Molecular Biology
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Molecular Biology
What is DNA and How does it work?
Learning Goals • Know the structure and functions of DNA and RNA • Know the parts of DNA • Know the structure of DNA • Understand how DNA replicates itself and how the information is expressed. • Understand how information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
Vocabulary • • • • • • • •
Nucleotides RNA DNA transcription translation Replication Base pairing ribosomes
• • • • •
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Amino acid
Living cells • Need proteins to carry out different functions • Cells produce proteins by using RNA to carry genetic information from DNA (nucleus) to cytoplasm • DNA structure discovered in 1953. • Watson & Crick
Deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic material that contains information to produce proteins • Made of two long chains of molecules called nucleotides • Two chains are arranged like a twisted ladder- “double helix” • Eukaryotic cells: DNA lives in the nucleus
DNA
DNA has four roles compatible with structure 1. DNA makes copies of itself 2. DNA encodes information 3. DNA controls cells and tells them what to do 4. DNA changes by mutation
DNA copies itself • During cell division, chromosomes are duplicated. • A copy of each chromosome is given to each daughter cell • Hereditary information is transferred to new generation
DNA encodes information • Information within DNA provides for certain traits • All organisms have heritable traits • Differences within the species • DNA has common features, but some differences • If it was the same we would all look alike
DNA controls cells • DNA not only carries information • Information is put to use to control what the cell will do • Genetic information is expressed by chemical processes • Not fully understood
DNA changes by mutation • Change can occur due to mutations • Flexibility allows for functionability • If it was hard and unchangeable, no mutations would occur
More about ‘Double Helix’ design •
•
A Nucleotide has three components 1. five carbon sugar 2. nitrogen-containing base 3. phosphate group In DNA the sugar and phosphate group are the same throughout but the bases are different.
Nitrogenous bases • • • •
Adenine & Thymine Guanine & Cytosine Held together by Hydrogen bonds The sequence encodes the genetic information
Review 1. How does the structure of DNA allow itself to take on several roles? (4) 2. What are the “rungs” of the ladder composed of? 3. An adenine base always corresponds with which base? 4. A cytosine base always corresponds with?
What is DNA and How does it work?
Learning Goals • Know the structure and functions of DNA and RNA • Know the parts of DNA • Know the structure of DNA • Understand how DNA replicates itself and how the information is expressed. • Understand how information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
Vocabulary • • • • • • • •
Nucleotides RNA DNA transcription translation Replication Base pairing ribosomes
• • • • •
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Amino acid
Living cells • Need proteins to carry out different functions • Cells produce proteins by using RNA to carry genetic information from DNA (nucleus) to cytoplasm • DNA structure discovered in 1953. • Watson & Crick
Deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic material that contains information to produce proteins • Made of two long chains of molecules called nucleotides • Two chains are arranged like a twisted ladder- “double helix” • Eukaryotic cells: DNA lives in the nucleus
DNA
DNA has four roles compatible with structure 1. DNA makes copies of itself 2. DNA encodes information 3. DNA controls cells and tells them what to do 4. DNA changes by mutation
DNA copies itself • During cell division, chromosomes are duplicated. • A copy of each chromosome is given to each daughter cell • Hereditary information is transferred to new generation
DNA encodes information • Information within DNA provides for certain traits • All organisms have heritable traits • Differences within the species • DNA has common features, but some differences • If it was the same we would all look alike
DNA controls cells • DNA not only carries information • Information is put to use to control what the cell will do • Genetic information is expressed by chemical processes • Not fully understood
DNA changes by mutation • Change can occur due to mutations • Flexibility allows for functionability • If it was hard and unchangeable, no mutations would occur
More about ‘Double Helix’ design •
•
A Nucleotide has three components 1. five carbon sugar 2. nitrogen-containing base 3. phosphate group In DNA the sugar and phosphate group are the same throughout but the bases are different.
Nitrogenous bases • • • •
Adenine & Thymine Guanine & Cytosine Held together by Hydrogen bonds The sequence encodes the genetic information
Review 1. How does the structure of DNA allow itself to take on several roles? (4) 2. What are the “rungs” of the ladder composed of? 3. An adenine base always corresponds with which base? 4. A cytosine base always corresponds with?
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