Module 8: Culture: Final Term

MODULE 8: CULTURE

Final term

LESSON 1: CULTURE Culture - Derived from the Latin word, cultura or cultus which means care or cultivation. - All modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the next by means of communicative interaction rather than by genetic transmission.

Culture as cultivation implies that every human being is a potential member of his/her own social group. He/she is endowed with certain innately useful qualities. However, he/she cannot develop these inborn talents without the help of other people.

 According to Edward Taylor, culture is that comple x whole which includes knowledge, belief, law, ar t, mor al, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member as a member of society.  Culture, refers to something that man has created and lear ned in a society.  Hunt et. Al., defined culture as the entire way of life followed by a people, and ever ything lear ned and share by people in society.  T.S. Eliot, described culture as simply the way of life of a par ticular people living in one place.  Culture is the total way of life shared by member s of a society, which includes, values, and symbolic meanings as technolog y and material objects.

ORIGIN OF CULTURE - Culture is a product of human evolution - Humans devised a common way of classifying experiences and transmitting them symbolically. - A person may transmit beliefs, values, norms, or way of life to another person even if they are not related by blood. - Human physiolog y and neurolog y developed together with the first cultural activities, thus sociologist concluded that instincts were culturally for med. - Being dynamic, culture can be taught and lear ned, making it a potentially rapid form of adaptation to changes in the human environment. - Anthropologists view culture not only as a product of human evolution but also as a supplement to it, it can be regarded as the means of human adaptation to the world.

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1. Material Culture- it includes the physical objects a society produces, things people create and use. 2. Non- Material Culture- it consists of elements termed norms, values, beliefs, and language shared by the members of a society. A. Language B. Beliefs C. Values D. Norms (Mores, folkways, laws)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Culture Culture Culture Culture Culture

is is is is is

lear ned shared cumulative dynamic diverse

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE 1.

Culture helps people adapt to the demands of the surrounding physical environment.

2. Culture compensates for many human physical limitations.

3. Culture provides ways and means to regulate human collective existence. 4. Culture prescribes behavioral patter ns.

LESSON 2: CULTURAL CONCEPTS AND VARIATIONS Other Cultural Concepts 1. Ethnocentrism- it is a feeling that one’s own par ticular way of life is superior and right and that all other cultures are inferior and defective. 2.

Cultural Relativism – it is the opposite of ethnocentrism. This refers to the notion that each culture should be evaluated according to its own merits and standards rather than from the standpoint or bases of a different culture.

3.

Xenocentrism –it is belief that what is foreign is best in ter ms of one’s lifestyle, products, or ideas.

4.

Temporocentrism – it is the belief that one’s own time is more important than that of the past or future.

5. Subculture – it is a group or category within a society that shares in the general culture but maintains distinctive ways of thinking, acting, and feeling. 6. Counter culture- it is a subculture that has values and norms that sharply contradict those of the larger society 7. Culture Universal refers to common cultural elements that are found within all known societies. 8. Culture Lag - It is the inability of a given society to adapt immediately to another culture as a result of the disparity in the rate of change between the material and non-material elements of the culture.

CULTURAL DIVERSIT Y  Means the variation of culture in some ways with another which guides human behavior.  From language to appearance, from g reat ideas to good manners, from laws to values, the cultures of the world offer what seems like an infinite number of alter natives.

CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT CULTURAL VARIATIONS 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Environment- a persons’ surrounding play a major role in shaping his/her culture. Isolation- under this condition, a culture continues on its own course, unaltered and uncontaminated by other cultures. Technology – cultural deviation is also caused by technological advances in a society. Cultural themes – cultural patterns generally contain themes that contribute to variations among cultures. Diffusion- this involves borrowing or transferring of certain elements of one culture to another culture when the former comes into contact with the latter.

9. Culture Shock – it is the experience of disorientation and frustration that occurs when individuals find themselves among those who do not share fundamental premises. 10. Cultural integration - it is concer ned with adoption of a mass consumer culture where everything from fashion to sport, music to television, becomes integ rated into the national culture, often without challenge.

MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Imitation Indoctrination Conditioning Acculturation Amalgamation

LESSON 3: FILIPINO CULTURE AND VALUES

Values are important for the enduring beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or desirable and what is not. Values strongly influence the behavior of an individual and ser ve as broad guidelines in all situations.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VALUES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Individualistic values Family values Professional values National values Moral values Spiritual values

FILIPINO CULTURE A. Belief System Filipinos are known to be religious by nature. They believe in super natural powers and divine inter vention. Filipinos also believe that one’s fate is sometimes attributed to God’s plan and purpose. The religiosity of most Filipinos is inherently good. The belief and trust in God and the power of prayers make the Filipinos distinct from other races.

 B. Value System  Cultural values are shared assumptions of what is right, good, or important.  Values actually guide people’s behavior and action as they relate themselves to moat situations in life.  Filipinos value their honor and status more that anything else.  Filipinos consider their relationships with other people important.  Filipinos consult family members and tr y to arrive at a consenus.  Filipinos are friendly.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO FILIPINO CULTURE  Filipino culture is a summation of indigenuous forces and foreign influences that had come to bear upon the people forces that had come to bear upon the people in varying deg rees during the last five centuries. The following are the races that contributed much in shaping Filipino culture: 1. Malays 2. Chinese 3. Indian 4. Hindu 5. Spanish 6. Americans

FILIPINO CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES 1. Traditional concept – the traditionalist maintain that Filipino culture is conglomeration of physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual aspects. 2. Nationalistic View – it regards culture as the summation of the needs of the people, the description of their past and present conditions, as an expression of their values, thoughts and emotions, and the depiction of their historic struggles to liberate themselves. 3. Cultural Dualism – it is from a philosophical perspective that believes in the existence of two opposing sides in every phenomenon.

