels. a. Coal b. Oil c. Natural Gas. 2. Hydro-Electric Power. 3. Nuclear. D.

Non-Commercial 1. Wood 2. Animal Wastes. 3. Agricultural wastes.

Sources of Alternative Energy. Alternative Sources.

Primary Sources 1. The Solar Option. 2.The Nuclear Option 3.Tar Sands & Oil Shale 4.Miscellaneous Sources. a. Tidal & Wave Energy. b.Geo-Thermal Energy.

Secondary Sources. 1. Source is Hydrogen,which has to be produced from Water, Hydrogen may well Be the Liquid Fuel of the Future for Transportation Purposes.

Students do a little bit of reading from HEALTH chapter regarding immunization, vaccines & eradication of certain diseases. What the 10th plan says about HEALTH programme.& some of the important research centers.

PREPARED BY YOUR TEACHER - D.N.SINHA ,B.E,FIE,AIII