Mythological Accounts Of Buddhism In Nepal

Mythological Accounts of Buddhism in Nepal Milan Shakya Chakupat, Lalitpur The Kingdom of Nepal endowed with enchanted snowy peaks, lakes and caves has been aptly described as the land of Buddhas. The discovery of three Asokan pillars has revealed the native towns of three Buddhas viz. Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni and Sakyamuni Buddha at Gotihawa, Niglihawa and Lumbini in the south-west Terai regions of Nepal. Lumbini, the birth-place of Lord Sakyamuni Buddha is the sacred place for Buddhists from all over the world. A veteran Asian traveller and author of several books, writes: As millions of Muslim turn to Mecca, so do the three hundred million Buddhists see in the sacred kingdom of Nepal a hollowed thicket marked by a pillar left by the great Asoka where the Sakyamuni was born. Buddhists knew that the site was in Nepal.

Dr. Fuhrer, an archaologist from Germany, while wandering about the foothills of the Churia range had discovered this massive stone pillar erected by the Emperor Asoka who visited there in 250 BCE. to pay homage to the birth place of Buddha. Hence it has further strenghtened the sanctity of the land. The date of introduction of Buddhism in Nepal cannot be stated accurately because of the lack of the authentic historical materials. Textual sources provide affirmation that Buddhism was introduced in Nepal during the Buddha’s period. The Mula-sarvastivada vinaya samgraha, compiled by Jinamitra and translated by I-tsing in 700 CE. mentions in an episode relating to the transport of wool, a group of Bhiksus en route toward Nepal (Ni-po-lo) at the time the Buddha was residing at Sravasti. In the same text it is stated that Ananda, Buddha’s cousin, went to Kathmandu valley to meet his neighbours. Ananda came back to Sravasti with his toes bitten by frost. Seeing his condition the Bhiksus enquired of climatic condition in Nepal and cause of his frost bitten toes. Ananda replied that Nepal is the place surrounded by tall big mountains covered with snow, many waterfalls and a lot of cold rivers. It was through these rivers and snowy mountains that he had to walk barefooted, thus his foot was frost bitten. The people of Nepal used to wear shoes to protect themselves from cold and frost. Buddha later mady vinaya to use shoes for the monks. Nepalese Chroniclers asserts that Sakyamuni Buddha visited Svayambhu Stupa from Kapilavastu after meeting his father Suddhodana. Sakyamuni Buddha was given a grand 1

reception in Lumbini along with a host of deities including Brahma, Visnu, Mahesvara, Kuvera and others. A song describing the visit of Lord Buddha in Lumbini is even today very popular in the Kathmandu valley. In the period of Jitedasti, Sakyamuni Buddha came to the Kathmandu valley to preach the doctrine and worship at the holy shrine of Svayambhu. Sakyamuni Buddha remembering the glory of previous Buddhas, saluted thrice to Svayambhu Stupa and offered a hymn. Sakyamuni Buddha declared that he had came to pay homage to Lord Svayambhu seven times in seven different