On the early history of Earth, Capitalism, and Global Warming An ellipse is an eccentric, or lopsided transformation of a circle. There is a roughly elliptical quality to history. Like the orbit of an Oort cloud comet: it returns to the same vicinity of space periodically, over the course of periods very long in anthropic terms. As one of my professors says, “history does not repeat itself but it rhymes.” This is very true. A corollary or related statement is the simple observation the past, even the distant past, lays the ground works, sets the constraints, in probabilistic terms, for what can and will happen in the future. The present is an illusion. It is merely an artifact of the human mind's framing, as in film frames, of the eternal flight of the Arrow of Time. Precedence. Sequence. And consequence. What does this mean? It means that events in the distant past and near past determine what is “allowed” to happen the near future. What we call “now.” There is a hysteresis, that is a contingency or pathdependent determinism to history. I think this a fascinating concept when one considers macroscopic effects. Not things like a butter fly flapping in the Amazon causing a tornado in Kansas but things like the very earliest photosynthetic organisms on earth, living 3.5 to 2 billion years ago, making possible the industrial revolution which may ultimately also change life on earth through its distal consequence Global Warming. The relation of capitalism, of economics to all this is that capitalism just as much as the existence of accessible iron (and fossil carbon: coal, oil, etc) deposits was requisite for the industrial revolution and all its consequences in modern and postmodern society to take place. Without capitalism in the sense of free markets for products and funds, it would have been very hard to finance the manufacturing and mercantile expansion, the physical expansion of plants and output that occurred. Capitalism, in the sense of the ability to borrow funds to undertake investment projects, business ventures, technological research, and in the sense of free competition among economic actors, was a necessary catalyst for the industrial revolution. Without such social institutions as banking and private property or barring some alternative catalyst, the material expansion in goods and output we have seen in the past two centuries would likely never have taken place or would have taken two millennia instead. Most of us would live on subsistence farms and there would be no televisions, computers, cars, et cetera. The discoveries of the scientific revolution which began in the Renaissance and continued through the “Age of Reason,” the Enlightenment of the 18th century would never been applied to the ostensible amelioration of the human condition were it not for those two institutions: of property and credit, along with the rule of law upholding them. Accordingly, the advanced state of development of banking and laws protecting property there are arguably why the industrial revolution began in England and not, say France, which was still semifeudal. Persons who are familiar with the stagnant middle ages know that technology and output, why are good proxies for general living conditions, did not change much over the period of more than a 1000 years. Also there was the factor religiously enforced social conservatism in that period: toward the end of it iconoclast Galileo was branded a heretic for espousing his observation that the earth revolves around the sun upsetting the traditional geocentric universe. Additionally lending at interest (that is levying a fee for use of financial capital) was illegal for Christian's in the middle ages. Usury. But these judgments are not necessarily plugging capitalism. They are not normative. They merely
describe what happed, how it happened, and a little of why it happened. They do not essay to argue whether what happened was good or bad. There are some people called Primitivists, the ideological descendents of luddites who believe that we would be better off without technology, that is without modern society. I disagree. But the Primitivists do have some good arguments to discuss in another article. We should not digress too far. Returning to the original thread. Early life on earth, capitalism, and global warming are all connected. There seems to be a great elliptical progression to history. Things come back to haunt us. Originally there was very little free or elemental oxygen on earth after it formed 4.5 billion years ago from gravitational agglomeration of smaller bits orbiting the sun. There was an anoxic atmosphere. Most oxygen was chemically bound up in compounds: oxides. An example is silicon dioxide, quartz, the primary component of beach sand. One plausible theory states that as life evolved and proliferated and invented photosynthesis, that is the production of energy / the doing of work using inputs carbon dioxide and water and outputting elemental oxygen, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased dramatically. Now at the same time surface iron most migrated toward the core in the formation or early history of earth was largely a dissolved mineral in the world's oceans. As oxygen in the atmosphere increased, from the actions of living organisms, early algae, it reacted to form iron oxides (e.g. rust) with the mineral iron in the water. The oxides were insoluble and precipitated down to the bottom of the sea where they formed sedimentary deposits which eventually turned to rock, and are called iron ores and are usually found in banded iron formations today. Thus without the action of earlier life on earth, without our insentient forebears, there would have been (1) no oxygen to allow for the development air