Currence 1
Thomas More’s work Utopia has raised questions by the score, many of them centering around the author’s actual beliefs in a utopian system. Could the author have been truly convinced that this kind of communal society could exist? Or could he have been putting forth his satirical view on the whole matter? Beyond these possible theories, could More have actually created a fictional world best suited to himself instead of others? In reading Utopia, I’ve found that there seems to be a broad mix of views on More’s part. Beginning with many of the names in the book [Utopia (noplace), Achora (nolandia), Polyeritae (muchnonsense), Anydrus (nowater), and Hythloadaeus (dispenser of nonsense)], More appears to be more or less poking fun at the idea that a ‘perfect’ government or society can be created and can sustain itself. The concepts (that all goods and property are shared, all are cared for by the state, the disuse of money, etc.) were overall new concepts to Renaissance England, and indeed to a Renaissance world in general. The safe assumption from this is to assume that More did not believe there was truth in anything he was writing, and to leave it at that. There is however a second possibility: More may have set up his fictional world with his nonsensical characters and the Greek names in order to safely expound his opinions, mixing his real thoughts with miscellaneous babble in order to not be found out. Two of the primary thoughts that strike me are these: 1. He stated, through Hythloadaeus, ‘But Plato judged right, that except kings themselves became philosophers, they who from their childhood are corrupted with false notions would never fall in entirely with the counsels of philosophers, and this he himself found to be true in the person of Dionysius.’ (another translation states, ‘Plato doubtless did well foresee, unless kings themselves would apply their minds to the study of philosophy, that else they would never thoroughly allow the council of philosophers, being themselves before, even from their tender age, infected and corrupt with perverse and evil opinions.’) Judging from this, Thomas More may have been of the opinion that the corruption inherent in ruling (and, further, the fact that governments themselves are not corrupt so much as they are attractive to corruptible personalities) was rather selfperpetuating, and that generally only philosopher kings could possibly avoid it. Looking at the
Currence 2
politics of the time and current politics, this thought has some definite grounding. 2. ‘If you do not find a remedy to these evils it is a vain thing to boast of your severity in punishing theft, which, though it may have the appearance of justice, yet in itself is neither just nor convenient; for if you suffer your people to be illeducated, and their manners to be corrupted from their infancy, and then punish them for those crimes to which their first education disposed them, what else is to be concluded from this but that you first make thieves and then punish them?’ – This statement is direct, posing the idea that if you rid your country of the unneeded conditions that create the largest amounts of crime, you’ve rid yourself of the lawbreakers. But if you encourage those things that actively create little choice for a fair selection of the populace, you’ve created the lawbreakers yourselves and punishing them for being your own creation has no effect on stopping the crime. Whether or not the author was poking fun at this idea, it is a valid statement and one to be thought out. The third, and perhaps most striking possibility, given a reexamination of the book and the author’s life, leads to the idea that More may have created his Utopia as a world ideal to him personally. After studying at Oxford, he joined the Carthusian Order, a monastic group known for their practices of solitude and the strict order relating to everyday life. More seemed to feel comfortable in this enviroment and was reluctantly persuaded to go into the service of his King. Throughout his later life, Thomas More would be deeply affected by his experiences with the Carthusians. He married and had children, but himself seemed to have little use for family life. He remained firm in his Christian beliefs and was beheaded for opposing Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn (and more importantly, Henry’s desire to reign as head of the English Chruch). The simple, ordered life of his Utopia may have sounded preferential to More. Emphasis was put on providing for all citizens and not on pursuing one’s own gain. This closely parallels his monastic history All told, I believe Thomas More did not completely believe or disbelieve the theories and ideas of government and society that he wrote in Utopia…instead I believe he used the guise of satire to put forth some true thoughts to be pondered
Currence 3
on how governments, kings, and societies carry themselves. He hid these nuggets in such a way as to not appear radical to the king he was working for and the country he served. But at the same time, I believe he was creating the ideal world for himself, one he would feel ultimately and completely comfortable in (if only in his imagination).