Nano Biotechnology

M.KANNAN M.Sc., M.PHIL., DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY V.H.N.S.N.COLLEGE, VIRUDHUNAGAR.

What is Nano Technology? “Control and manipulation of Matter At Nanometer dimensions.” What is nanometer dimension: Particles at nanoscale size (ie)10-9 Meter (or) One Billionth of a meter When Nano particles are engineered For biological purpose it gives Nanobiotechnology.

ALL LIVING AND NON LIVING MATTER IS COMPOSED OF NANOPARTICLES

NANO PARTICLES ARE • APPLIED IN __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Biotechnology Digital technology Agriculture Medicine Environmental science Pharmacology Animal husbandry and fisheries Defense.

“ Nanotechnology is the Understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomenon enable Novel applications ” -- The

National Nanotechnology Initiative of the US Government

Nanoscien e

Deals with manipulation of atoms using powerful Instruments

Nano particles Are prepared by

Top Down Process Nano Large material

Bottom Up Process

.

.

.

Arranging Atom by Atom

The use of bottom-up and top-down techniques in manufacturing

Nano Technology GK word: Dwarf Domain: 1nm-100nm Covers Nanoparticles

FUSION OF

Chemistry Physics Biology Proteomics technology

Mathematics Cognitive science Genomics Information Bio Technology

Nanotech Products  





 

Emerging products Intel will make products with 45 nm linewidth transistors available from 2008 Batteries are increasingly incorporating nanostructures. Flexible, cheaper, or more luminous Flat screen displays Available in 2006 Surface coatings: TCnano, Nanocover, Stay clean.

• Available in 2005 • Molybdenum disulfide catalytic nanoparticles in Brimm catalyst made by Haldor Topsøe • Apples IPod with sub 100nm elements in its memory chips • Choleterol reducing nanoencapsulated oil,Shemen Industries Canola Active. • Nanocrystals improve the consistency of chocolate • Nanotex textiles once again ArcticShield polyester socks from ARC Outdoors with 19nm silver particles that kill fungs to reduce odor. • NanoGuard developed by Behr Process for improved paint hardness. • Pilkingtons self-cleaning 'Activ Glass'. • NanoBreeze Air Purifier from NanoTwin Technologies, where the UV light from a fluorescent tube cleans the air by photochemical reactions in nanoparticles.

Nano Products Available Now

GROWTH OF NANO BUSINESS Private Nanobusiness was born only in 1997

Global 2003 Dollars

3 Billion US

Expected 5 – 225 Billion US Dollar Market Value of Nano products 2008 – 700 billion US Dollar 2015- 1 Trillion US Dollar Expected Patents in 2005 More than 100 6000 Corporate Companies Invited

Current Global Scenario of Activity in NanObiotechnology and associated medical applications

NANOPARTCILES AT A GLANCE Nanotubes Formed by curling of Carbon molecule Clay nanotubes ---CHRISTOLITE, Tunston Nanotubes FULLERENES ---- Allotropic form of carbon molecule 60,80 carbon atoms arranged in hexagons or pentagons like the cage like the designed by 20th Century American architect Buckminister fuller so this particles are called fullerenes

Nanoparticles In Fish farming Pond cleaning Disease management Eg. Nano particles are used to control pollution in fish pond. (Nevada-based Altair company has Developed Nano check for cleaning water From fishponds and swimming pools). Device with

Absorb phosphate from water

40 nm Lanthanum based compound

Prevent the growth of algae Pond water cleaned regularly

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AQUACULTURE DNA Nanovaccine For Fish-Tested in Rainbow trout Short strands of DNA Encapsulate in Nanocapsules made of chitosan Add to the fishpond Gets into body of the fish Ultrasound applied to rupture capsule relasing DNA strand DNA elicite immune reponse in fish and fish is healthy

NANO TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTUE

*CROP BREEDING WITH HIGH MICRONUTRIENT CONTENT

*EARLY DETECTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASES

* FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE EFFICIENCY

PREVENTION OF FOOD SPOILAGE Method I - Wheat and Rice spoilage is millions of tons - Reason for spoilage is temperature accelerating microbial growth in food. - Oxygen increases dageneration process and microbial growth. - But Co2 inhibits microbial growth - So Carbon nanotubes are used in food packages to scavenge oxygen and spoilage prevented Method II

ATOMICALLY MODIFIED FOOD AN ALTERNATIVE TO

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD THAILAND CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY Modified local rice varieties atomically and cultivate it throughout the year. HOW?