births. Then he move to western part of Svayambhu hill called Gosringa Hill and there he gave the discourses on the origin of Svayambhu Stupa at the request of Maitreya Bodhisattva. Thus the history of Buddhism in the Kathmandu valley begins from the origin of Svayambhu itself. It would be no exaggeration to say that the origin of the Kathmandu Valley, heart and capital of Nepal, coincides with the origin of the Glorious Svayambhu Mahacaitya itself. This great caitya is the oldest and most distinctive among all the caityas of the entire Asian continent, and has been regarded as a center of living Buddhist heritage even to the present day. According to Svayambhu Purana, a discourse on the origin of Svayambhu Stupa by Lord Buddha, ninety one aeons ago, or in the Age of Dharma (the Satya yuga or Golden Age), the Kathmandu valley was a big lake full of water, Nagarhada, the abode of serpents. Once Lord Vipasvi Buddha appeared in this world and came to the lake from the city of Bandhumati. He threw a lotus seed from Jatamatrocca Hill now called Jamacho or Nagarjuna Hill. At that time Satyadharma Bodhisattva, who was to become Sakyamuni Buddha was following Vipasvi Buddha. Lord Vipasvi Buddha, then threw a lotus seed into the lake. When his disciples asked why he did so, Lord Vipasvi explained that there would appear a self-orginated divine light, a manifestation of Adi-Buddha from Akanistha Bhuvana. People would call it Svayambhu Mahacaitya. He also predicted that in the future Bodhisattva Manjusri would drain the water off from the valley and make it habitable land. Thus it will be a sacred land full of deities and will be protected by Lord Svayambhu a symbol of voidness. Thus the Jatamatrocca hill was blessed by Lord Vipasvi Buddha. A big white Caitya was constructed there to commemorate the visit of Lord Vipasvi Buddha. On the memory of planting of lotus seed by Vipasvi Buddha a festival is held even today in the month of Caitra Purnima (March). In Nepal it is called Lhutipuhni. In due course of time, Lord Sikhi Buddha knowing that a self-originated divine light has appeared on the beautiful blooming thousand petalled lotus, came from the city of Arun to pay homage to it with his disciples along with Ksemaraj Grahapati who was to become Sakyamuni Buddha. Later Sikhi Buddha composed a hymn in praise of Lord Svayambhu. and he merged one with Lord Svayambhu. He predicted that from the root of the lotus an image of Nairatma the goddess of non-self, will appear. This he preaced in the southern mountain called dhyanocca (Height of Meditation). To commemorate the 2

day of arrival of Lord Sikhi Buddha a festival is still held in the new year day of Nepalese Calender. It is called Mesa Samkranti (Khai Sanlu) in Nepal. Then Glorious Visvabhu Tathagata came from the city of Anupama and paid homage to Sri Svayambhu Jyotirupa from the top of Mount Phulachho. After many more years had lapsed, the Bodhisattva Manjusri went from Great China to Mahamandap Giri (Nagarkot), where he conceived the idea of draining the vast and immense Nagadaha Lake, so that the place could