breathing creatures such as ourselves, and (2) no easily accessible iron deposits to mine and make steel with, to build ships, rail roads, cars, power line towers, engines, tools, and high rises... Almost all the surface iron would exist as a diffusely distributed solute in the worlds oceans, maybe measured in few parts iron per million of water. Thus in a sense iron is a fossil resource. Is it not astounding to think that without these little algaelike organisms living billions of years ago, what are called cyanobacteria, there would be no humans and more specifically no industrial revolution as we knew it? No Andrew Carnegie and no Carnegie Steel, no homestead strikers to be shot by Pinkerton guards. The distant past can have a profound impact on the proximal future. And, if this narrative is true, life has demonstrably determined large scale geology and chemistry of the earth in the past and inferentially will continue to do so and is doing so now. The illusory present, that which we call “now” is dependent on events in even the most unfathomably distant past. The relation to capitalism, to classical liberalism, private rights and banking is in this vein. The collective actions of society as a whole or the actions of powerful individuals or corporations can have untended consequences (not necessarily negative) on society as whole either in the current period, now, or in the distant future. In economics we call this potential to impact others an externalities. Now most strong libertarians will argue that externalities arise because of a breakdown in or insufficient definition of property rights, or from some impediment to the offended party making a deal with the offender: a example is a water park owner operating downstream from a paper mill who pays the mill owner to keep his effluent clean [assuming there are no environmental laws already mandating this.] The problem is that not all externalities can even be perceived until they have already done their
damage (more neutrally: had their effect) and not everything can reasonably be allocated as property: e.g. air in a city: it flows from one space to another; how can it be property. Two examples of the first problem, that is of the impact happening before society catches on, are global warming and suburban sprawl. Suburban sprawl results from cheap personal transportation and a surfeit of highways: build it and they will come. We will only consider global warming as it fits well into the elliptical arc theme. Along with steel, coal was an essential component of the industrial revolution. And over the past 100 years together with petroleum it has been sustaining our industrial, hypermobile civilization. Even today in the United States coal is the largest single energy source for electrical power generation supplying nearly half of it. Interestingly just like the sedimentary banded iron formations that form the ore repositories, geological features such as the Mesabi range in Minnesota, oil and coal are most likely the result of the actions of ancient life. They too are fossil resources. Just as much as the societal and institutional components of capitalism mentioned, these energy sources were indispensable catalysts of the industrial revolution that gave us the modern technological society we have today; together with the attendant problems such as global climate change. Global warming is a result of the increase in concentration of carbon dioxide which is a gas that tends to trap influent solar energy in the biosphere rather than allowing it to radiate back out into space. It is a long latency diffusely costed externality: it is hard to observe happening except in retrospect and over a very long period of time. Capitalism, an adaptive strategy of human life, a cultural artifact, while allowing for the evolution of the rich, comfortable, stimulating society we live in today, does not provide the framework for appropriating this sort of insidious externality. Because the elliptical arc of precedence, sequence, and consequence is too large (not withstanding that the concept of green house gas could not have been know in the early 19th century) to comprehend. The playing out of the phenomenon extends beyond a human lifetime. It has taken two hundred years for the world to begin feeling the effects of the actions of competing entrepreneurs, innovators, and industrialists who changed the world and are continuing to change it even today. Let us be forewarned: just as, post factum, appears to be the case with the capitalist culture that underpinned the industrial revolution,whose now obvious consequence is global warming, an effect of modern intelligent life, which made use of the artifacts, consequences of ancient life, things that were produced billions in the case of ore deposits and hundreds of millions, in the case of fossil hydrocarbons, it is possible that things we are doing today such as with biotechnology, in highenergy particle accelerators or with subterranean nuclear waste stores will have a long range, elliptical impact on ourselves or other life in the future: imagine a synthetic black hole swallowing the earth from the inside out... We must be mindful that history does indeed rhyme. There are connections. Be they instantly apparent or only apparent after hundreds, millions, or billions of years. The nexus of modern society, very early life, ancient, carboniferous era life, and the culture or adaptive strategy of modern human life: an industrial society made possible by capitalism, demonstrates how everything is linked. How the Arrow of Time is sometimes transmogrified into a boomerang. If we invent a seemingly better system perhaps some enlightened neurotechnocratic society then we best be mindful of its consequences too.