Perforation of the wall of rice cell using particle beam Introducing one Nitrogen atom in to the cell DNA of Rice Cell Rearranged Atomically Modified Rice

NANO TECHNOLOGY AND MICROBES

Nanoparticles are Antimicrobials e.g. Gold, Silver, Nanoparticles. Nanoparticle bandages developed In Bacteria Nanoparticles Destroy Nutrient transporting enzymes Destroy cell wall Destroy cytoplasm MICROBES ARE ENGINEERED TO PRODUCE NANOPARICLES Eg. Fungus Vorticillium – intra cellular Gold and silver Nanoparticle FUNGUS FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM – Extra cellular nano gold particles.

Antimicrotial action of nanoparticles e.g.. silver,Gold. Antimicrobial Action Kill bacteria, virus, moulds Kill 100% of HIV and other viruses at 370C/3 hrs. silver Nanoparticles Silver Nanocloths Sterile to wear At hospital To avoid. S.aureus Nosocomial Infections Incorporated to Athletic shoes Brooms Plastic products Cleaners Nylon products Fridge Shoes Medical equipment Water filters.

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE NANOMEDICINE • DISEASES CONTROL THROUGH DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING AND TREATMENT Detailed Roles

1. DRUG AND GENE DELIVERY 2. BIO DETECTION OF PATHOGENS- DIAGNOSIS 3. IMAGING- MRI CONTRAST 4. DETECTION OF PROTEIN 5.PROBING OF DNA STRUCTURE 6.TUMOUR DESTRUCTION 7. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND CELL – 8. TISSUE ENGINEERING – 9. THERAPEUTIC ROLE – – – – – – –

Nanotechnologies Used in Both Research and Commercial Applications

Nanotechnologies Used in MEDICIN

Health Care: Nerve Tissue Talking to Computers • Neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells with semiconductors – Possible applications in brain research, neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors

Snail neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity

Health Care: Detecting Diseases Earlier • Quantum dots glow in UV light – Injected in mice, collect in tumors – Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light Early tumor detection, studied in mice

Health Care: Growing Tissue to Repair Hearts • Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab – Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in orderly way – Before that, fibers grew in random directions

Health Care: Preventing Viruses from Infecting Us • Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses – Could stop viruses from binding to cells – Never get another cold or flu?

Gold tethered to the protein shell of a virus

Influenza virus: Note proteins on outside that bind to cells

Health Care: Making Repairs to the Body • Nanorobots are imaginary, but nanosized delivery systems could… – Break apart kidney stones, clear plaque from blood vessels, ferry drugs to tumor cells

NANOPARTICULATE DRUGS • Elan-NanoSystems™ technology reduces the particle size of a poorly water soluble drug from a several micron particle size to a 50+ nanometer size • Reduction in particle size results in an increase in surface area

Background Regarding Nanoparticulate Drugs • Increased active agent surface area results in a faster dissolution of the active agent in an aqueous environment, such as the human body •Faster dissolution generally equates with greater bioavailability, smaller drug doses, less toxicity, and other benefits

NanoCrystals Increase Surface Area

Exemplary Benefits of Nanoparticulate Drugs • • • • • • •

Increased bioavailability Faster onset of action Dose uniformity Reduction in fed/fasted variability Decreased toxicity Smaller dosage form (i.e., smaller tablet) Stable dosage forms of drugs which are either unstable or have unacceptably low bioavailability in non-nanoparticulate dosage forms

Cancer Incidence and Mortality

Examples of Nanotechnologies with Potential Cancer Prevention Applications

CANCER DETECTION WITH NANOSCALE CANTILEVERS

Nano wires detect multiple biomarkers of cancer

A DIVERSE SET OF OPPORTUNITIES Cosmetics

Medical applications Biomaterials

Nanobio NEMS

Coatings

Food packaging

Textiles

Displays

Portable Energy cells

Energy, Industrial

1-4

Energy/ fuel cells Lighting Solar cells

Chemical catalysts

Lubricants

Composites

Smart implants

Paints

Medical diagnostics

Nanoarrays

Tissue/orga n regen

Drug delivery

Coatings & Powders

Sensors

5-8 9-14

Year

15+

Memory/Storage devices

Simple ICs

Microprocessors

Molecular circuitry Quantum computing

Devices & Microelectronics

HURDLES IN APPLYING NANOTECHNOLOGY TO MEDICINE

Potential Risks of Nanotechnology • Health issues – Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin, or deliberately injected – Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system? Could they interfere with regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and proteins? • Environmental issues – Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants; traditional filters are too big to catch them • New risk assessment methods are needed – National and international agencies are beginning to study the risk; results will lead to new regulations

Summary: Science at the Nanoscale • An emerging, interdisciplinary science – Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and computer science • The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to – New areas of research and technology design – Better understanding of matter and interactions – New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology – A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away

DISCUSSION

THANK YOU