be made habitable for humans, who could then properly worship this Self-Born One. He firmly resolved to drain the lake for the benefit of both gods and human beings by demolishing the mountains of Gokarna, Aryaghat, Chobhar and Kwoduva. In fact, he succeeded in doing exactly what he intended. Manjusri then excavated a lake called Taudaha for the remaining serpent kings to dwell in. Later he caused the Taudaha lake to be known by the name of Dhanadaha and Dvadasatirtha (Twelve Sacred Sites). One place then became famous as the Dharmodaya or Glorious Guhyesvari (Secret Goddess). This was the very spot where the seeds were planted, resulting in the arisal of the Self-Born One. Owing to the awesome power of this Jyotirupa, Manjusri Bodhisattva founded a small town suitable for people and named it Manjupattan. Realizing that the country and the people cannot be administered properly without a king, he declared his own disciple Dharmakara to be the first king of Nepal. At the same time, he educated the inhabitants in the various arts and sciences. Thus he succeeded in making the country civilized and well-cultured. This is the reason that the people call him Vagishvara, Lord of speech even to the present day. And that is why Shantikara built the Manjusri chaitya behind the Svayambhu hill to commemorate the contribution of Manjusri Bodhisattva. It exists even today. A festival is still held in the month of January to commemorate the date of arrival of Manjusri Bodhisattva from Great China. Millions of visitors came here to pay homage to this Bodhisattva of Learning. According to Lunar Calender, this date corresponds to Magh Sukla Pancami (February). Following Manjusri’s visit, the Glorious Krakuchhanda Tathagata arrived here from the city of Ksemavati. Having paid homage to the Jyotirupa, he made his way to the Vakdvara forest on the northern hills of the Kathmandu Valley. Finding no water there to ordain his disciples, who were led by the Brahmin Gunadhvaja and the Ksatriya Abhayandada, he then meditated and propitiated the power of his speech, which finally produced the water. That is why the river which was created through his speech (vac) was known as Bagmati Tirtha and this place is called Vakdvara In the same way Kanakamuni Buddha, remembering the deeds of former Buddhas also came to pay homage to Lord Svayambhu and preached the doctrines extensively. 3

After his parinirvana a stupa was erected near Kapilavastu at Niglihawa in the western Terai region of Nepal. In course of time, Buddha Kasyapa from Varanasi came to Kathmandu to pay homage to Lord Svayambhu as had been done by previous Buddhas. At that time Jyoti Raj Bodhisattva, who was to later become Sakyamuni Buddha was following with this Buddha along with such chief disciples as Tisya, Uttama and Sothita. After performing worship he returned to his country, Varanasi. He then went to Gaud (probably modern Orissa in India). In that city there lived a pious king, Pracanda Deva, who used to subdue his enemies and appreciated the deeds of the sages. After taking blessings and instructions from