POSITIVE FILIPINO VALUES  Filipino values- a common core set of values creates e xpectations and predictability without which a culture would disinteg rate and its members would lose their personal 6. 7. identity and sense worth. 8.

Positive Filipino Values: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bayanihan system or spirit of kinship and camaraderie Damayan System Familism or close family ties Fun-loving trait Hospitality

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Compassion Regionalism Friendliness F le xibulity of kakayahang makibagay Religiosity Respect of olders Remedyo attitude Persistence Utang na loob

NEGATIVE FILIPINO VALUES 1. 2.

Bahala na attitude Colonial complex or blue seal mentality 3. Crab mentality 4. Euphemism 5. Filipino time 6. Gaya-gaya attitude 7. Jackpot mentality 8. Kapalaran thinking 9. Manana habit 10. Oversensitivity 11. Pakikisama

12. Lack of sportsmanship 13. Tsamba lang attitude

MODULE 9: POPULATION PERSPECTIVES

LESSON 1: POPULATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The three Independent Strategies 1. Total Human Development – to empowering people through improved health, nutrition, and education as well as attending to their spiritual, political, and socio-cultural needs. 2. World Competitiveness – addresses the economic aspects of people empowerment. 3. Sustainable Development- ensures that people’s life-sustaining ecosystems are protected and cared for. Progress recognizes that true and sustainable development must proceed primarily from the initiatives of individuals, families, communities, cooperatives, non-governmental organizations, and other peoples organizations, hence they focus on people empowerment.

POPULATION -as an aggregate of individuals who have access to the environment as a means to sustenance and who are in the state of interdependence For sociologist, population is the number of persons occupying a certain geographical area, drawing subsistence from their environment, and interacting with one another

COMPONENTS OF POPULATION  POPULATION GROW TH Demography the scientific study of human populations, including size, composition, distribution, density, growth, related socio-economic characteristics, and the causes and consequences of changes in population Growth rate – refers to the rate at which population is increasing or decreasing, the surplus of deficit of births over deaths and net migration. Births-Deaths+Net Migration Total Population

100

B. Population Structure The age-sex structure of a population describes its composition according to the number of males and females in given age groupings. This structure is often represented by a bar char t called the population pyramid.

Population pyramid – is a special type of bar chart that shows the age and sex distribution of the population. Three General Types of Pyramid Expansive – has a broad base indicating a high proportion of children and a rapid population growth.

Constructive – has a base that is narrower than the middle of the pyramid usually a result of a recent rapid decline in fertility af fecting the younger age groups. Stationary –has a narrow base with approximately equal numbers in each subsequent age group, tapering off at the older ages and indicating a moderate proportion of children at a slow rate.

C . Sp at i al Di s t ri b ut ion 1 . Fe r t i l it y – fi r s t d ete rminant of p op u l at ion c h ang e i s fe r t i l it y or b i r t h . E ve r y t i me a b aby i s b orn, t h e p op u l ati on i nc re as e s by one .

CBR = Crude Birth Rate B = total live births for a given year P = mid year population C B R = c r u d e b i r t h r a te

CBR= B P

B = to t a l l i v e b i r t h s f o r a g i v e n ye a r

1000

P = m i d ye a r p o p ula t i o n

2. Mortality - the second determinant of population change is mortality or death. Every time a person dies, whether young or old, the population decreases by one. C D R = c r ud e d e a t h r a te

CDR = D P

1 ,000

D = tot a l d e a t h s i n a g i v e n ye a r P = m i d ye a r p o p ul a t io n

O t h e r s m e a s u r e s o f m o r t a l it y : I n f a n t M o r t a l it y R a te ( I M R ), o r t h e n u m b e r o f d e a t h s a m o n g i n f a n t s ( t h o se l e s s t h a n 1 y r. o f a g e ) p e r 1 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s i n a g i v e n ye a r. R a te o f N a t ur a l I n c r e a s e ( R N I) o f a p o p ul a t i o n i s t h e r a te a t w h i c h p o p ul a t io n i s i n c r e a s i n g o r d e c r e a s i n g i n a g i v e n ye a r d u e to t h e s u r p l us o r d e f i c it o f b i r t h s o v e r deaths.

3 . M i g r a t i o n – t h e m i g r a t i o n p a t te r n i n t h e c o un t r y i s b a s i c a l l y f r o m r u r a l to u r b a n . T h i s m o ve m e n t i s l a r g e l y c h a r a c te r i z e d b y l o n g - d i s t a n c e t r a v e l , i nv o l v i n g f e m a l e s , t h e u n m a r r ie d , t h e yo u n g , a n d p e o p l e w i t h l i t t l e e d u c a t i o n . M i g r a t io n w i t hi n t h e p r o v i nc e s o r a s t a te i s c a l l e d i n te r n a l m i g r a t io n . Re a s o n s f o r M i g r a t i o n :  E m p l oy me n t  P u r s ui t o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n  E x p ec t a t i o n o f b et te r h o u s i n g , a m e n i t i e s , a n d s o c i a l s e r v i c e s  Po l i t ic a l i n s t a b i l i t y  N a t u r al c a l a m it i e s  Po p ul a t i o n p r e s s ur e o n a g r i c ul t ur a l l a n d s

CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Economic Development Education Employment Health and other Social Services Ecosystem

LESSON 2: POPULATION, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES  Carrying Capacity - the number of people that the earth can support without irreversibly reducing its capacity to support population in the future.  Environmental problems having physical, social, and economic consequences may be grouped under three categories  Resources Deterioration  Environmental Pollution  Radioactivity from nuclear weapons and nuclear energy production