Motivation

Motivation

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Motivation

Shehzad ahmad khan Shumaila batool Shamina adil Emannual Sherdil mussa

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By the end of our presentation the learner will be remember to

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Explain the motivation

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Enlist sources of motivation

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Discuss Type of the motivation.

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Describe Motivational concept

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Discuss Self control motivation 3

Cont… ❚

Explain Motivational theories

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Explain Controlling motivation

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Discuss the Application of motivation

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Review the Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs.

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Discuss employee motivation. 4

Motivation ❚

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Motivation is the set of reasons that determines one to engage in a particular behaviour. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, or morality. 5

Cont.. ❚ Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior

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Sources ❚ Motivation comes from two sources.

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Oneself

❙ Other people.

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Types of Motivation

Intrinsic motivation

Extrinsic motivation

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Intrinsic motivation ❚

Intrinsic motivation occurs when people engage in an activity, such as a hobby, without obvious external incentives. ❙

Research has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students.

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Cont…. ❚ ❚

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Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: Attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control e.g. the amount of effort they put in. Believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals i.e. the results are not determined by luck. Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.

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Cont… ❚

In terms of sports, intrinsic motivation is the motivation that comes from inside the performer. That is, the athlete competes for the love of the sport.

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Extrinsic motivation ❚

Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but threat of punishment are also common extrinsic motivations. ❙ In sports, the crowd may cheer the performer on, and this motivates him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives.

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Cont…. ❚

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Competition is often extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation.

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Self-control

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The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence (as measured by many intelligence tests)yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks.

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Yale School of Management professor Victor Vroom's "expectancy theory" provides an account of when people will decide whether to exert self control to pursue a particular goal.

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cont ❚

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Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behaviour that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. These are thought to originate within the individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the behaviour. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food;

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Cont… ❚

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whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others. By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process.

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Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human need ❚ ❚ ❚

This theory is the one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. The theory can be summarized as follows: Human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not.

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Cont…. ❚ ❚

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Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex. The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied. The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show.

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Cont….. ❚

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The needs, listed from basic (lowest, earliest) to most complex (highest, latest) are as follows: Physiological Safety Belongingness Esteem Self actualization

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Frederick Herzberg's twofactor theory, ❚

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, lead to dissatisfaction. He distinguished between: ❙ Motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction.

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Cont… ❚

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Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that do not motivate if present, but, if absent, result in demotivation. The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the presence will not make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration. The theory is sometimes called the "MotivatorHygiene Theory."

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Drive Reduction Theory grows out of the concept that we have certain biological drives, such as hunger: ❚ As time passes the strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied ❚

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Unconscious motivation ❚

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Psychotherapists point out that some behavior is so automatic that the reasons for it are not available in the individual's conscious mind. Compulsive cigarette smoking is an example. Sometimes maintaining self-esteem is so important and the motive for an activity is so threatening that it is simply not recognized and, in fact, may be disguised or repressed.

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CONT…. ❚

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Unconscious motives add to the hazards of interpreting human behavior and, to the extent that they are present, complicate the life of the administrator. On the other hand, knowledge that unconscious motives exist can lead to a more careful assessment of behavioral problems.

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Cont… ❚

Few contemporary psychologists deny the existence of unconscious factors, many do believe that these are activated only in times of anxiety and stress.

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Controlling motivation ❚ ❚

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The control of motivation is only understood to a limited extent. There are many different approaches of motivation training, but many of these are considered pseudoscientific by critics. To understand how to control motivation it is first necessary to understand why many people lack motivation.

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Early programming ❚

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Modern imaging has provided solid empirical support for the psychological theory that emotional programming is largely defined in childhood. Harold Chugani, Medical Director of the PET Clinic at the Children's Hospital in Wayne State University School of Medicine, has found that children's brains are much more capable of consuming new information (linked to emotions) than those of adults.

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Cont… ❚

Brain activity in cortical regions is about twice as high in children as in adults from the third to the ninth year of life. After that period, it declines constantly to the low levels of adulthood. Brain volume, on the other hand, is already at about 95% of adult levels in the ninth year of life.

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Organization ❚

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Besides the very direct approaches to motivation, beginning in early life, there are solutions which are more abstract but perhaps nevertheless more practical for selfmotivation. Virtually every motivation guidebook includes at least one chapter about the proper organization of one's tasks and goals.

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Cont… ❚

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It is usually suggested that it is critical to maintain a list of tasks, with a distinction between those which are completed and those which are not. The viewing of the list of completed tasks may also be considered motivating, as it can create a satisfying sense of accomplishment.

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cont,… ❚

Other forms of information organization may also be motivational, such as the use of mind maps to organize one's ideas, and thereby "train" the neural network that is the human brain to focus on the given task. Simpler forms of idea notation such as simple bullet-point style lists may also be sufficient, or even more useful to less visually oriented persons..

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Employee Motivation ❚ Workers in any organization need something to keep them working. Most times the salary of the employee is enough to keep him or her working for an organization . ❚ If no motivation is present in an employee, then that employee’s quality of work or all work in general will deteriorate

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Cont.. ❚ Keeping an employee working at full potential is the ultimate goal. ❚ There are many methods, Some traditional ways or motivating workers are placing them in friendly competition is a great way to generate motivation among employees.

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Drugs ❚

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Some authors, especially in the transhumanist movement, have suggested the use of "smart drugs", also known as nootropics, as "motivation-enhancers". The effects of many of these drugs on the brain are emphatically not well understood, and their legal status often makes open experimentation difficult.

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Applications in education ❚

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Motivation is of particular interest to Educational psychologists because of the crucial role it plays in student learning. Motivation in education can have several effects on how students learn and their behavior towards subject matter (Ormrod, 2003).

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Cont… it ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚

can be Direct behavior toward particular goals Lead to increased effort and energy Increase initiation of, and persistence in, activities Enhance cognitive processing Determine what consequences are reinforcing Lead to improved performance.

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References ❚

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http://www.motivation123.com Reiss, Steven (2004), "Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires", Review of General Psychology 8 (3): 179-193, Greenberg D. (1992) Freedom Nurtures Culture and Learning Education in America: A View From Sudbury Valley.

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Cont.. ❚ Greenberg, D. (2000). 21st Century Schools, edited transcript of a talk delivered at the April 2000 International Conference on Learning in the 21st Century. ❚ Greenberg, D. (1987). Chapter 20, Evaluation, Free at Last — The Sudbury Valley School.

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acknowledgment ❚ ❚

Noor khan Amir abdullah

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