Tathagata Kasyapa he went to Kathmandu renouncing all his kingdom. Later king Pracanda deva paid his homage to Lord Svayambhu and became a disciple of Bhiksu gunakara. Bhiksu Gunakara ordained and initiated him in the Sutras and Tantras. He was then called Santasri. Bhiksu Santasri, thinking that in later period people with evil mind might destroy this self-originated divine light decided to cover it by erecting a stupa over it. Bhiksu, Gunakara, a disciple of Bodhisattva Manjusri gave him permission to consecrate the construction of the Stupa and conferred on him the title of Vajracarya. Since then he was called Santikara Acarya. After completing the stupa he went to retreat in Santipur.

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vfof] . g]kfnsf dfG5]x¿ cfkm"nfO{ lr;f] / lxpFaf6 arfpg h'Qf nufpg] ub{5g\ . cfgGbsf] j[tfGt ;'lg;s]kl5 kl5 a'4n] klg leIf'x¿nfO{ h'Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ ljgo agfOlbg'eof] . zfSod'lg a'4 cfˆgf] a'jf ;'4f]bgnfO{ e]6]kl5 slknj:t'af6 :joDe" :t"k bz{g ug{ cfpg'ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f g]kfnL k'/f0fx¿df pNn]lvt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Tolta]nf zfSod'lg a'4nfO{ a|Xdf, lji0f', dx]Zj/, s'j]/ nufotsf b]jL b]jtfx¿n] n'lDagLdf eJo :jfut u/]sf lyP . zfSod'lg a'4 n'lDagLdf cfpg'ePsf] j[tfGtnfO{ JofVof u/]sf] uLt cBflk sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf lgs} nf]slk|o /x]sf] 5 . ;ftf}F ls/f+tL /fhf lht]b:tLsf] /fHosfndf zfSod'lg a'4 sf7df8f}df cfP/ :joDe" dxfr}Tosf] k"hf cr{gf u/]/ ;f]xL 7fpFdf ;4d{ b]zgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ctLtsf a'4x¿sf] dlxdf :d/0f ub}{ zfSod'lg a'4n] :joDe" dxfr}TonfO{ tLg kN6 gdg u/]/ :tf]q jfrg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cfkm" Tof] 7fpFdf :joDe" dxfr}Tosf] bz{g ug{ ;ft k"j{hGd;Dd ljleGg tyfutx¿sf] lzio eP/ cfPsf] s'/f klg zfSod'lg a'4n] atfpg'eof] . To;kl5 zfSod'lg a'4 uf]>[Ë gfd u/]sf] :joDe"sf] klZrdL 8f8fdf hfg'eof] / ToxL d}q]o af]lw;™jsf] ljgd| cg'/f]wdf :joDe" pTklQ -:joDe" k'/f0f_ syfsf] b]zgf ug'{eof] . ctM sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] a'4wd{sf] Oltxf; :joDe"sf] pTklQ ;+u} ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] pTklt >L :joDe" dxfr}Tosf] pTklt ;+u} hf]l8Psf] 5 eGbf s'g} cTo'lQm gxf]nf . ;Dk"0f{ Plzof dxfåLks} ;a} r}Tox¿dWo] of] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / ;a} eGbf cnu dxfr}To xf] / cfh klg o; dxfr}TonfO{ hLljt af}4 ;Dkbfsf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf dflgG5 . zfSod'lg a'4n] atfpg'ePsf] :joDe" k'/f0fsf cg';f/ PSsfgAa] sNk cl3 jf ;To o'udf xfnsf] of] sf7df08f} pkTosf kfgL g} kfgLn] el/Psf] Pp6f 7"nf] bx lyof] h;nfO{ gfux¿sf] lgjf;:yfg gfu¥xb jf sfnL¥xb elgGYof] . PskN6 ljkZjL tyfut aGw'dlt eGg] gu/af6 o; pkTosfdf cfpg'eof] . ljkZjL tyfutn] hftdfqRrf] kj{t -hfdfrf] jf gfufh'{g 8fF8f_ af6 To; bxdf sdn km"nsf] aLp 5g'{eof] . zfSod'lg a'4 Tof] a]nf ;Towd{ af]lw;™jsf ¿kdf hlGdg'ePsf] lyof] . ;Towd{ af]lw;™j ljkZjL a'4sf] lzio lyP . ljkZjL a'4n] o;/L sdnsf] jLp bxdf kmfn]kl5 pxfFsf lziox¿n] …lsg To;f] ug'{ePsf]<Ú egL sf/0f ;f]w] . hjfkmdf ljkZjL tyfutn] JofVof ug'{eof], …Tof] 7fpFdf kl5 :joDe" lbJo Hof]lt¿k, cslgi7 e'jgaf6 kbfk{g ePsf cflba'4sf] ¿k k|s6 x'g]5 . dflg;x¿n] o;nfO{ :joDe" dxfr}To eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug]{5g\ .