Multicultural Society South Africa 28-11-07

28/11/07 South Africa: A multicultural Society The population census of 1996, the first to be held in South Africa after the first universal suffrage elections of 1994, gave a total population of 40.58 million (the 1999 figure was estimated to be 43.43 million). The 1996 figures also showed a significant change in the balance between blacks and whites since the 1970 census. The first inhabitants of the area were the San (Bushman) people and the Khoi-Khoin people. However, the majority of South Africa’s black people are descended from Bantu-speakers who migrated into the area many centuries ago. The white population (most of whom are know known as Afrikaner) are descended from Dutch, German, French, British and Belgian immigrants since 1652., The coloured people are descended from mixed relations amoung the European settlers, indigenous peoples and people from Madagascar, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Asian population arrived after 1860 and came mainly from India. A policy of segregation between black and white originated in the first Dutch settlement, the Cape, in 1652. This practice became customary and was established legally as apartheid by the first National Party government in 1948 when some Afrikaners in the Party united to protect their language, culture and heritage from a perceived threat by the black majority and to assert their economic and political independence from British colonial domination. Statutory apartheid regulated the lives of all groups, but particularly of blacks, coloureds and Indians. The Population Registration Act categorised the nation into white, black, Indian, Malay and coloured citizens. Further acts made mixed marriages illegal and prescribed segregation in restaurants, transport, schools, places of entertainment and political parties. The Group Areas Act stipulated where and with whom people could live and the Black Authorities Act established black homelands. The outcome of all this legislation was the unequal division of rights and resources. This included the disproportionate division of land, the unequal distribution of funding for education and the general denial of constitutional rights for the majority of South Africans.

Legalised racial discrimination was abolished in the early 1990s. After long negotiations, the first all party elections, held in 1994, established a multi-party Government of National Unity. The five-year interim constitution ended the existence of the homelands and included a section on human rights; addressing housing problems, equality in education and health care, and the encouragement of private home ownership, a Land Court is to address land claims from dispossessed people. However, the legacy of apartheid will take many years to eradicate. Housing The Group Areas Act (1950) ensured that white, coloured and Asian communities lived in different parts of the city with the whites having the best residential areas. Buffer zones at least 100m wide, often along main roads of railway lines, were created to try to prevent contact between the three groups. Blacks were treated differently. Those who had lived in the city since birth, or had worked for the same employer for 10 years, were moved to newly created townships on the urban fringes. The remainder were forced away from the cities to live on one of ten designated reserves or homelands, where the environmental advantages were minimal (drought, poor soils and a lack of raw materials). The homelands took up 13 per cent of South Africa’s land, held 72% of its total population and produced 3 per cent of the country’s wealth. Most blacks living on the homelands were employed on one-year contracts, to prevent them gaining urban residential rights. Life in the townships was no less difficult. These were built far away from white residential areas which meant that those blacks who found jobs in the cities had long and expensive journeys to work. Many of the original shanty towns have been bulldozed and replaced by rows of identical, single storey houses. These have four rooms and a backyard toilet, but only 20 per cent have electricity. Corrugated-iron roofs make the buildings hot in summer and cold in winter. The settlements lack infrastructure and services and, due to rapid population growth, are surrounded by vast shanty settlements. Two of the better known townships are Soweto in Johannesburg (an estimated 4 million inhabitants) and Cross roads in Cape Town. When the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1993, it promised to build a million houses during its first term in office to redress the socio-economic imbalances of apartheid. By the 1999 elections, it had built 700,000 houses. Although the ANC was proud of

its record, there were still thousands of blacks living either in poverty stricken and squalid conditions of squatter camps which developed during the apartheid era, or in new, but mainly one-room, low-cost housing which, their owners claimed, was often poorly constructed and far too small for the large African families (up to 10 people). Employment Under apartheid, blacks were severely restricted in mobility and type of job. A man had to return to his homeland in order to apply for a job. If successful he was given a contract to work in “white” South Africa for 11 months, after which he had to return ot his homeland if he wished to renew the contract. This system prevented blacks from becoming permanent residents in the city. Throughout the late 1990s, unemployment remained the core cause of poverty and social division in South Africa. In 1998, unemployment was 38 per cent among blacks (with another 11 per cent underemployed), 21 per cent among coloureds, 11 per cent among Indians and 4 per cent among whites. The average wage for whites was twice that of Indians, three times that of coloureds and seven times that of blacks. Education Under apartheid, schooling was free and compulsory for all whites and Indians, but not for coloureds or blacks (the 1996 census showed that one-quarter of blacks had not received any formal education.) Despite attempts by the ANC to improve education, mainly by renovating existing schools, building new classrooms, encouraging school attendance and increasing access to higher education, the pupil-teach ratio remained, in 1998, 20:1 for whites and 300:1 for blacks.

1970 Other Asians Coloureds Whites

Blacks

1996 Other Asians Coloureds

Whites

Blacks