Motivation: Motivational Concepts Motivational Theories

MOTIVATION MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

MOTIVATION internal state or condition that activates

behavior and gives it direction; desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior; influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior

MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS ¤ Rewards and Reinforcement ¤ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ¤ Self – control

Rewards –

tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again.

Reinforcement – intended to create a measured increase in the of a desirable behavior.

rate

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION - Comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself. - Internal desires to perform a particular task

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION - Comes from the outside of the performer and unrelated to the task they are performing.

Self-control - The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence.

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES The incentive theory of

motivation Drive-reduction theories Need theories Cognitive theories Models of behavior change Unconscious motivation Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic desires theory

The Incentive Theory of Motivation This is done by associating positive meaning

to the behavior.

Drive - Reduction Theories Drive theory is based on the principle that

organisms are born with certain physiological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied.

Need Theories 1. Need hierarchy theory (Abraham Maslow)

2. Herzberg’s two-factor theory Motivators

Motivators - which give positive satisfaction, Hygiene factors - are based on the need to for a

business to avoid unpleasantness at work. The theory is sometimes called the "Motivator-Hygiene Theory."

3. Alderfer’s ERG Theory Existence – Psychological and Safety

needs Relatedness – Social and external esteem needs Growth – Actualization and internal esteem needs

Cognitive Theories attempts to explain human behavior by

understanding the thought processes. The assumption is that humans are logical beings that make the choices that make the most sense to them. “Information processing” is a commonly used description of the mental process, comparing the human mind to a computer.

MODELS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE

Social-cognitive models of behavior change include the constructs of motivation and volition. Motivation is seen as a process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions. Volition is seen as a process that leads from intention to actual behavior. In other words, motivation and volition refer to goal setting and goal pursuit, respectively. Both processes require self-regulatory efforts. Several self-regulatory constructs are needed to operate in orchestration to attain goals.

UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION

Some psychologists believe that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives. According to Maslow, "Psychoanalysis has often demonstrated that the relationship between a conscious desire and the ultimate unconscious aim that underlies it need not be at all direct" In other words, stated motives do not always match those inferred by skilled observers.

Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic d  Acceptance, the need for approval  Curiosity, the need to think  Eating, the need for food  Family, the need to raise children  Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of one's clan/ethnic group  Idealism, the need for social justice  Independence, the need for individuality  Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments  Physical Activity, the need for exercise  Power, the need for influence of will  Romance, the need for sex  Saving, the need to collect  Social Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)  Status, the need for social standing/importance  Tranquility, the need to be safe  Vengeance, the need to strike back