Ú pxfFn] o:tf] eljiojf0fL klg ug'{eof], …eljiodf oxfF d~h'>L af]lw;™jsf] cfudg x'g]5 / pgn] o; pkTosfsf kfgL ;a} ;'sfP/ o; 7fpFnfO{ a:tLof]Uo agfpg]5g\ . ctM b]jL b]jtfx¿af6 el/k"0f{ o; gu/LnfO{ :joDe" wd{wft'sf] k|tLsn] ;'/Iff ug]{5 . oL ;a} eljiojf0fL u/]/ ljkZjL 6

tyfutn] hftdfqRrf] kj{tnfO{ clwli7t kfg'{eof] . eujfg\ ljkZjL tyfutsf] cfud0fnfO{ ;+:d/0f ug{sf nflu To; kj{tsf] lzv/df Pp6f 7"nf] Zj]t r}Tosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ljkZjL a'4n] sdnsf] aLp 5/]sf] ;+:d/0fdf cfhklg r}q k"l0f{dfsf lbg ljz]if kj{sf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 To;nfO{ g]kfndf Nx'ltk'lGx elgG5 . sfnfGt/df ;x;|kqbn;lxtsf] sdnk'ikdfly :joDe" Hof]lt¿k k|s6 ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f hfg]/ c?0f gu/af6 o; Hof]lt¿ksf] bz{g ug{ cfˆgf If]d/fh u[xklt -zfSod'lg a'4sf] k"j{hGd_ nufotsf lziox¿sf] ;fydf lzlv tyfut pkTosf cfpg'eof] . kl5 lzlv tyfut WofgfRrf] eGg] blIf0fL kj{tsf] lzv/df cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ wd{]fkb]z ug'{eof] . lzlv tyfutsf] cfud0fsf] ;+:d/0fdf clxn]klg g]kfnL kfqf] cg';f/ gofF jif{sf] lbg ljz]if kj{ dgfOG5 . To; kj{nfO{ d]if ;+qmflGt jf vfO;FNx' elgG5 . To;kl5 cg'kd gu/af6 ljZje" tyfut cfpg'eof] / km"nRrf] kj{tsf] lzv/df a;L >L :joDe" Hof]lt¿ksf] bz{g ug'{eof] . w]/} ;do lalt;s]kl5, d~h'>L af]lw;™j dxfrLgsf] k~rzLif{kj{taf6 g]kfnd08ndf cfpg'eof] / dxfd08k lul/ -gu/sf]6_ hfg'eof] . ToxfF a;]/ pxfFn] To; cToGt} ljzfn / j[xt gfu¥xb bxsf kfgLnfO{ aflx/ k7fP/ pkTosfnfO{ j:tL of]Uo agfpg] / :joDe" Hof]lt¿ksf] klg dflg;x¿nfO{ ;j{;'ne lsl;dn] bz{g u/fpg] ljrf/ ug'{eof] . b]j dg'io ;a}sf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL bxsf] kfgLnfO{ aflx/ k7fpg] pxfFn] c6n lg0f{o ug'{eof] . To;}n] pxfF uf]s0f{, cfo{3f6, rf]ef/ / Sjf]b'jfn kj{tx¿nfO{ km'6fP/ bxsf] kfgL aflx/ kmfNg ;kmn x'g'eof] . d~h'>Ln] To;kl5 tf}bx eGg] :yfgdf pTvgg\ u/]/ bx agfpg'eof] / afFsL gfux¿nfO{ ToxfF /fVg'eof] . To;kl5 tf}bx wgfbx jf åfbztLy{sf] ¿kdf klg kl/lrt x'guof] . Pp6f 7fpF wdf]{bo jf >L u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] ¿kdf klg lrlgg yfNof] . u'x]Zj/L ToxL 7fpF lyof] hxfF sdnsf] aLp ˆoflnPsf] lyof] h;af6 sfnfGt/df :joDe" Hof]lt¿ksf] pbo eof] . :joDe" Hof]lt¿ksf] dxfg zlQmn] d~h'>L af]lw;™jn] dflg;x¿ a:g of]Uo Pp6f ;fgf] ;x/sf] lgdf{0f ug'{eof] h;nfO{ d~h'k§g eg]/ gfdfs/0f ul/of] . /fhflagf b]z / dflg;x¿nfO{ zf;g ug{ ;lsFb}g eG7fgL d~h'>Ln] cfˆg} Pshgf lzio wdf{s/nfO{ To; gu/sf k|yd /fhf agfOlbg'eof] . ToxLa]nf pxfFn] gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ ljleGg snf / ljBf l;sfOlbg'eof] . t;y{ d~h'k§g emg\ emg\ ;Do / ;';+:s[t x'Fb} uof] . ToxLsf/0fn] dflg;x¿ d~h'>LnfO{ clxn];Dd klg jfuLZj/ klg eGb5g\ . To;}n] zflGts/frfo{n] d~h'>L af]lw;™jsf] dxfg of]ubfgsf] ;+:d/0f ug{sf nflu :joDe" 8fF8fsf] k5fl8 7

d~h'>L r}Tosf] lgdf{0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . d~h'>L r}To cBflk ljBdfg 5Fb}5 . dxfrLgaf6 d~h'>L af]lw;™jsf] cfud0fnfO{ ;+:d/0f ug{sf nflu df3 dlxgfdf df3 z'Sn k~rdL jf j;Gt k~rdL jf >L k~rdL eg]/ dgfOG5 . d~h'>Lsf] cfud0fkl5 If]dfjtL gu/af6 >L qms'R5Gb tyfut cfpg'eof] . Hof]lt¿ksf] bz{g ul/;s]kl5 pxfF sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] pQ/L kxf8df cjl:yt jfs\åf/ h+unlt/ k|:yfg ug'{eof] . ToxfF cfˆgf j|fXd0f u'0fWjh / If]qLo ceofgGb nufotsf lziox¿nfO{ k|j|lht ug{ kfgL ge]l6Pkl5 pxfF ;dflwi7 eO{ cfˆgf] jfs\ zlQmnfO{ cledlGqt ug'{eof] / cGttM hn pTkGg ug'{eof] . t;y{ jfs\sf] zlQmaf6 ;[hgf ul/Psf] gbL ePsf] sf/0fn] jfudlt tLy{ eGg yflnof] / Tof] 7fpFnfO{ jfs\åf/ elgof] . To;kl5 s]zfjtL, k|efjtL / lji0f'dlt h:tf gbLx¿ klg aGg yfn] . kl5 ljleGg cf7 kljq :ynx¿ h:t} dl0flnË]Zj/ -dl0fr"8 bx_, uf]s0f]{Zj/ -uf]s0f{_, sLn]Zj/ -;SjrË'_, s'De]Zj/ -SjlGt_, ut]{Zj/, kml0fs]Zj/ -kmlk{Ë_, uGw]Zj/ -rf]ef/_ / ljqmd]Zj/ -xnRjf] OrË'_ ag] . oL cf7 :ynx¿nfO{ ci6 j}t/fu klg elgG5 / cf7hgf af]lw;™jx¿;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ . To;kl5 tLy{x¿ h:t} uf]s0f{, zfGt tL0f{ u'Xo]Zj/L, z+s/ tLy{ z+vd"n, /fh tLy{ w+ltn, dgf]/y tLy{ v'l;FVo, lgd{n tLy{ erfv';L, lgwfg tLy{, nv tLy{, 1fg tLy{, lrGtfdl0f tLy{ t]s' bf]efg, k|df]b tLy{, ;'nIf0f tLy{ / ho tLy{ Go]v' sf] lgdf{0f eof] . o:t} k|sf/n] ctLtsf a'4x¿sf] rof{ :d/0f ub}{ sgsd'lg tyfut klg :joDe"sf] bz{g ug{ cfpg'eof] / cToGt} Jofks lsl;dn] wd{b]zgf u/]/ hfg'eof] . pxfFsf] kl/lgjf{0f kl5 g]kfnsf] klZrdL t/fO{sf] slknj:t' lhNnfl:yt lglUnxjfdf Pp6f :t"ksf] lgjf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To;/L g} sfnfGt/df ljutsf a'4x¿ h:t} jf/f0f;Laf6 sfZok tyfut eujfg\ :joDe"sf] bz{g ug{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf cfpg'eof] . To; a]nf zfSod'lg a'4 Tof] hGddf Hof]lt/fh af]lw;™j x'g'x'GYof] . Hof]lt/fh af]lw;™j sfZok tyfutsf] lzio lyP . Hof]lt/fh af]lw;™j nufot ltZo, pQd / ;f]lyt h:tf cGo lziox¿sf ;fy sfZok tyfut :joDe" cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . oxfF ljlwjt\ :joDe"sf] k"hf cr{gf ul/;s]kl5, sfZok a'4 cfˆgf] b]z jf/f0f;L kms]{/ hfg'eof] . ToxfFaf6 pxfF uf}8 b]z -zfob ef/tsf] xfnsf] cf]l/;f k|b]z_ tkm{ k|:yfg ug'{eof] . To; gu/df Ps wdf{Tdf /fhf k|r08 b]j b'i6x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] jz\df kf/L d'lgx¿sf s[Tox¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ cToGt} Gofok"j{s /fHo ul//fv]sf lyP . sfZok tyfutaf6 clwi7fg / pkb]z u|x0f ul/;s]kl5 /fhf k|r08b]j cfˆgf ;a} /fhsfh, b]z Tofu]/ sf7df8f} pkTosf cfP . kl5 /fhf k|r08 b]jn] eujfg\ :joDe"sf] klg bz{g k"hf cr{gf ug'{eof] / leIf' u'0ffs/sf] lzio ag] . leIf' u'0ffs/n] pgnfO{ k|j|Hof lbP/ ;"q / tGqx¿df lblIft kf/] . To;kl5 pgsf] gfd zfGt>L /xguof] . 8

leIf' zfGt>L slno'udf b'i6 lrQ ePsf JolQmx¿n] o; :joDe" lbJo Hof]lt¿knfO{ gf; ug]{5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ u/]/ To; Hof]lt¿knfO{ :t"ksf] cfsf/ lbO{ ;bfsf] nflu 5f]Kg] lg0f{o u/] . af]lw;™j d~h'>Lsf] lzio leIf' u'0ffs/n] :t"ksf] lgdf{0fsfo{nfO{ k|f0fk|lti7f ug]{ cg'dlt lbO{ zfGt>LnfO{ jh|frfo{sf] kbjL klg k|bfg u/] . To;a]nf b]lv pgsf] gfd zflGts/ cfrfo{ /xg uof] . :t"k jf r}Tosf] lgdf{0f kl5 zflGts/ cfrfo{ zflGtk'/ u'kmfd} ;bf k'gZr/0fsf nflu k|j]z u/] .

9